上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用

选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义.     

某生物质电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态安全评价

为了解与评价某生物质电厂周边农田土壤多环芳烃的污染状况,按照点源扇形布点原则,在电厂周边4个方位不同距离布点,在远离电厂区域设置对照点.参照《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166—2004)采样,共采集25个农田土壤样品.取经过处理的样品5.00 g,用乙腈超声提取、浓缩后,HPLC法测定15种PAHs的含量.描述其空间分布特征,采用特征污染物分析、环数分析、异构体比值分析及聚类分析等方法解析污染来源,运用荷兰分级标准评价法进行生态安全评价.结果显示生物质电厂周边农田土壤中15种PAHs总量为311μg·kg~(-1)(204～576μg·kg~(-1)),TEQ(BaP)为21.9μg·kg~(-1)(4.39～58.1μg·kg~(-1)),明显高于对照区的193μg·kg~(-1)(76.1～329μg·kg~(-1))和12.7μg·kg~(-1)(0.499～31.9μg·kg~(-1)).在常年主导风向下风向,BaP、PAHs总量和TEQ(BaP)随烟囱距离的增加呈抛物线趋势分布,最大值在距电厂1000 m处.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中高环PAHs组分高于对照区和燃煤电厂周边,生物质燃烧是该区域PAHs的主要来源.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中BaP、∑PAHs和TEQ(BaP)高于燃煤电厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂,存在不容忽视的生态风险.     

盐渍化条件下污灌区土壤重金属的释放特征

以受盐渍化和重金属双重胁迫的天津污灌区土壤为研究对象,通过径流实验和淋溶实验,探讨盐渍化土壤重金属的释放特征及对水质安全的影响.研究的盐分种类为污灌区土壤盐渍化进程中的主要盐分Na Cl,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0(CK)~5%,污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Hg含量分别为2.21、234.1和0.601 mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,(1)不同盐度处理下产流所需时间为(51'25″±15″),盐度对径流产流时间影响不显著;(2)随着Na Cl盐度梯度的提高,土壤径流和淋溶液中Cd、Pb和Hg的累计释放量均显著上升.Cd累计释放量从CK的53.40μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和55.63μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的122.56μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和135.79μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Pb的累计释放量从CK的168.30μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和94.44μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的340.68μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和201.93μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Hg的累计释放量从CK的39.66μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和9.60μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl处理的89.37μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和11.97μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶).同时,径流及淋溶液中可溶态重金属含量显著上升,颗粒态含量有所下降,其所占比例也显著下降.Cl-含量与重金属累计释放量之间关系可以用线性或对数模型拟合.(3)高盐度处理下径流和淋出液中Cd浓度超过地下水水质Ⅲ类标准,对环境及地下水存在一定威胁;径流和淋溶前期Pb浓度超过Ⅲ类标准;径流和淋溶过程中Hg浓度均超过Ⅲ类标准,风险较高.本研究结果表明高强度降雨强度下污染农田土壤重金属释放风险不可忽视.     

西北干旱区农田土壤磁性特征及其环境意义

为探究环境磁学方法在西北干旱区农田土壤污染监测中的可行性,以典型绿洲农业区张掖市(临泽县、甘州区、民乐县和山丹县)为研究区域,采集农田土壤样品102份并对其进行系统的环境磁学分析.结果表明,张掖市农田土壤磁性特征以亚铁磁性的磁铁矿为主导,磁晶颗粒主要为粗粒假单畴(PSD)和多畴(MD),颗粒等效粒径介于0.2~1μm之间;样品磁化率(χlf)变化范围为22.27×10~(-8)~188.36×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),平均值为63.85×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),磁性矿物含量总体较少但空间变化较大;磁参数空间分布表明,磁性矿物含量在甘州区、民乐县和山丹县高于临泽县,并在甘州区的中部、民乐县的西南边和山丹县的西边呈现相对高值;甘州区中部的磁性高值主要受控于工业生产等人类活动,民乐县西南边和山丹县西边的磁性高值主要与较强的自然成土作用有关.综合多种磁学参数的系统分析能够有效区分和划定农田土壤人为污染范围,为农田土壤污染防治工作提供依据.     

