Biogeochemical characteristics of natural and technogenic ecosystems of the southern Baikal region

The distribution of chemical elements in plants was studied in natural and technogenic ecosystems of the southern Baikal region. Basic statistical parameters characterizing the contents of a wide range of elements in different soil horizons and plants of the region and the “world land” (average for all the continents) were compared. On the basis of data on the distribution of chemical elements in the soil-plant system, groups of elements differing in the coeffient of biological absorption (C _b) were distinguished. Evidence of antagonism between the main biophilous elements and heavy metals accumulating in plants was obtained. Interrelations of K and Na, which play an important role in the regulation of osmotic processes in plants, were analyzed. The phenomenon of potassium replacement by sodium in plants of technogenic ecosystems may serve as a criterion for assessing the phytotoxicity and environmental quality.     

Desertification and Sustainable Development of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

The Heihe River Basin of northwestern China is one of several areas severely affected by desertification. This article outlines the status of desertification in this basin. There are mainly 5 types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin, namely soil and water erosion, sandy desertification, soil aridization, soil salinization and vegetation degradation. Among the 5 types of desertification, the main desertification type is sandy desertification with an area of 10 771.97 km2; Second type is soil salinization with an area of 10 591.82 km2; Next to the soil salinization is the type of soil and water erosion with an area of 5 747.68 km2 and the other types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin are soil aridization with just area of 1 369.96 km2 and vegetation degradation type with an area of 1 490.48 km2 respectively. Both natural and man-made factors are responsible for the causes of desertification development, among which the latter is the main driving force for desertification in the basin.     

Response of the Avifauna to Technogenic Environmental Pollution in the Southern Taiga Zone of the Middle Urals

The results of original studies and published data are used for evaluating the main responses of the avifauna of boreal forests to the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals. It is shown that environmental pollution results in the reduction of species richness, biomass, and stability of the nesting bird fauna. In degraded areas, the structure of the bird community changes: (1) typical forest species are replaced by the species of open habitats, and (2) the proportion of species nesting in the upper tree layer decreases, whereas that of ground-nesting species increases.     

Desertification and Sustainable Development of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

Abstract

The Heihe River Basin of northwestern China is one of several areas severely affected by desertification. This article outlines the status of desertification in this basin. There are mainly 5 types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin, namely soil and water erosion, sandy desertification, soil aridization, soil salinization and vegetation degradation. Among the 5 types of desertification, the main desertification type is sandy desertification with an area of 10 771.97 km²; Second type is soil salinization with an area of 10 591.82 km²; Next to the soil salinization is the type of soil and water erosion with an area of 5 747.68 km² and the other types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin are soil aridization with just area of 1 369.96 km² and vegetation degradation type with an area of 1 490.48 km² respectively. Both natural and man-made factors are responsible for the causes of desertification development, among which the latter is the main driving force for desertification in the basin.     

The development of reference materials for acid rain research

The Center for Analytical Chemistry of the National Bureau of Standards is actively engaged in research to provide the basis for quality assurance in chemical measurements of rain water. Several types of SRMs are currently available which have direct applicability to atmospheric deposition programs. In addition, research is proceeding to develope and SRM specifically for rain-water analyses. Initial attempts, using a single solution containing all the components of rain and stored in glass ampoules, were unsuccessful due to the chemical instability of the solution. Current efforts are directed to improving the stability by using polyethylene bottles to store the solutions, and by preparing two separate solutions, one for the major components of rain (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and hydrogen ions), and the other for the trace metals. Preliminary results on the stability of a pilot set of simulated rainwater solutions are encouraging.     

Ecophysiological indicators of the state of animal populations exposed to damaging factors

Indices of abundance and reproduction rate are considered in some groups of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates from the zones of technogenic disasters. Upon a critical population decline caused by external destructive factors, such as emissions of acute ecotoxicants, the ecophysiological and behavioral compensatory mechanisms are activated, which provide for restoration of the total population size to the optimum within a short period of time. Environmental pollution with substances disturbing the reproductive function has the gravest consequences for animals. In this case, population size may remain fairly high, and, therefore, the effect of enhanced reproduction as a response to population decline does not take place, which eventually leads to a gradual but irreversible destruction of the population. Pathologies of reproduction should be used as a criterion for assessing the state of animals in the zones of technogenic disasters.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 32–38.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shilova, Shatunovskii.     

The Frequency of Micronuclei among Newborns from Kragujevac, Central Serbia, after NATO Bombing in the Spring of 1999

Kragujevac, as an important industrial and economic center of the region, is now placed on the top of the list of environmentally endangered cities in our country. The aim of this biomonitoring study was to evaluate cytogenetic damage in a sample of newborns from Kragujevac after contamination of the environment entailed by the intensive bombing of the industrial zone of this city in the spring of 1999. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes in a total of 61 phenotypically healthy newborns was analyzed before and after the NATO bombing. Analysis of micronuclei has been performed using the cytokinesis-block technique (CB MN test). Average MN frequency in lymphocytes of newborns before the bombing (N = 25) was 5.77 ± 0.85/1000 analyzed cells. After the bombing (N = 36), the average frequency of MN increased by a factor of 1.4 (8.11 ± 0.85), compared to the control frequency before the bombing. Statistical difference (p < 0.05) was established by Student's t-test. Our data suggest that such changes in genetic material were a direct consequence of contamination of the living environment.     

