冬季临安大气本底站气溶胶来源解析及其粒径分布特征

利用宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)、EMS系统、KC-120H中流量采样器、850professional IC型离子色谱分析仪和热/光碳分析仪(DRI2001A)分别观测了临安大气本底站2015年1月9~31日10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布、常规污染气体浓度、PM_(2.5)浓度及水溶性离子和OC、EC的浓度,利用PMF模式对PM_(2.5)进行来源解析,并分析了不同污染源下气溶胶粒子的谱分布及日变化特征.结果表明,临安大气本底站大气气溶胶数浓度平均为5 062 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1),主要集中在10~400 nm.PM_(2.5)的平均浓度和NO_2、SO_2、CO的平均体积分数分别为123.6μg·m~(-3)、22.6×10~(-9)、34.0×10~(-9)和2.2×10~(-6).水溶性离子以NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+为主,平均浓度分别为19.2、15.4和10.8μg·m~(-3),分别占总水溶性离子的37.9%、30.4%、21.4%.OC和EC的平均浓度分别为24.4μg·m~(-3)和6.6μg·m~(-3).冬季临安大气本底站PM_(2.5)主要来自二次相关源、燃煤排放、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧,贡献率分别为42.3%、21.4%、17.1%、8.7%和10.6%.不同来源气溶胶数浓度谱分布差异较大,二次相关、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,峰值分别位于120、50、100和90nm.燃煤颗粒物数浓度谱分布为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于25 nm和100 nm,浓度为19 842 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1)和18 372 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1).二次相关源、燃煤源、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧表面积浓度谱均为三峰型分布,最大峰值分别位于650、210、160、180和575 nm.不同排放源气溶胶颗粒物数浓度和表面积浓度日变化特征基本一致,多呈双峰型分布,主要受边界层日变化和人类活动影响.     

泰山顶(1534 m)夏季气溶胶粒径分布特征

使用宽范围粒径谱仪对泰山顶2017年6月1～25日10 nm～10μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合PM(PM_(2. 5)和PM10)以及气象要素数据,分析了泰山顶气溶胶粒径分布特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明,观测期间泰山PM_(2. 5)和PM10的平均浓度分别为20. 7μg·m~(-3)和82. 4μg·m~(-3),PM_(2. 5)/PM10仅为25. 1%.数浓度、表面积浓度和体积分数平均为8 672. 8cm~(-3)、408. 3μm2·cm~(-3)和24. 2μm3·cm~(-3).数浓度谱分布为单峰型分布,表面积浓度和体积分数谱分布均为三峰型分布.数浓度和表面积浓度的主导粒径分别为10～20 nm和100～500 nm,体积分数的主导粒径为100～500 nm和2. 5～10μm.风向对PM和数浓度的影响要比风速的影响大.随着RH的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱由双峰型分布转变为单峰型分布,表面积浓度谱由单峰型分布转变为三峰型分布.     

天津城区2019年2~3月气溶胶粒径分布特征观测分析

气溶胶粒径分布是反映气溶胶粒子来源、形成过程和污染特征的重要物理参数,为研究天津城市地区气溶胶数浓度和谱分布特征及其影响因素,利用扫描电迁移率颗粒谱仪（SMPS）对2019年2~3月天津河西区10~600 nm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行了采样分析.结果表明,冬末春初天津市10~600 nm气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积分数分别为22188.22 cm^-3、1581.08 μm²·cm^-3和70.76μm³·cm^-3,气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积分数谱均为单峰分布,峰值粒径分别位于109.40、269.00和429.40 nm.核模态（10~20 nm）、爱根核模态（20~100 nm）和积聚模态（100~600 nm）粒子数浓度分别占气溶胶总数浓度的1.40%、52.44%和46.16%.气溶胶数浓度日变化具有明显的周末效应,工作日为三峰分布,峰值出现在道路交通早晚高峰和午后,周末呈双峰分布,峰值出现在道路交通早晚高峰且出现时间比工作日推迟1~2 h,汽车尾气排放对城区气溶胶浓度增加起重要作用.气象条件对天津城区气溶胶粒径分布有明显影响,气溶胶在偏东风和西南风条件下数浓度较高,非降水日相对湿度（RH）增加导致气溶胶谱分布向大粒径方向移动,随着RH由小于20%升高到50%~60%,气溶胶数浓度谱峰值粒径由50nm增大到131 nm,降水对100~200 nm气溶胶粒子有明显的清除作用,降水过程导致气溶胶谱峰值粒径减小到98 nm.     