不同母质发育土壤Cd环境行为对水分管理模式的响应差异

为探明不同母质发育稻田土壤Cd环境行为对水分管理模式变化的响应差异,通过不同的水分管理模式(长期淹水、湿润灌溉和干湿交替),在3种外源Cd水平下(0.5、 2.0和5.0mg·kg~(-1)),对2种母质发育稻田土壤(黄泥田和麻砂泥)进行培养试验,分析了土壤氧化还原电位(Eh值)、pH值、土壤溶液Cd含量及土壤Cd赋存形态等指标.结果表明,不同母质发育土壤pH值和Eh值对水分管理模式变化的响应存在差异,土壤pH值变化率分别为长期淹水:-2.61%(黄泥田)和2.25%(麻砂泥),干湿交替:-1.96%(黄泥田)和0.52%(麻砂泥),湿润灌溉:-4.08%(黄泥田)和-0.52%(麻砂泥), 2种母质土壤Eh值与pH值呈极显著负相关; 2种母质类型土壤溶液Cd质量浓度随水分管理模式变化规律一致,且该质量浓度麻砂泥高于黄泥田,其均值分别为:1.03μg·L~(-1)(黄泥田), 1.07μg·L~(-1)(麻砂泥);水分管理模式对不同母质发育土壤中有机结合态和铁锰结合态Cd含量影响不显著,长期淹水会促进Cd向残渣态转化,且在黄泥田中这一促进作用比在麻砂泥中强.因此,在应用水分管理调控土壤Cd生物有效性的过程中,需根据土壤母质类型区别实施.     

水分条件对稻田土壤汞甲基化影响的模拟研究

通过培养实验,研究了70%田间持水量、干湿交替及淹水等3种水分管理方式对外源Hg在稻田土壤中甲基化的动态过程.外源添加浓度为5 mg·kg~(-1)Hg~(2+),培养时间为42 d.结果表明,70%田间持水量下,土壤甲基汞(Me Hg)含量基本保持稳定,平均为11.55μg·kg~(-1);淹水条件下,土壤Me Hg含量呈上升趋势,平均为30.70μg·kg~(-1),约为70%田间持水量的2.7倍;干湿交替条件下,土壤Me Hg呈现"涨-消"的波动趋势,平均含量为20.41μg·kg~(-1),约为70%田间持水量的1.7倍.培养结束后土壤Me Hg含量和占总Hg比例依次为:淹水(37.42μg·kg~(-1),0.76%)干湿交替(16.08μg·kg~(-1),0.33%)70%田间持水量(11.75μg·kg~(-1),0.25%),表明淹水条件有利于稻田土壤中汞的甲基化.Elovich方程可以拟合淹水条件下稻田土壤Me Hg含量变化的动力学过程,表明土壤中Me Hg含量在试验前期(7 d)快速升高,随后呈现缓慢增长的趋势.培养期间,各水分处理下稻田土壤中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量均表现为上下波动式的周期性变化特征,均值分别为(533±31)cfu·g~(-1)(70%田间持水量)、(615±39)cfu·g~(-1)(淹水)和(509±43)cfu·g~(-1)(干湿交替).相关分析表明,土壤Me Hg含量与硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量、氧化还原电位(E_h)、土壤含水量之间的相关性达到了显著性水平(p0.05),与其他因素之间无显著相关性.可以推测,在稻田土壤淹水形成的厌氧环境中,SRB可能是生物汞甲基化的优势菌群.     

