粉煤灰资源化的现状

本文检索了国内外综合利用粉煤灰的有关文献，由粉煤灰特性入手，介绍了它在，建筑，环保等行业的资源化现状。指出粉煤灰作为二次资源的重要意义，并对粉煤灰资源化提出了一些设想。     

粉煤灰资源化特性及路面工程应用技术研究

对粉煤灰的各项技术参数进行了试验研究,揭示出粉煤灰的不同成分和形貌对其资源化特性的影响规律,初步完成了消除不利于粉煤灰资源化的有害成分炭的优化实验工作,进行了脱炭粉煤灰混凝土配合比等试验研究,并在路面修复工程中予以应有,结果表明,经脱炭处理的粉煤灰应用于混凝土工程可以明显改善混凝土的工作性能,实际道路运营和技术性能符合路面工程的要求,具有重大的经济效益和环境效益。     

燃煤电厂干式贮灰场的环境影响研究

分析了灰渣的化学成分及性质 ,试验研究了其中污染物的浸出特性 ,探索了干式贮灰场的环境影响 ,并提出和探讨了防治污染的措施。提出加强对粉煤灰的综合利用 ,促进粉煤灰的资源化 ,变废为宝 ,实现社会效益、环境效益、经济效益的统一 ,是解决电厂灰渣问题的最佳途径。     

解磷微生物对煤系废弃物粉煤灰的改良效应

燃煤产生大量的粉煤灰虽会严重污染环境,但却含有植物生长必需的营养元素,将其资源化生物利用是一条很好的途径.从粉煤灰和农田土壤中分离筛选出 2 株解磷细菌 CA 和 SL,以紫花苜蓿为供试植物,通过盆栽试验研究接种解磷细菌对粉煤灰基质的改良作用.研究表明,加入解磷细菌后,对粉煤灰基质有一定的改良作用,促进了植物生长,增加了对粉煤灰中难溶性磷的吸收利用,降低了粉煤灰 pH,增加了根际细菌和真菌的数量.从粉煤灰中筛选分离出的菌株 CA的改良作用更显著,苜蓿的地上干重比对照提高了45.1%.解磷微生物的应用对于实现废弃物粉煤灰场的生态恢复提供了新的技术与潜力.     

不同释钾菌对粉煤灰的生态效应

粉煤灰治理难度大,但它含有植物生长必需的营养元素钾,将其就地资源化生物利用是一条较好的途径。释钾菌是一种能把矿物中的难溶性钾转化为有效钾的细菌,从土壤中筛选出2种释钾菌,经过在粉煤灰基质中的驯化培养,通过盆栽试验种植紫花苜蓿,比较不同菌株对粉煤灰的改良作用及其对植物生长的影响。结果表明,筛选出的菌株C6对粉煤灰中速效钾的释放效果明显,降低了基质pH,显著地促进了植物的生长,对粉煤灰生态修复具有重要意义。     

新物化法深度处理焦化废水

采用絮凝/吸附新物化法工艺对焦化废水进行深度处理.选用了新型复合高效絮凝剂(PFASSB),结合粉煤灰作为吸附剂,考察了絮凝剂用量、pH对絮凝效果的影响以及粉煤灰用量、pH、吸附时间、生石灰用量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明:(1)PFASSB最佳用量为10 mg/L,絮凝效果优于其他常用絮凝剂,适合处理焦化废水,处理前可以不用调节pH;(2)粉煤灰廉价易得、最佳用量为150 g/L,吸附饱和后的粉煤灰的处置可以考虑资源化再利用;(3)新物化法深度处理后的出水COD、NH3-N分别为70.21、19.37 mg/L,分别达到了<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准和二级标准.     

