环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境的电化学行为分析

目的 评价铝合金基环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境的腐蚀防护性能,为铝合金结构在深海环境下的腐蚀防护提供支撑。方法 采用近底悬浮式深海环境试验装置和深海高压模拟试验系统,分别开展环氧型防腐涂层体系实海试验与室内模拟深海试验,研究铝合金基环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境下的防护性能与电化学行为。结果 某海域实海结果显示,经历0.5 a的1 000 m深海试验后,环氧防腐涂层对铝合金基体的防护状态良好,涂层附着力强度仍旧保持在9 MPa以上。室内模拟深海试验结果显示,在5～20 d的试验周期内,试验初期涂层电阻均在10¹⁰?·cm²以上,涂层电容则在10^?10 F/cm²数量级。随着试验时间的增加,涂层电阻减小,电容增加。其中3 000 m模拟深海环境下,涂层电阻从初始的3.995×10¹⁰?·cm²锐减至3.264×10⁷?·cm²,下降了3个数量级,涂层电容则从初始的8.818×10^?10 F/cm     

三种可磨耗封严涂层的抗腐蚀性能

目的研究AHБ,CuAl/NiC和NiCrAl/NiC三种可磨耗涂层的抗腐蚀性能。方法对三种涂层试样进行盐雾试验、湿热试验和浸泡试验,并结合电化学测试分析不同涂层试样的抗腐蚀性能。结果 545 h的盐雾试验后,AHБ涂层的表面出现了一处微裂纹,CuAl/NiC涂层表明出现了涂层剥落现象,NiCrAl/NiC涂层的表面状况相对最好;三种涂层试样经过10个循环的湿热试验后均未见明显的腐蚀现象;经过15 d的浸泡试验后,NiCrAl/NiC涂层的表面状况相对较好,而AHБ涂层和CuAl/NiC涂层的表面状况相对较差;电化学测试结果也表明NiCrAl/NiC涂层的防护性能相对最好。结论 NiCrAl/NiC涂层的抗腐蚀性能相对较高,而AHБ涂层和CuAl/NiC涂层的抗腐蚀性能相对较低。     

沿海地区输电铁塔防护涂层耐腐蚀性能研究

目的研究沿海地区输电铁塔防护涂层体系的腐蚀失效行为,评估涂层的防护性能,为铁塔防护涂层寿命体系评定和修复提供试验依据。方法分别采用热镀锌、热镀锌/冷涂锌复合涂层、热镀锌/带锈环氧涂层三种技术方案,对铁塔角钢材料进行防腐保护,采用中性盐雾方法模拟沿海环境对试样进行耐蚀性测试,通过试样表面形貌观察、极化曲线、以及阻抗谱等电化学手段对保护效果进行评价。结果热镀锌、热镀锌/冷涂锌复合涂层在盐雾150 h出现大面积腐蚀,热镀锌/带锈环氧涂层在盐雾2000 h未发生明显腐蚀。结论热镀锌/带锈环氧涂层的耐蚀性能优于热镀锌/冷涂锌漆和热镀锌涂层。     

环氧富锌涂层对AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀防护能力研究

目的研究环氧富锌涂层对AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀防护能力。方法采用机械喷涂法在AZ91D镁合金表面制备一种保护性的环氧富锌涂层。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究环氧富锌涂层在0.5 mol/L的Na2SO4腐蚀溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为及其对镁合金的腐蚀防护能力。结果浸泡初期,环氧富锌涂层的阻抗谱中只出现一个时间常数,暗示着环氧富锌涂层优异的阻挡层作用;浸泡48 h后,环氧富锌涂层阻抗谱中出现两个时间常数,高频和低频时间常数分别对应环氧富锌涂层中高聚合的介电性质和锌粉的活性溶解;浸泡336 h后,环氧富锌涂层仍具有很高的阻抗模值,表明此时环氧富锌涂层对镁合金仍能提供良好的腐蚀防护。结论环氧富锌涂层在0.5 mol/L Na2SO4腐蚀溶液中能对AZ91D镁合金提供很好的腐蚀防护。     

底盘发动机排烟管高温涂料耐腐蚀性能对比分析与应用

目的 针对底盘发动机排烟管在某海洋大气环境中腐蚀防护难度大的问题,对4种高温涂料进行耐腐蚀性能对比分析与应用。方法 分别采用试片高温试验、户外暴露试验和排烟管实装实地验证等方法对3种改性有机硅、1种无机硅酸盐共4种高温涂层的耐高温、耐腐蚀性能及应用效果进行测试与分析。结果 高温涂层试片的高温试验、户外暴露试验结果表明,3种改性有机硅涂层600 ℃的耐高温性能、耐腐蚀性能优于无机硅酸盐涂层,但试片经600 ℃高温烧蚀后进行户外暴露试验的结果表明,石墨掺杂有机硅涂层耐蚀性优于其余3种涂层,无机硅酸盐涂层优于氟树脂改性有机硅、环氧改性有机硅涂层。排烟管实装实地验证试验则表明,石墨掺杂有机硅涂料受到高温氧化、降水冷却、常温腐蚀等频繁交替作用下,腐蚀较快,氟树脂改性有机硅涂层的防护性较好,环氧改性有机硅涂层在高温区域腐蚀明显,无机硅酸盐涂层中锌粉和铸铁基体存在明显腐蚀。结论 相对于传统的银粉漆,4种高温涂层显著改善了排烟管的腐蚀防护性能。在上述4种试验条件下,4种高温涂层的耐高温、耐腐蚀等性能各有优劣,需要根据4种涂层各自的性能不足进行改进。在实际工况条件下,氟树脂改性有机硅耐涂层满足发动机排烟管在某海洋大气环境中不低于1 a免维护的使用要求,其他2种有机硅涂层、1种无机硅酸盐涂层则需要一定程度维护。     

