轮休措施对堵塞型垂直潜流人工湿地的影响

采用不可滤物质的定量化分析方法研究了采取轮休措施对人工湿地堵塞程度的改善效果,同时分析了轮休措施对垂直潜流人工湿地污染物去除效果的改变和植物生长的影响.结果表明,轮休措施对解决人工湿地的堵塞有明显地改善,采取轮休措施后单位基质中的不可滤物质含量较轮休前有所降低,其中不可滤有机物减少量十分明显,不可滤无机物量在短期和长时间轮休前后分别表现出基本稳定和较大幅度降低的特性;短期轮休后COD、TP和TN的去除率都较轮休前有所降低,氨氮的去除率在人工湿地轮休后较轮休前高;应结合人工湿地的基质、植物种类调整运行工况,进行不同时间长度和方式的轮休,以确保植物生长不受该措施的影响.     

人工潜流湿地堵塞成因及解决措施

堵塞是制约人工湿地长效运行的关键影响因素,是湿地设计的最关键环节。结合作者在人工湿地方面多年的研究和实践经验,对湿地堵塞成因进行了详细分析,提出了有效解决措施,并列举了成功工程案例,为潜流人工湿地设计提供了有益的借鉴。     

垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞及其运行效果影响研究

在净化猪场沼液中开展了垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞过程及其运行效能变化的研究.结果表明,人工湿地堵塞的主要成因是由于填料层中不可滤过性物质的积累所致.不可滤过性物质是由有机物和无机物组成,且大部分不可滤过性物质的粒径均超过5.00 μm.填料层的孔隙率和水力传导系数均随系统运行时间的延长而减小,而填料层中被截留物质的含量则随系统运行时间的延长而增大,其空间变化特征均受到了系统中水力流态的影响;当系统HLR为0.02m3/(m2·d)时,VSSF在运行1380d后对猪场沼液的净化开始恶化,系统对COD、TSS、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别降至37.31%、57.82%、20.80%、32.13%和51.18%.     

垂直潜流人工湿地中有机物去除动态规律研究

在分析垂直潜流人工湿地不同高度有机物去除率及其形态变化的基础上,推求出各形态有机物在垂向沿程的平均去除速率,建立了进水浓度和进水水力负荷规律曲线.结果表明.在本实验条件下.垂直潜流人工湿地中有机物的去除主要集中在布水管至布水管下10 cm的基质层内,进水水力负荷越小,该基质层内有机物的去除率也越高;在以粗砂作为垂直潜流人工湿地的基质、进水水力负荷≤0.5 m3/(m2·d)的条件下,垂直潜流人工湿地对有机物去除的有效高度为60 cm;布水管下10 cm基质层不同类型有机物的平均降解速率都处于最大,随着垂向沿程深度的增加.各类型有机物的平均降解速率都呈较大幅度递减趋势;以砂子为基质的垂直潜流人工湿地进水浓度和进水水力负荷规律曲线可表示为(Cin-Cou)×q=1107.02-2.96 Cin× q.     

强化曝气对潜流人工湿地堵塞物分布规律的影响

构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,研究曝气对人工湿地堵塞物组分及分布规律的影响.结果表明:两系统中堵塞物组成均以无机物为主,曝气对堵塞物累积总量影响不大,但对堵塞物化学组分影响较大,使堵塞物中有机物组分比例降低.未曝气及曝气系统堵塞物平均累积量分别为5.18 mg·g~(-1)及5.21 mg·g~(-1),有机物所占比例分别为28.4%和15.6%.曝气对堵塞物在水平及深度方向的分布影响不大,两系统均表现为底层累积物含量略高于表层,出水端累积物含量略高于进水端.电镜及能谱分析结果显示,受溶解氧因素的影响,两系统中表层填料元素种类均较底层丰富,且曝气系统较未曝气系统丰富.     