Distribution of leeches in aquatic ecosystems of the city of Yekaterinburg and its vicinity

Ecological features and species composition of leeches were studied in 25 water bodies located in the city of Yekaterinburg and its vicinity. Specific features of their occurrence and distribution in water bodies of various types were analyzed. Dominant, mass, common, and rare species were distinguished.     

Monitoring and evaluation of shallow well water quality near a waste disposal site

This study identifies shallow well water contamination sources near the Mae-Hia waste disposal site and the clarification of the extent of well water contamination caused by leachate generated from the disposal site. The water of 40 shallow wells around the Mae-Hia disposal site, where three potential sources of groundwater pollution exist, was sampled and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Water samples were taken every month from June 1989 to May 1990 along with a measurement of well water levels in order to estimate the groundwater flow direction. Comparison with the drinking water standards/guidelines showed that well water in the study area was not suitable for drinking due to the high contamination of total and fecal coliforms and moderate contamination by nitrate and manganese. It was found that the level of conductivity, total solids, color, chloride, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, copper, and lead in the groundwater of wells located adjacent to the disposal site were higher than in other areas. In addition, higher concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium in the wells located downstream of the groundwater flow were recorded. Estimation of a leachate plume using chloride as an indicator showed that the wells located in the eastern part of the disposal site, a dominant direction of groundwater flow, were contaminated by leachate generated from the waste disposal site.     

江苏盐城地区地下水水化学特征及形成机理

为了查明江苏盐城地区深层地下水咸化的主要影响因素,采集了不同类型水样(河水、浅层地下水、深层地下水和海水),通过对该地区不同水体的水化学特征、离子比值以及氘氧氚同位素组成进行分析,研究了盐城地区深层地下水水化学特征的形成机理。结果表明:浅层微咸水主要是溶解地层盐分和蒸发作用形成,而滨海港镇的部分地区受到一定程度的现代海水入侵影响。深层地下水总体为淡水,水化学演化以正常的水-岩作用为主,而深层微咸水主要分布在两个地区,一是东部滨海地区的灌河口至大丰一带,二是内陆地区的大丰市及其周边一带。滨海地区的深层微咸水主要是淋滤古海相地层盐分形成,黄沙港镇部分地区则受到轻微的现代海水入侵影响,而内陆地区的深层微咸水主要是浅层咸水下渗造成的。因此,盐城东部沿海矿化度增高的区域应大力加强对地下水的保护,特别是随着全球变暖,黄海海平面有上升的趋势,东部的滨海港镇等受海水入侵影响较大的区域更应引起高度重视。     

pH of seawater

The pH of seawater is a key quantity for the calculation of fossil fuel carbon dioxide transfer into the oceans and of the potential dissolution of calcareous organisms, a sink for the carbon dioxide. Thus, it is important to clarify what is meant by the pH of seawater. New data on chloride interactions with hydrogen ions affects this meaning and is discussed briefly in this work.     

Technogenic stress and its effect on deciduous trees (an example from parks in Yaroslavl)

A comparative analysis of several morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of leaves has been performed in birch (Betula pendula Roth), linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), and poplar (Populus nigra L.) trees growing in industrial areas of Yaroslavl with different levels of anthropogenic pollution. The results show that high concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere suppress the growth of leaves, and the number and severity of necrotic lesions in them increase. Water content in leaves becomes lower, whereas ash content increases. The contents of photosynthetic pigments change as well: the leaves contain smaller amounts of chlorophylls a and b, whereas the accumulation of carotenoids increases. Judging from changes in the test parameters, P. nigra is more resistant to pollution than B. pendula and T. nordata.     

Mechanisms of desorption of 134Cs and 85Sr aerosols deposited on urban surfaces

The radioactive isotopes of cesium and strontium may be deposited on urban surfaces in the case of an accidental atmospheric discharge from a nuclear facility and thus imply a health hazard. In order to handle the decontamination of these surfaces, we have carried out experiments under controlled conditions on tiles and concrete and we have studied.the physical and chemical mechanisms at the solid-liquid interface. The deposition of radionuclides was carried out in the form of aerosols indicating an accidental source term. Their desorption by rainwater is low in all cases, of the order of 5-6% for cesium for any material and 29 and 12% for strontium on tile and concrete, respectively. The low desorption values of cesium may be explained by the strong bonding that occurs with the silicates constituting the tile due to virtually irreversible processes of exchange of ions and by the formation of insoluble complexes with the C--S-H gel of concrete. The strontium-tile bonds are weaker, while strontium precipitates with the carbonates of concrete in the form of SrCO3. In view of these characteristics, washing solutions with high concentrations of chloride and oxalate of ammonium chosen for their ion-exchanging and sequestering properties were tested on these surfaces. The desorption of cesium improved strongly since it reached 70% on tile and 90% on concrete after 24h of contact, which is consistent with our knowledge of the; bonds between this element and the surfaces. Strontium, given the greater complexity of physical and chemical forms that it may take is less well desorbed. The ammonium chloride improves the desorption (50% and 40%, for tile and concrete, respectively) but the oxalate, while it does not affect desorption on the tiles, decreases that on the concrete since by strongly etching the concrete, it causes the release of carbonate ions that precipitate with strontium.     

