Zn2+和Mn2+处理水钠锰矿后对Pb2+吸附量的影响

分别采用Zn2+和Mn2+处理锰平均氧化度较高的水钠锰矿,对比研究了经不同浓度的Zn2+和Mn2+处理后矿物的锰平均氧化度、d110面网间距、对Pb2+的最大吸附量以及吸附过程中Zn2+和Mn2+的最大释放量等的变化.同时,通过Zn2+和Mn2+与水钠锰矿表面反应行为的不同,进一步明确矿物结构中的八面体空穴数量与重金属吸附量的关系.研究结果表明,水钠锰矿经Zn2+和Mn2+分别处理后,矿物类型未改变,并具有相似的晶体形貌.Zn2+溶液处理水钠锰矿时,随着Zn2+浓度的增大,水钠锰矿的锰平均氧化度和d110面网间距不变,说明结构中空穴数量未改变,Zn2+通过占据部分吸附点位,导致其对Pb2+的最大吸附量从3190 mmol·kg-1减少为2030 mmol·kg-1.而Mn2+溶液处理水钠锰矿时,大多数Mn2+被氧化为Mn3+,这些Mn3+部分位于八面体空穴上下方的吸附位点,部分进入八面体空穴中.随着加入的Mn2+浓度增大,Mn2+被氧化为Mn3+而进入八面体空穴的数量增多,锰平均氧化度减小,d110面网间距从0.14160 nm增大至0.14196 nm,说明结构中空穴数量减少,对Pb2+的最大吸附量从3190 mmol·kg-1减少至1332 mmol·kg-1.对比研究结果表明,水钠锰矿结构中的八面体空穴数量对Pb2+的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.     

水钠锰矿的Mn（Ⅲ）分布及Na4P2O7溶液处理对其铅吸附性能的影响

以深入理解水钠锰矿结构中低价锰离子的含量及分布对其铅吸附性能的影响为目的,通过不同pH（pH为2、4、5）的焦磷酸钠溶液络合浸提酸性水钠锰矿结构中的Mn（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅲ）,研究了浸提锰离子的形态、含量、矿物的锰平均氧化度和Pb2＋的吸附量及其伴随Mn2＋、H＋释放量的变化.结果表明,锰平均氧化度为3.670的酸性水钠锰...     

水钠锰矿的锰氧化度与Pb~(2+)吸附量的关系

研究水钠锰矿对重金属离子的吸附,其结构中八面体空穴特点与重金属离子吸附的关系是人们关注的热点.采用酸性和碱性2种介质条件合成了具有不同锰氧化度的2个系列水钠锰矿,研究了它们的锰氧化度(average oxidation state of Mn, AOS)与其d110面网间距和Pb2+的最大吸附量的关系,以及Pb2+吸附量与Mn2+、H+和K+释放量的关系.结果表明,同系列的水钠锰矿具有相似的晶体形貌,它们的锰氧化度与其d110面网间距呈极显著的负相关(r =-0.9035<-0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),而与Pb2+的最大吸附量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.9779>0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),供试水钠锰矿锰氧化度的高低表观上反映了结构中八面体空穴数量的多少,水钠锰矿随着锰氧化度的提高,导致其结构中的八面体空穴数增多,对Pb2+的吸附容量增大,八面体空穴数量对Pb2+的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.Pb2+的吸附量与吸附过程中Mn2+、H+和K+的释放量之和呈极显著的正相关(r = 0.9962 > 0.6614,n = 14,α = 0.01),Pb2+吸附过程中伴随的Mn2+、H+和K+的释放主要来自于水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴处吸附的相应阳离子.吸附前Mn2+,Mn3+与H+、K+占据水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴上下方位点的相对多少受水钠锰矿的锰氧化度高低的影响,锰氧化度低时,八面体空穴上下方位点吸附Mn2+、Mn3+较多,吸附的H+、K+则较少,反之亦然.     

Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with di erent average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn2+/H+/K+

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with di erent average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding cations adsorbed on the vacant sites. The maximum amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increasing vacant cation sites, leading to an increase of the total amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+, and the increased likelihood for two Pb2+ adsorbed in the region of one side of a vacant site.     

Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with different average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn^2＋/H^＋/K^＋

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with different average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, α = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding catio...     

Mn(Ⅲ)在水钠锰矿氧化Cr(Ⅲ)反应中的作用

环境中的氧化锰矿物是可氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的唯一天然无机氧化剂,氧化锰矿物与Cr(Ⅲ)相互作用的反应速率与机制备受关注.本研究以水钠锰矿为对象,采用批量动力学方法研究了其结构中Mn(Ⅲ)在氧化Cr(Ⅲ)反应中的作用及动力学特点.结果表明,水钠锰矿氧化Cr(Ⅲ)符合准一级动力学方程,表观速率常数Kobs为0.0313 min-1,以Na4P2O7预处理水钠锰矿可络合出结构中的部分Mn(Ⅲ),使其Mn的平均氧化度升高.当处理Na4P2O7浓度为10、20、50 mmol/L时,其Mn氧化度由3.50升高至3.63、3.73和3.78,处理后的水钠锰矿对Cr(Ⅲ)的平衡氧化率增加,但初始氧化速率变化并不明显,其相应表观速率常数分别为0.0351、0.0325和0.0309 min-1.水钠锰矿氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的反应历程中,Mn(Ⅳ)→Mn(Ⅲ)的电子转移过程生成的Mn(Ⅲ)显著影响水钠锰矿氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的速率.当新生成Mn(Ⅲ)被Na4P2O7络合后,反应速率降低45%~88%,且水钠锰矿的氧化度较低时,结构中Mn(Ⅲ)含量高,反应中被络合的新生态Mn(Ⅲ)多,反应速率降低幅度相对较大.因此,反应新生成的Mn(Ⅲ)具有较高的反应活性和较快的电子转移速率,而Mn(Ⅳ)→Mn(Ⅲ)的电子转移速率较慢,可能为水钠锰矿氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的反应速率控制步骤.     

重金属在松花江沉积物中的竞争吸附行为及pH的影响

研究了复合污染的重金属体系(多元体系)中松花江沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的热力学和动力学特征,以及pH对重金属吸附量的影响. 结果表明:Langmuir吸附等温线可以很好地描述多元体系中沉积物吸附重金属的热力学过程,沉积物吸附5种重金属离子能力的顺序为Hg2+>Cu2+>Pb2+>>Zn2+> Cd2+. 在相同的条件下,与单一体系相比,多元体系中Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+吸附量减小的程度远远大于Hg2+和Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附量分别减少了31.9%,32.1%和68.1%. 一级动力学方程和Langmuir动力学方程可以较好地描述沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的动力学过程. 沉积物对5种重金属的吸附速率为Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+>Cu2+>Hg2+. 沉积物对Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附能力随pH的降低而减小,pH的降低造成锰氧化物的溶解,可能在一定程度上影响沉积物对重金属的吸附能力.      

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

不同结构水钠锰矿催化氧化对苯二酚腐殖化程度的差异及其原因分析

本文合成了一系列不同氧化度的酸性和碱性水钠锰矿,以对苯二酚作为腐殖质形成的前驱物,分析水钠锰矿矿物类型和亚结构变化对对苯二酚腐殖化程度的影响。取得的主要结果有:水钠锰矿的矿物类型和亚结构(锰氧化度、八面体空位、H+、Mn4+和Mn3+含量)对对苯二酚的腐殖化程度具有重要的影响,且矿物类型的影响大于同种矿物不同亚结构产生的影响。酸性水钠锰矿比碱性水钠锰矿含有更多的H+,导致酸性水钠锰矿比碱性水钠锰矿具有更高的氧化容量,反应达到平衡后,对苯二酚腐殖化程度更高。因此,水钠锰矿物中H+含量对对苯二酚腐殖化程度的影响要大于矿物中Mn4+和Mn3+含量的影响。同种类型水钠锰矿氧化度越高,得电子量将越多,氧化容量越大,反应达到平衡后,对苯二酚腐殖化程度越高。     

水钠锰矿对几种重金属离子的吸附及其与锰氧化度和吸附位点的关系

矿物表面的吸附位点类型与数量决定了其对重金属离子的吸附特性,但氧化锰矿物的结构变化对表面位点,以及吸附特性的影响并不清楚.本研究通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）、等温吸附等技术和方法对比分析了不同锰氧化度（AOS）酸性水钠锰矿对Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Cd2＋的吸附特点,并探讨了水钠锰矿锰...     

