人鸟能否“共婵娟”？

1月中旬,一条关于美国飞机撞上飞鸟后迫降海面的消息在世界各大媒体刊载。其基本经过是：15日下午3时许,全美航空集团一架飞机从纽约拉瓜地亚机场起飞两分钟后,疑因遭一群飞鸟撞击而发动机失灵,紧急迫降在曼哈顿岛西侧的哈德逊河。机上150名乘客及5名机组人员全部生还。     

战斗机阻力伞载荷计算研究

目的通过对战斗机阻力伞载荷计算开展研究,为阻力伞安装支持结构的静强度和疲劳强度分析提供支持。方法分别运用工程计算方法、流固耦合数值模拟方法,并对比阻力伞火箭滑车试验实测数据,对阻力伞载荷计算开展研究。同时基于飞参数据,运用统计学方法对影响阻力伞载荷大小和方向的开伞速度、飞机俯仰角、侧风速度与方向等参数进行统计分析,为载荷谱编制提供数据基础。结果确定阻力伞载荷工程计算方法中动载系数k取为1.2,将一次放伞的载荷历程简化为以拉直力和张满力为峰值的两个载荷循环,且拉直力为张满力的50%。以某型飞机766架起落飞参数据为基础,运用皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布、指数分布对开伞速度、飞机俯仰角、侧风速度与方向等参数进行拟合,结合阻力伞载荷计算方法,得出阻力伞载荷大小和方向分布的统计规律。结论明确了阻力伞载荷计算方法及计算相关参数选取,同时提出一种符合战斗机实际使用环境的阻力伞载荷谱编制方法。     

腐蚀损伤对典型铝合金结构疲劳寿命的影响研究

目的研究严酷服役条件下飞机结构的寿命衰减问题。方法以飞机关键结构模拟件为研究对象,基于编制的某机场环境加速试验谱进行当量加速腐蚀试验,采用MTS810材料试验系统进行预腐蚀后的疲劳试验。结果通过对试验结果的分析,确定了关键结构疲劳寿命腐蚀影响系数与腐蚀损伤尺寸之间的对应关系。结论关键结构腐蚀损伤宽度与疲劳寿命腐蚀影响系数相关性最好。     

飞机实验室风吹雨气候环境试验技术研究

为了解决目前飞机整机风吹雨试验只能在外场自然环境条件下进行,试验周期长,费用大的难题,研究飞机实验室风吹雨试验技术。通过研究飞机遭遇极端气候风吹雨引起的环境效应,基于气候环境实验室风吹雨试验环境条件的建设能力,借鉴国内外相关环境试验标准以及国外飞机气候环境试验经验。规划了飞机整机实验室风吹雨试验项目和试验顺序,设计了飞机实验室风吹雨试验方法,总结了试验需要检测及评估的范畴。为飞机实验室风吹雨试验的实施提供技术参考。     

飞机实验室低温试验方法研究

为了在实验室内进行飞机整机的低温试验,对低温试验方法进行了研究。通过分析国内外相关低温试验标准和国外飞机实验室低温试验,从试验目的、试验特点、试验条件、试验控制、试验科目、试验步骤、试验中断处理等方面,研究了飞机实验室低温试验方法。应用该试验方法,在国内首次完成了某型飞机的实验室低温试验,试验内容涵盖飞机系统、飞机地面保障设备和飞机地面保障程序,获得了在外场试验难以甚至几乎无法获得的试验数据。研究的试验方法适用于飞机实验室低温试验,将有助于我国飞机低温环境适应性设计。     

水陆两栖飞机结构密封防水与排水设计

目的确保水陆两栖飞机在日历寿命周期内不会因积水问题造成严重腐蚀。方法根据水陆两栖飞机特殊的使用环境特点,综合笔者多年从事飞机腐蚀防护设计工作的经验,对结构密封防水和排水设计进行全面分析和论述。结果提出了水陆两栖飞机结构密封防水和排水原则,给出了水陆两栖飞机典型结构防水和排水的具体措施。结论已在大型水陆两栖飞机中应用,并顺利通过了水密试验验证。     

模拟加速腐蚀专家模拟器软件在美海军飞机腐蚀损伤评估中的应用

介绍了美国海军规划开发的飞机结构腐蚀损伤评估建模和仿真分析系统,预测了由点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂和剥蚀引起的飞机结构腐蚀损伤性能退化趋势,这三种腐蚀类型是海军飞机相关腐蚀故障的主要来源。该系统是通过扩展现有加速腐蚀专家模拟器(ACES)软件产品而获得,软件系统由基于物理数据的程序算法、基于试验数据的经验统计模型和人工智能方法组成。     

运输类飞机实测突风谱编制方法研究

目的 针对运输类飞机突风载荷谱编制需求,基于实测载荷数据和任务分析法原理,采用5×5谱编制方法,建立一种运输类飞机实测突风谱编制方法。方法 首先依据任务分析确定飞机典型任务剖面和任务段,对实测载荷数据进行预处理和统计分析,获得突风增量过载超越数的分布参数。然后通过得到的平均突风增量过载累积超越数曲线,编制各任务段载荷谱,进而编制任务剖面谱,按任务剖面比例,对任务剖面谱进行随机排序,编制得到了突风增量过载飞-续-飞谱。最后给出了一个示例以详细阐明该编谱方法。结果 该型运输机爬升任务段突风载荷谱相较其余任务段偏重。结论 通过该方法编制的突风载荷谱能够较好地反映实测突风载荷数据特点,方法具备合理性和可行性。     

某型飞机实验室高温试验条件剪裁方法研究

针对整机级飞机实验室高温验证试验,更真实地模拟飞机地面高温环境条件。通过对GJA150A、MIL-STD-810G及RTCA/DO-160G等国内外最新气候试验标准进行分析,确定某型飞机实验室高温试验程序。以此试验程序为基础,根据飞机温度适应性要求,借鉴民用飞机运行环境包线以及国外飞机实验室温度试验的经验,经过分析与剪裁处理,得到了某型飞机实验室高温试验条件。形成了飞机实验室高温试验条件剪裁方法,研究成果可为整机级飞机实验室高温试验设计提供参考。     

大型气候环境实验室综合控制管理系统网络结构设计

开展了大型气候环境实验室综合控制管理系统设计,以满足实验室飞机气候环境试验需求。通过梳理大型气候环境实验室工艺系统组成,分析了试验任务对试验过程控制、试验测试、数据管理、试验监控和试验信息展示等多方面需求,明确了综合控制管理系统功能,进行系统划分。综合运用当下主流的工业自动化过程控制方式,进行了实验室综合管控系统设计。搭建了实验室的综合控制管理系统网络结构,定义了网络通讯方式。该网络结构可作为综合控制管理系统各组成部分开展深化设计依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.