Characteristics of microorganisms isolated from technogenic soils of the Kama region

Microorganisms capable of degrading monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several chlorinated aromatic compounds were isolated from soils polluted with industrial waste from chemical plants. They were identified as representatives of the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium. Among them, bacteria capable of utilizing xenobiotics in a wide range of ambient temperatures and pH and in the presence of high sodium chloride concentrations were revealed.     

Minimal models and agroecological policy at the regional scale: An application to salinity problems in southeastern Australia

A minimal dynamical systems model that couples agricultural activity, native vegetation, and hydrological processes is developed to explore policy options regarding regional-scale soil and water salinization in southeastern Australia. The analysis suggests that although considerable revegetation is required to restore catchment water balance, the current value of water in uses other than agriculture is too low for revegetation to be economically viable. In contrast, groundwater pumping generates significant short-term gains by preventing soil salinization but is not a viable long-term solution. Thus, effective salinity management policy must include mechanisms to increase the value of water in uses other than irrigated agriculture to achieve sufficient long-term revegetation. These results are robust over a wide range of parameter values and thus provide a basis for policy action in the face of uncertainty about groundwater flow characteristics.     

Scotch Pine Pollen under Conditions of Environmental Stress

Environmental conditions causing stress have a significant effect on the generative organs of Scotch pine. The parameters characterizing pine pollen are subject to significant interannual variations and are closely connected with weather and climatic conditions in the period of pollen formation. Airborne pollutants affect the quality of pine pollen, which is especially apparent in the years favorable for the formation of microspores. The ability of Scotch pine pollen to germinate and form pollen tubes in the regions with different technogenic loads proved to be significantly lower than in tree stands of the background areas.     

农业生产对土壤盐渍化影响的经济分析

研究农业生产活动对土壤盐渍化的负面影响，有利于合理安排农业公共投资，促进生产与环境协调发展。在介绍我国土壤盐渍化概况的基础上，利用相关文献分析影响土壤盐渍化的不同因素，同时利用省级Panel数据和计量模型进一步探索农业生产活动对土壤盐渍化的影响。结果表明，灌溉程度、单位钾肥投入会对土壤盐渍化产生显著影响。单位耕地上灌溉面积越多，耕地发生盐渍化的概率也越高；同时单位面积上钾肥使用量越高，耕地发生盐渍化的概率也越高。此外，还在统计意义上发现排灌对抑制土壤盐渍化具有明显作用。因此，针对农业生产活动对农业生态环境可能造成的负面影响，进一步提出应该在增加农业公共投资的背景下，加强农业基础设施的建设，引导农户采用合理的农业生产方式，以协调我国农业生产与农业生态环境的和谐发展。     

武汉市郊设施栽培土壤盐分累积特征

采用野外调查和取样分析相结合的方法,对武汉市郊部分设施蔬菜栽培地土壤盐分特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1）在研究区,轻度盐化土壤占5263%,中度盐化土壤占2105%,重度盐化土壤占526%,另有1579%的设施土壤盐分含量超过了10 g/kg,达到盐土〖JP+1〗的标准。（2）设施栽培土壤的可溶性盐含量与电导率（EC）均明显高于露天栽培菜地及植棉地土壤,且变化幅度大,平均值分别为66 g/kg〖JP〗和031 mS/cm。其中,10.5％的设施土壤表层EC值达到了作物生长障碍临界点（>06 mS/cm）。表层土壤中以NO-3和Ca2+的相对富集为主要特征。（3）盐分的运移同时存在着向下迁移和向表层聚集两种方式,且以表聚为主。除HCO-3外,其它盐分离子的含量随土层深度的增加而有所降低,其中,NO-3、Ca2+累积迁移量较大,在0~100 cm各土层内的含量都高于露天菜地和植棉地,硝酸盐的大量累积和向下迁移势必对地下水造成不利影响。（4）设施地栽培的土壤水溶性盐含量与电导率（〖WTBX〗r=0.951 2*〖KG-*3〗*）以及硝态氮含量（r=0.644 2*）分别呈极显著和显著正相关。〖     

Pollution-induced successions in forests of the Kola Peninsula

Trends of changes in the successional status of northern taiga forests exposed to technogenic pollution in the Kola Peninsula are discussed. Main studies of digression in spruce and pine forests are characterized on the basis of the dynamics of species composition of phytocenoses and chemical composition of atmospheric fallout, soils, and dominant plants.