Heavy metals removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K_2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K_2S. Raw coal was mixed with K_2S powder and then heated at 800℃ for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K_2S char. The sulfur content and form in K_2S char were determined, and the ability of K_2S char to adsorb Zn~(2+), Cd~(2+) and Pb~(2+) was examined. The K_2S impregnation was effective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K_2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn~(2+) removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn~(2+) solution by K_2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K_2S char adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) in 24 mmol/L of Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) solution with the removal rate of 97 % and 35 %, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb~(2+) and Cd~(2+) were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an effective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K_2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K_2S char.     

碱性水钠锰矿氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的影响因素研究

采用氧化还原法合成3个不同氧化度的碱性水钠锰矿,并表征其晶体结构、比表面积和表面化学性质,探讨其对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化及影响因素。研究表明:随着合成反应的n(Mn7+)/n(Mn2+)逐渐减小,合成碱性水钠锰矿的氧化度和比表面积逐渐减小,其PZC逐渐升高。反应时间和反应条件(p H、Cr(Ⅲ)浓度和矿物用量)均影响碱性水钠锰矿对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化。在低p H值范围内Cr(Ⅲ)氧化率随着p H的增加逐渐增加,但在高p H值范围内氧化率随着p H的升高而减小。此外,Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化率随着Cr(Ⅲ)浓度的升高逐渐降低,但随着氧化度的提高显著增加。     

Modified activated carbon with interconnected fibrils of iron-oxyhydroxides using Mn2 + as morphology regulator, for a superior arsenic removal from water

The arsenic removal efficiency of iron-modified activated carbons depends greatly on the number of available iron oxide surface sites, which are given by the surface area of the anchored particles. In this sense, aiming the generation of an adsorbent with superior arsenic adsorption capacity, we developed a protocol to anchor interconnected fibrils of iron oxyhydroxides, using Mn^2 + as a morphology regulator. The protocol was based on a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, using bituminous based activated carbon and both Fe^2 + and Mn^2 + ions in the hydrolysis solution. The elemental analysis of modified carbons revealed that Mn does not anchor to the carbon. However, when Mn is included in the hydrolysis solution, the iron content in the activated carbon increased up to 3.5?wt%, without considerable decreasing the adsorbent surface area. Under specific hydrothermal conditions, the Mn^2 + promoted the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles shaped as interconnected fibrils. This material showed a superior arsenic adsorption capacity in comparison to similar iron modified activated carbons (5?mg As/g carbon, at 2?mg As/L), attributed to the increase in quantity and availability of active sites located on the novel interconnected fibrils of iron oxyhydroxides nanostructures.     

掺钴水钠锰矿对铅的吸附及对砷的氧化

为了研究过渡金属离子掺杂对锰氧化物作为环境友好材料物理化学性质的影响,在浓盐酸还原高锰酸钾制备水钠锰矿过程中添加氯化钴,在常压回流条件下一步合成了三维纳米微球状水钠锰矿,考察了其铅吸附和砷氧化能力.应用粉晶X射线衍射、化学分析、N2物理吸附、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段表征产物晶体结...     