同位素稀释质谱法测定粉煤灰标准参考物质中痕量铅

煤是重要的能源之一,我国又是以煤为主要能源的国球。研究和防治燃煤对环境的污染是非常重要的课题。粉煤灰是热电厂、钢铁厂和供热中心等排出而又广泛存在的污染物质。铅是有毒元素之一,准确测定其含量,这对作环境评价和粉煤灰的再资源化都是十分必要的。标准参考物质既能用来校准仪器,提高分析质量,又能检查和校对新建立的分析方法,促进测试技术的提高。国外50年代就开展了这项工作。近些年来我国对此也十分重视,相继     

粉煤灰水热合成Y型沸石及其表征

针对固体废弃物粉煤灰的资源化利用问题,探索合成Y型沸石的实验方法。以燃煤锅炉产生的粉煤灰为实验对象,经过筛分、研磨、高温煅烧和酸浸等预处理方法来提高硅铝含量。将预处理后的粉煤灰加碱煅烧后与氢氧化钠水溶液混合,水热合成Y型沸石。结果表明:粉煤灰经过750℃煅烧1.5 h可以去除约15%的碳;用4 mol·L~(-1)的盐酸在90℃下处理2 h,粉煤灰中的铁、钙和硫等杂质可以分别减少约63.1%、87.3%和79.6%;粉煤灰预处理后的质量减少约51%;预处理后的粉煤灰经过加碱熔融处理,其中的石英和莫来石晶相物质被完全破坏,生成了新的晶相物质;当预处理粉末/碱的质量比为1∶1.2时,熔融产物经过水热反应(温度95~105℃、时间12~24 h)可以生成纯度良好、形貌规则的八面棱柱体Y型沸石;粉煤灰合成Y型沸石的BET等效比表面积可达389.44 m~2·g~(-1),孔容为0.348 mL·g~(-1),并具有优良的热稳定性。粉煤灰经过适当处理,可以在不外加硅、铝化学试剂以及模板剂情况下水热合成结晶度良好的Y型沸石。     

添加不同钝化剂降低污泥堆肥的植物毒性研究

高温堆肥后污泥的土地利用可充分发挥资源化、无害化的优势,污泥土地利用防止重金属污染一直是污泥施用中最重要的问题。通过测验发芽率指数这一代表植物毒性的指标证明,通过在污泥堆肥中加入粉煤灰、磷矿粉和草炭等不同的改性剂或重金属钝化剂可大大降低堆肥的植物毒性,从而降低污泥中重金属的可利用性。     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物 ,目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看 ,垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向     

Modeling batch leaching behavior of arsenic and selenium from bituminous coal fly ashes

Correctly predicting the leaching potential of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) is critical for assessing the environmental impact of coal fly ash. This study investigated the impacts of several key environmental factors, including pH, leaching time, and ash washing on the batch leaching behavior of As and Se from bituminous coal fly ashes. The experimental results demonstrated that As and Se leaching from fly ash increased beyond the minimal leaching pH ranges. Increasing leaching time increased As leaching but decreased Se leaching in the alkaline pH condition. A speciation-based adsorption model was used to quantify the batch leaching data, and determine the intrinsic leaching parameters including the total batch leachable mass and the adsorption constant of As or Se. The modeling approach was validated by correctly predicting the independent batch leaching data in a broad pH range and a different L/S condition. Experimental and modeling results also demonstrated that ash washing and ash aging (longer leaching time) did not change the adsorption constants of As and Se on the ash surface. However, ash washing could increase the availability of As and Se for leaching.     

Adsorption of arsenic(V) onto fly ash: a speciation-based approach

Arsenic (As) poses a significant water quality problem and challenge for the environmental engineers and scientists in the world. The large volume of coal fly ash produced around the world is a potentially significant anthropogenic source of arsenic. Currently the leaching behavior of arsenic from fly ash is not well understood. Batch methods were used in this study to investigate arsenic leaching using a raw ash, and arsenic adsorption using a clean, washed ash. Experimental results indicated that pH had a significant effect on arsenic leaching or adsorption. Between pH 3 and 7, less arsenic was in the dissolved phase. When pH was less than 3 or greater than 7, increasing amounts of arsenic were leached or desorbed from fly ash. The leaching and adsorption behavior of arsenic was interpreted with the speciation of surface sites and arsenic. In a new approach, a speciation-based model was developed to quantify the arsenic adsorption as a function of pH and surface acidity parameters. This work is important in offering insight into the leaching mechanism of arsenic from coal fly ash, and providing a robust model based upon specific, measurable parameters to quantify arsenic adsorption by other solid media in addition to fly ash.     