煤燃烧超细微粒粒径谱演变及排放因子的实验研究

对燃煤超细微粒的排放特性进行研究,利用自行搭建的气溶胶实验平台,使用快速粒径谱仪FMPS对燃煤超细颗粒(5.6~560 nm)数量粒径谱进行了测量,同时利用颗粒物动态演变模型,通过最优化算法,得到颗粒沉积损失率和排放率随粒径的分布,并计算了燃煤颗粒的排放因子.结果表明,在颗粒生成的初始阶段,燃煤颗粒数量粒径谱是多分散的复杂谱,初始粒径谱主要由10 nm、30~40 nm及100~200 nm这3个模态组成,其中,10 nm模态颗粒数浓度较高,100~200 nm模态颗粒粒径谱呈对数正态分布,数量中位径CMD均值为16 nm.随着时间的推移,总数量浓度呈指数规律衰减,CMD先增大后逐渐趋于稳定.排放因子的计算结果显示,在室温条件下,燃煤颗粒的排放因子达到(5.54×1012±2.18×1012)个·g-1.     

汽车排放超细微粒数浓度及粒径谱特征的实验研究

采用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)结合汽车尾气分析仪对3辆不同型号汽车排放超细颗粒数浓度进行测量,分析了空载情况不同转速下排气管附近超细颗粒数浓度及粒径谱特征.结果表明,在怠速800 r·min-1情况下,汽车排放的颗粒数浓度最低,随着空载转速的增加颗粒数浓度呈增高趋势.尾气颗粒以核模态和爱根核模态为主,峰值粒径集中在10 nm和50 nm.汽车加速过程排放颗粒数浓度有明显的急剧升高过程,在车速稳定后颗粒物浓度趋于稳定.在排气管尾部轴向距离0.4 m范围内颗粒稀释后数浓度衰减迅速,在0.4~1 m范围稀释不明显,均大于背景浓度.空载情况下随发动机转速增加,汽车排放尾气CO、HC和NO浓度呈减少趋势,与颗粒物数浓度排放趋势相反.     

模拟烹饪油烟的粒径分布与扩散

烹饪油烟颗粒物粒径分布与扩散特性研究有助于解析其对室内空气质量和居民健康的影响,采用电子低压撞击器(ELPI)实时监测了油烟机开启和关闭状态下,模拟烹饪油烟发生处和3 m外位置处,0.03~10μm范围内油烟颗粒数浓度和质量浓度随粒径分布.油烟颗粒主要以655 nm以下的细颗粒为主.油烟机能够显著降低室内油烟浓度,开启油烟机后,油烟发生处颗粒数浓度从2.8×106个·cm-3降低到2.3×105个·cm-3,PM2.5(空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒)质量浓度从85.9 mg·m-3降低到6.2 mg·m-3.油烟机对PM10的净化效率高于PM2.5.油烟迅速从发生处扩散到3 m外,无通风状态下,总颗粒数浓度衰减达65%,PM2.5质量浓度衰减达75%.计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟了油烟机对油烟PM2.5质量浓度场扩散分布影响.红外摄像仪监测了油烟温度场分布扩散,以扇形向外扩散,伴随着油烟温度梯度降低.     

UV降解水溶液中吲哚美辛的动力学研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究水环境中吲哚美辛(IDM)的紫外光降解机制.实验结果表明,IDM的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随自身浓度的增大而减小,当IDM浓度由1 mg·L~(-1)增至12 mg·L~(-1)时,其速率常数由0.0148 min~(-1)减至0.00412 min~(-1).通过模型研究IDM的紫外光解机制时发现,其降解包括直接光解和自敏化光解,直接光解常数为0.0151 min~(-1).研究环境因子对IDM光解的影响时发现,碱性环境有利于IDM的降解,而溶解氧抑制IDM的光解,腐殖酸通过光掩蔽和自由基猝灭两个作用抑制IDM的光解,硝酸根通过接受光量子产生·OH促进IDM的降解,并通过竞争反应实验测得·OH稳态浓度为2.10×10~(-1)4mol·L~(-1),IDM与·OH的二级反应速率常数为9.86×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).     