垂直潜流人工湿地处理城镇污水处理厂尾水的研究

利用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水,采用两套垂直潜流人工湿地系统对其进行处理。结果表明:在处理负荷为36,108,216 L/d,水力停留时间为3,1,0.5 d时,两套系统均对COD具有良好的去除效果,COD平均去除率均在75%以上;种植芦苇的系统对TN去除有一定优势,其TN最高去除率能比种植空心菜的系统高出25%;两套系统对TP的去除效果无显著性差异,其去除率能达到90%左右;两套系统对COD、TN、TP的去除主要集中在系统的前1/3段,系统的后2/3段保证了出水的水质。两套系统均有较强的抗水力冲击负荷能力。     

潜流型人工湿地堵塞机制及其模型化

从物理、化学、生物三个方面分析了人工湿地堵塞的机理,指出湿地堵塞的过程实质上就是有效孔隙率减少的过程,湿地的堵塞与否,堵塞的程度如何,可由其饱和水力传导系数来表征。对几个与人工湿地堵塞有关的数学模型作了介绍和分析,并探讨了一些预防人工湿地堵塞的措施以及其未来的研究方向。     

正交试验优化垂直潜流人工湿地实现短程硝化

采用垂直潜流人工湿地(VSFCW)处理生活污水并实现短程硝化.将温度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)、HRT分别控制在:(30±2)℃、(8.4±0.2)、(1.5±0.2)mg/L、12h的条件下,COD去除率与NH₄⁺-N去除率(ARE),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)分别为73.14%、98.51%、65.18%.向VSFCW中投加羟胺(NH₂OH),来进一步提高NAR.通过设计4因素5水平正交试验获取NH₂OH浓度、DO、温度、pH值的最佳控制条件.在本试验中,方差分析结果表明:NH₂OH浓度和温度对NAR的影响极其显著(P≤0.01).DO与pH值对NAR的影响不显著(P>0.05).对方差分析结果进行优化验证,当投加1.0mg/L的NH₂OH时,即使温度从30℃降低至23℃,NAR仍可达到89.15%.COD去除率与ARE为75.67%与88.76%.Nitrosomonas的丰度从1.62%增长至4.06%,Nitrospira的丰度从1.65%降至...     

潜流人工湿地堵塞程度的原位测定研究

人工湿地因其生态友好、运行费用低廉、处理效果好而被广泛运用于污水处理中,然而潜流人工湿地在运行过程中会发生填料堵塞,导致其利用率下降、寿命缩短,但目前还缺乏简单有效的原位测定人工湿地堵塞程度的方法和仪器.为了客观地评价湿地的堵塞程度,以渗透系数法为测定原理构建了人工湿地堵塞程度原位测定法,结合压力探测和数据处理模块开发了人工湿地堵塞程度原位测定仪,并进行了实验室试验和原位测量以检验方法和仪器的可行性.实验室试验中测量了利用砂土和砾石模拟的不同程度的堵塞.结果表明:当填料砂土与砾石的质量比为2:1、4:1、8:1时,堵塞系数分别为0.69、0.84、0.91 km/d,测得的堵塞系数和填料比例显著相关,能够准确地反映堵塞程度.原位测量选择运行了1~5 a的4个潜流人工湿地（A、B、C、D湿地）进行,运行一段时间后,潜流人工湿地入口处、湿地管道破损处和使用时间较长的湿地堵塞系数较高,最高达0.998 km/d,而运行情况良好的D湿地堵塞系数在0.5 km/d以下.研究显示,原位测定结果能很好地反映湿地的堵塞情况.      

人工湿地堵塞成因及解决措施初探

人工湿地作为一种新兴的污水处理技术,已在国内外得到了较为广泛的应用,但是人工湿地在运行过程中出现了一些堵塞问题,不仅影响人工湿地的美观,而且使人工湿地不能正常运作.通过对其堵塞机制的研究与探讨,提出了一些避免堵塞的可行性方案,如预处理、优化运行方式等,以缓解人工湿地堵塞问题.     