重金属离子对生物污泥活性的抑制

研究了工业废水中常见的Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)和Fe~(3+)七种重金属离子对生物污泥的抑制作用。发现其抑制的机理各不相同,前五种为不可逆抑制,污泥经过洗涤,活性不易恢复,而后二种为可逆抑制,污泥洗涤后,活性能基本恢复。试验还发现,几种金属离子同时存在时,抑制性比单一金属离子强。金属离子会在污泥中积聚,因此,即使废水中浓度很低,长期接触也会使生物污泥活性降低。     

南极微球菌产低温淀粉酶条件优化及酶学性质初步研究

采用单因素试验对南极微球菌(Micrococcus antarcticus)产低温淀粉酶的条件进行了初步优化,其发酵培养基组成为(g/L):Na2HPO42.0,KH2PO41.0,MgSO4.7H2O 0.1,NaCl 5.0,(NH4)2SO42.5,麦芽糖5.0,微量元素溶液5.0 mL,pH 8.0,500 mL三角瓶装液100 mL,12℃,160 r/min振荡培养64 h,在此条件下,发酵液酶活由优化前的0.24 U/mL提高到2.6 U/mL,是优化前的10.8倍.发酵液经Millipore超滤膜包浓缩、Hitrap Q阴离子交换层析、Superdex 200凝胶过滤层析纯化获得纯淀粉酶.该淀粉酶的最适作用温度为30℃,在10~15℃下仍具有较高活性,但对热敏感,属典型的低温酶;最适作用pH为6.0,在pH 6.0~10.0范围内较稳定(>70%);Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Mg2+对该酶有较为明显的激活作用,而Zn2+、Ba2+、Ag+、Cu2+、Al3+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Hg2+、螯合剂EDTA、citrate则对该酶有不同程度的抑制作用,并且在Tween系列及TrintonX-1...     

固定化活性污泥吸附重金属离子的试验研究

讨论了固定化活性污泥对重金属离子的吸附。在实验条件下 ,温度对固定化活性吸附金属的影响并不显著 ,而体系pH值和底物浓度的影响较为重要 ,固定化活性污泥对Cu2 + 的吸附符合Langmuir模型。研究了固定化细胞填充柱对各种金属离子的吸附特性和选择性 ,固定化活性污泥对Cu2 + 离子的吸附性能明显高于Cd2 + 和Zn2 + 。     

Tuning the fill percentage in the hydrothermal synthesis process to increase catalyst performance for ozone decomposition

The performance of Ce-OMS-2 catalysts was improved by tuning the fill percentage in the hydrothermal synthesis process to increase the oxygen vacancy density. The Ce-OMS-2 samples were prepared with different fill percentages by means of a hydrothermal approach (i.e. 80%, 70%, 50% and 30%). Ce-OMS-2 with 80% fill percentage (Ce-OMS-2-80%) showed ozone conversion of 97%, and a lifetime experiment carried out for more than 20?days showed that the activity of the catalyst still remained satisfactorily high (91%). For Ce-OMS-2-80%, Mn ions in the framework as well as K ions in the tunnel sites were replaced by Ce⁴⁺, while for the others only Mn ions were replaced. O₂-TPD and H₂-TPR measurements proved that the Ce-OMS-2-80% catalyst possessed the greatest number of mobile surface oxygen species. XPS and XAFS showed that increasing the fill percentage can reduce the AOS of Mn and augment the amount of oxygen vacancies. The active sites, which accelerate the elimination of O₃, can be enriched by increasing the oxygen vacancies. These findings indicate that increasing ozone removal can be achieved by tuning the fill percentage in the hydrothermal synthesis process.     

锌对磷酸铵镁和磷酸钙结晶回收磷的影响

以模拟废水为对象,研究了pH及Zn2+浓度对磷酸铵镁(MAP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP)法除磷率的影响,并对不同Zn:P摩尔比条件下除磷所得产物进行了XRD物相分析。结果表明,锌磷共存条件下进行MAP和HAP法除磷,当pH在7.4～8.0时,Zn2+浓度越大,除磷率越高,随着pH继续增加,Zn2+浓度越大,除磷率反而越小。当pH为9.5时,Zn2+浓度从0增加到25mg/L时,MAP法的除磷率从91%下降到82%;而HAP法的除磷率从95%下降到92%,受Zn2+浓度影响较MAP法小。锌磷共存条件下的除磷产物中均含有Zn(3PO4)2,随着溶液中Zn:P增加,产物中Zn(3PO4)2含量越来越多,且HAP法除磷产物纯度受Zn2+浓度影响较MAP法大。