The leachability and chemical speciation of selected trace elements in fly ash from coal combustion and refuse incineration

A laboratory leaching test has been used to predict the potential mobility of As, Se, Pb and Cd in landfilled fly ash produced by coal combustion and refuse incineration. These waste residues also formed the basis of a speciation study in which the valency states of As and Se and the chemical forms of Pb and Cd have been determined. Selenium displayed the greatest leachability in each ash type, despite being present at relatively low concentrations in both materials. Substantial amounts of other trace elements were also leached, particularly Pb and Cd from refuse ash and As from coal ash. Chemical associations of Pb and Cd were examined by a sequential extraction procedure. In coal fly ash, both elements were mostly present in the residual fraction, while in refuse ash these elements were mainly associated with the exchangeable fraction. Water-soluble extracts of coal fly ash contained As exclusively as As(V); high background interference prevented the detection of water-soluble As in refuse ash. Selenium was present largely as Se(IV) in aqueous extracts of both ash types. The value of speciation techniques and leaching tests as predictors of environmental behaviour is discussed in conjunction with results of routine trace element determinations and plant uptake studies.     

煤矸石和粉煤灰pH与电导率动态变化规律及其相关性研究

煤矸石和粉煤灰是煤矿区两种常见的固体废弃物,对环境造成极大的污染。pH波动幅度大是废弃物农用治理的主要障碍之一。对两种废弃物连续浸提时的pH和电导率(EC)进行长期动态监测,结果表明,不同层次的煤矸石尽管风化程度不同,但经过长时间浸取后,pH和EC变化趋势相似,且煤矸石、粉煤灰的pH、EC值有很大的相关性。该试验为今后两种废弃物合理利用奠定了基础。     

粉煤灰技术在污水处理中的应用研究及存在问题讨论

对国内外污水处理中应用粉煤灰技术的现状进行了文献综述 ,并从环境保护与市场机制这个视角对粉煤灰在污水处理中的应用及存在问题进行了分析讨论。粉煤灰具有一定的吸附性能以及细微粒径特征 ,在污水处理中可以获得较好效果。但是同时会产生数倍的污泥增量 ,有些污泥甚至是有毒的 ,会产生二次污染。通过对历史事件的回顾认为以粉煤灰为原料制备混凝剂等 ,尽管在技术上可行 ,但是从市场经济角度看是不可取的     

Hydrometallurgical recovery of zinc from ashes of automobile tire wastes

Study has been performed on the investigation of metal leaching behavior for fly and bottom ashes from automobile tire wastes using acid and alkaline solutions from both viewpoints of environmental protection and resource utilization. The two ashes were found to contain substantial amounts of zinc and iron along with small quantities of cobalt, manganese, magnesium, copper, titanium and aluminum. The fly ash contained a much larger amount of zinc than the bottom ash, and seems to be a promising secondary source for the metal. Effects of such experimental parameters as temperature, time and solid-liquid ratio on the leaching behavior were investigated. Using three mineral acids and citric acid, selective leaching of zinc was successfully attained; the concentration of zinc in the leach liquors from the fly ash reached as high as 20 g l(-1) while the iron leaching was much suppressed. Selective separation of zinc was also attained in the leaching with alkaline solutions, though the percent leaching was lower than that in the acid leaching. Moreover, solvent extraction and precipitation were applied to the metal-loaded leach liquors as downstream processing to evaluate the feasibility of zinc recovery.     

Medium-Sulfur Coal and Fly Ash Resistivity

Electric generating plants burning medium-sulfur coal need a way to predict when ESP performance will be limited by high electrical resistivity of the collected fly ash. The main uncertainty in mathematical predictions of fly ash resistivity lies in the marginal effect of naturally occurring SO₃ vapor in the flue gas. This paper results from a project to expand the data base of SO₃/SO₂ concentrations and fly ash resistivities measured in utility fly ash precipitators. Complete data sets are presented from three plants in the Southern Company electric system. In situ resistivity data are compared with laboratory measurements and with two different mathematical predictions of resistivity based on coal and ash analyses. The revised version of the resistivity predictor gives results in good agreement with resistivity values measured both in situ and in the laboratory.     

粉煤灰利用研究进展

本文对粉煤灰综合利用的研究现状进行综述。内容包括粉煤灰用于烧结砖、蒸养砖、墙体材料和水泥生产、隔热防水材料、絮凝剂和肥料制备、土壤改良和废水处理等。此外,还对从粉煤灰中回收金属矿物和炭粒等进行了讨论。