Clogging processes caused by biofilms growth and organic particles accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor causing clogging in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands.In this study,the developing process of clogging separately caused by biofilm growth and organic particles accumulation instead of total organic matter accumulation was investigated in two groups of lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) fed with glucose (dissolved organic matter) and starch (particulate organic matter) influent.Results showed that the growth of biofilms within the substratum pores certainly caused remarkable reduction of effective porosity,especially for the strong organic wastewater,whereas its influence on infiltration rate was negligible.It was implied that the most important contribution of biofilm growth to clogging is accelerating the occurrence of clogging.In comparison with biofilm growth,particles accumulation within pores could rapidly reduce infiltration rate besides effective porosity and the clogging occurred in the upper 0-15 cm layer.With approximately equal amount of accumulated organic matter,the effective porosity of the clogged layer in starch-fed systems was far less than that of glucose-fed systems,which indicated that composition and accumulation mode of the accumulated organic matter played an important role in causing clogging besides the amount.According to the results,some related methods to prevent and recover the clogging phenomenon were suggested.     

Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor causing clogging separately in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this study, the developing process of clogging caused by biofilm growth or organic particle accumulation instead of total organic matter accumulation was investigated in two groups of lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), which were fed with glucose (dissolved organic matter) and starch (particulate organic matter) influent. Results showed that the growth of biofilms within the substratum pores certainly caused remarkable reduction of e ective porosity, especially for the strong organic wastewater, whereas its influence on infiltration rate was negligible. It was implied that the most important contribution of biofilm growth to clogging was accelerating the occurrence of clogging. In comparison with biofilm growth, particles accumulation within pores could rapidly reduce infiltration rate besides e ective porosity and the clogging occurred in the upper 0–15 cm layer. With approximately equal amount of accumulated organic matter, the e ective porosity of the clogged layer in starch-fed systems was far less than that of glucose-fed systems, which indicated that composition and accumulation mode in addition to the amount of the accumulated organic matter played an important role in causing clogging.     

复合垂直流构建湿地中有机质积累与基质堵塞

利用灼烧失重研究了复合垂直流构建湿地小试及中试系统中有机质的积累规律及其与湿地基质堵塞的关系,通过示踪剂实验测定了堵塞前后系统水力停留时间的变化.结果表明,有机质主要积累在基质表层和上层0～50mm处且有机质积累主要发生在下行池.有机质含量与基质深度负相关,基质表层有机质含量明显高于其他各层.湿地系统中有机质含量与基质渗透系数呈明显的负相关性,有机质含量越高,基质渗透系数越小,说明有机质积累是导致构建湿地堵塞的一个重要原因.复合垂直流构建湿地堵塞后,其水力特征发生了改变,延长了该系统的实际水力停留时间.     

利用磷脂脂肪酸表征人工湿地微生物群落结构

通过磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)分析,研究了复合垂直流人工湿地基质剖面的微生物群落结构及其分布特征.结果表明,湿地PLFAs组成以饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸为主,多不饱和脂肪酸与环丙烷脂肪酸含量较少.特征脂肪酸的比值呈垂直分布.基质中好氧原核微生物为优势类群,其次为革兰氏阳性细菌及其他厌氧细菌,真核微生物所占比例最低.统计结果显示,好氧原核微生物的特征PLFAs相对含量在上行池表层最高;革兰氏阳性细菌、SRB及其他厌氧细菌的特征PLFAs相对含量在下行池中层显著高于其他位点,指示该区域为湿地系统主要的兼性厌氧功能区.     

Enhancing treatment efficiency of swine wastewater by effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland

Introduction Livestock w astew ater contains highly concen- trated pollutants, including suspended solids (SS), organics, nutrients and bacteria. In C hina, w astew ater generated by concentrated farm s is com m only stored in anaerobic lagoons and partia…     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.     

复合垂直流湿地反应动力学及水流流态的研究

 提出一种新型的复合垂直流湿地系统(IVCW),并对其反应动力学和系统的实际流态进行了研究.经过中试的运行试验,得到了系统对COD去除的反应速率方程,由示踪剂试验确定了系统中水流的停留时间分布(RTD),提出RTD的不同是湿地处理效率差异的主要原因,进而运用串联反应器模型和离散流模型两种非理想流态模型,模拟IVCW的实际水流流态,经过比较发现离散流模型模拟的效果较好.