新疆天山夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布的影响

使用宽范围粒径谱仪对天山白杨沟风景区2019年8月5-25日10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合气象要素数据,分析了天山地区夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季天山地区10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度平均为3539.2 cm^-3、116.5 μm²·cm^-3和17.6 μm³·cm^-3.不同降水过程对气溶胶数浓度的影响不同.不同降水过程中气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,持续时间长的小雨和毛毛雨对气溶胶数浓度谱谱形的影响较小,而降雨量较强的短时降水过程往往会使得气溶胶粒径谱峰值往大粒径段偏移.降雨过程气溶胶表面积浓度谱和体积浓度谱为多峰型分布,表面积浓度主要集中在30~500 nm的细粒子段,体积浓度主要集中在1~10 μm的粗粒子段.相对湿度（RH）对核模态气溶胶数浓度和积聚模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较大,对爱根核模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较小.不同相对湿度条件下气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布.随着相对湿度的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱的峰宽呈现先增加后减小的趋势,这种变化趋势在<40 nm时更加显著.气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度随风速风向的分布与能见度随风速风向的分布呈现相反的趋势.     

煤燃烧超细颗粒物的粒径分布及数浓度排放特征试验

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)对煤燃烧排放的超细颗粒物粒径分布特征进行测量研究,并对单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的超细颗粒物数量排放因子进行分析.结果表明,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度粒径谱呈对数双峰分布,颗粒几何平均粒径(the geometry mean diameter,GMD)约为23.1 nm.在燃烧阶段,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度随时间呈指数增长,各模态颗粒物数浓度与煤粉量呈线性相关关系,单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的核模态颗粒物数量排放因子为(1.50±0.64)×1010个·mg-1,爱根核模态颗粒为(1.18±0.56)×1010个·mg-1,积聚模态颗粒物为(0.19±0.06)×1010个·mg-1,总颗粒物为(2.87±1.09)×1010个·mg-1.在扩散过程中,颗粒粒径随时间呈线性增长,粒径增长速率与煤粉量呈线性相关关系.单位质量煤粉燃烧排放的颗粒粒径平均增长速率为7.5 nm·h-1·mg-1.     

不同交通状况下道路边大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布特征

研究了不同交通状况下北京交通环境大气颗粒物数浓度的污染特征.应用扫描电迁移率颗粒粒径谱仪(SMPS)测定了2009年8月常规交通状况和2008年8月奥运交通状况下北四环道路边大气颗粒物的数浓度,分析了数浓度的粒径分布特征及其逐时变化规律,目的为辨析交通流改变对交通环境中颗粒物数浓度的影响.常规交通状况下道路边超细颗粒物(10～100nm)和10～478 nm颗粒物总粒数浓度分别为(1.15±0.49)×104个.cm-3、(1.61±0.57)×104个.cm-3,奥运交通状况下分别下降到(0.55±0.14)×104个.cm-3、(1.21±0.24)×104个.cm-3,不同粒径段中超细颗粒物数浓度降幅最高,为52.2%.常规交通状况下道路边大气中颗粒物粒数浓度呈双峰分布,峰值粒径依次为22.5 nm和113.0 nm.奥运期间由于机动车单双号限行和黄标车禁行等措施的实施,22.5 nm处颗粒物数浓度峰值消失.粒径分布逐时变化显示,常规交通状况下00:00～04:00柴油车流量高峰、11:00～13:00高温强光照和17:00～20:00交通晚高峰这3个时段内超细颗粒物数浓度较高;而奥运期间受到交通流量下降、平均车速提高等因素影响,道路边颗粒物数浓度粒径分布逐时变化趋于平缓.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.