典型土壤不同提取态Cd与水稻吸收累积的关系

用盆栽试验方法研究典型土壤不同提取态Cd(TCLP-Cd和土壤溶液-Cd)及其与水稻吸收累积的关系.选取典型水稻土红黄泥(第四纪红色黏土母质发育)和紫泥田(紫色砂页岩母质发育的紫泥田),添加外源Cd梯度为0、0.5、1、2、5、10mg·kg~(-1),进行水稻盆栽试验,研究水稻不同生育期土壤pH、土壤溶液Cd(SSE-Cd)、TCLP提取态Cd(TCLP-Cd)及水稻各部位Cd积累量变化.结果表明,水稻生育期红黄泥SSE-Cd范围为0~2.50μg·L~(-1),平均0.57μg·L~(-1),而紫泥田浓度范围为0~1.60μg·L~(-1),平均0.48μg·L~(-1);红黄泥TCLP-Cd范围为0~0.25 mg·kg~(-1),平均0.10 mg·kg~(-1),而紫泥田为0~0.2mg·kg~(-1),平均0.07 mg·kg~(-1).随着水稻生育期的延长,土壤溶液Cd及TCLP提取态Cd均不同程度降低,且红黄泥高于紫泥田.TCLP提取态Cd与土壤溶液Cd呈显著正相关.随着外源Cd浓度的增加,水稻植株Cd累积量逐渐增加.土壤溶液Cd与米Cd、TCLP提取Cd与米Cd及水稻植株Cd累积量均呈极显著正相关.两种不同母质土壤环境容量差异很大,紫泥田土壤中Cd安全阈值是红黄泥的2.06倍,且两种土壤水稻Cd吸收累积差异明显,因而不同母质土壤Cd污染治理可能需要不同的措施.TCLP提取Cd与水稻Cd累积量相关性更高,提取量更大,可以准确评价土壤中Cd的生物有效性.     

江西典型钨矿开采对周边环境稀土元素含量的影响

研究了江西省典型钨矿区开采和冶炼对周边农田土壤、水体和白菜中稀土元素含量的影响.结果表明:钨矿区周边农田土壤中稀土元素含量范围在256~459 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为373 mg·kg~(-1),土壤中稀土含量均高于江西省和全国土壤稀土元素含量的背景值,分别是它们的1.77倍和1.99倍.矿区河水中稀土元素浓度达3086μg·L~(-1),为对照区河水稀土元素浓度的497倍.矿区15个样地白菜稀土元素含量范围为773~5992μg·kg~(-1),平均值为3007μg·kg~(-1),为非矿区白菜稀土元素含量的5.22倍,矿区白菜稀土元素含量远超过我国蔬菜卫生标准稀土元素含量的限值(0.70 mg·kg~(-1)),说明钨矿开采冶炼已造成周边环境的污染,并对矿区居民身体健康构成潜在威胁.     

西南某铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属空间主成分分析及生态风险评价

以西南某铅锌矿区周边农田土壤作为研究对象,采集土壤表层(0~20 cm)149个土壤样品,分析测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn共8种重金属含量.采用多元统计分析,揭示了研究区农田土壤重金属污染的主要来源及各元素之间的相关性;并应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对农田土壤生态风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Zn含量相对处于极高水平,均值分别为15.56、419.4、933.4 mg·kg~(-1),污染十分严重;Hg和As的均值分别为0.13 mg·kg~(-1)和37.3 mg·kg~(-1),属于中度污染;Cu、Ni、Cr的均值分别为26.1、14.3、33.4 mg·kg~(-1),未超过云南省土壤环境背景值;多元统计分析结果显示Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg、As这5种元素来源相似,主要来源于矿山开采和工业活动;Cu、Ni、Cr这3种元素来源相似,主要是自然来源;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI的均值为2 294.8,整体上处于极高生态风险水平.矿区开采和工业活动对农田土壤造成了严重的重金属污染.     

铅锌冶炼区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和风险评价

采用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)、凝胶渗透色谱净化(GPC)协同高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法,分析贵州省典型铅锌冶炼区赫章县41个表层农田土壤样品中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量水平,并对其污染特征、来源和生态风险进行了分析.结果表明:典型铅锌冶炼区妈姑镇农田土壤∑PAHs的含量范围为196~11592μg·kg~(-1),算术均值和中位值分别为1500μg·kg~(-1)和780μg·kg~(-1),妈姑镇高含量的∑PAHs积累可能与当地长时间的铅锌冶炼活动有关.PAHs组分特征表现出以2~3环和4环多环芳烃为主.根据荷兰土壤干预值,妈姑镇农田土壤96.6%受到了不同程度的污染,其中,轻微污染、中度污染和重度污染所占比例分别为31.0%、24.1%和41.5%.研究区域PAHs的主要来源为煤和生物质的不完全燃烧及石油源.妈姑镇的新厂村、何家冲村、平桥组、拱桥村及赫章县的达依乡采样点土壤中PAHs的TEQBap10超过了荷兰土壤干预值规定的TEQBap10限值33.0μg·kg~(-1),说明赫章县、尤其是赫章县典型铅锌冶炼区妈姑镇农田土壤已受到PAHs的污染,存在潜在的生态风险.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.