太阳电池阵基板原子氧防护膜试验评价研究

对太阳电池阵基板用涂有有机硅／SiO2杂化涂层的Kapton膜进行的工程化应用试验评价研究进行了介绍。通过真空下材料的出气试验,对材料的总质量损失（TML）和可凝挥发物（CVCM）进行了测试。进行了温度冲击试验、粒子辐照试验,对涂层的环境耐受性进行了研究。通过原子氧试验,对带涂层薄膜的原子氧剥蚀率进行了研究。此外还对涂层薄膜进行了力学性能试验和粘接性能试验,对带涂层薄膜的拉伸强度、胶接剪切性能及与基板胶接后的剥离性能进行了测试。试验结果表明防护涂层满足工程应用的技术要求。     

新疆伊犁特克斯河山口水库中的材料制品腐蚀研究

目的了解不同涂层体系及金属材料在新疆伊犁特克斯流域的腐蚀行为,为特克斯河流域水利开发提供设计依据。方法通过实地投放金属涂层制品、涂层体系及金属材料,并按周期取样观察对比。结果获得了8种金属涂层、14种金属与封闭涂层、5种富锌涂料体系、10种复合涂层体系、2种碳钢材料和5种不同不锈钢和碳钢面积比偶合件0.5,2 a的试验结果。结论喷锌层是该水库中最适合的金属涂层;环氧封闭是表现最好的封闭涂层;环氧富锌是最好的富锌底漆;氯化橡胶、环氧沥青、环氧面漆、无溶剂耐磨环氧表面良好,适合用作面漆;脂肪族聚氨酯面漆、氟碳面漆不适合用于水下;可复涂聚氨酯用作面漆应视涂层体系谨慎使用;碳钢腐蚀速率和不锈钢与碳钢偶合件面积比之间存在显性的线性关系,不锈钢比例越大,碳钢腐蚀速度越快;镀锌层对钢丝绳有明显的保护作用,比未镀锌钢丝绳腐蚀较轻。     

TC21钛合金表面涂层体系在多因素综合加速试验条件下的老化规律研究

目的 研究TC21钛合金表面防护体系(酸洗+环氧底漆+聚氨酯面漆)在多因素协同加速试验条件下的表面性能变化规律。方法 利用一台海洋大气综合模拟试验装置,在户内模拟热带岛礁海洋大气环境,对经历各个加速试验周期后的试样进行外观拍照、光泽度测试、色差测试、光学显微拍照、以及电化学阻抗测试(EIS),并描述相关变化过程。结果 5个周期的加速试验后,试样表面涂层的失光率和色差分别达到45.6%和4.36。涂层在0.01 Hz处的阻抗模值由初始的2.74×10¹⁰ Ω下降为6.21×10⁷ Ω。结论 经历5个周期的户内多因素综合加速试验的过程中,TC21钛合金表面涂层体系的防护效果呈持续下降趋势,但5周期后尚未完全失效。     

湿热盐雾大气环境印制电路板防护棚下试验研究

目的 试验研究不同防护工艺的印制电路板在湿热盐雾大气环境下的适应性。方法 结合无防护试件,在严苛的濒海棚下环境开展4种印制电路板防护工艺的暴露试验,通过观察电路板外观,测量计算绝缘电阻、介质耐压、品质因数,以及扫描电镜、能谱分析等技术手段评价印制电路板防护工艺的性能。结果 濒海棚下环境中,无防护印制电路板腐蚀严重,电气性能显著下降。改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护的印制电路板在整个试验周期内腐蚀程度轻微,电气性能较好,表面涂层仅存在轻微起泡现象。丙烯酸三防漆防护印制电路板防护性能不稳定,印制电路板出现腐蚀现象,品质因数总体低于改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护。聚氨酯三防漆防护印制电路板在电气测试性能中表现良好,但涂层出现太多破损、起泡等缺陷,铜导线出现异常生锈现象。在介质耐压测试中,多周期呈现击穿状态。结论 在濒海区域棚下湿热盐雾环境中,涂覆有机硅、改性硅三防漆的印制电路板防护状态最好,可优先选择作为防护手段。     

环氧云铁与聚氨酯涂层间剥离原因分析

目的剖析沿海某大型工程钢结构环氧云铁与聚氨酯涂层间剥离的原因。方法采用质谱分析仪剖析该聚氨酯涂料的成分,采用离子色谱仪及电导率仪检测所形成聚氨酯氟碳涂膜表面的铵基盐分,环境扫描电镜对剥离涂膜表面观察。结果聚氨酯涂料中含有高沸点溶剂三甲苯、四甲苯,在聚氨酯氟碳复合涂膜与环氧云铁界面之间存在铵基盐物质,通过电镜微观观察发现涂膜固化不完全和微孔存在。结论聚氨酯氟碳涂膜发生可剥离的原因有以下方面,由于聚氨酯涂料中含有高沸点溶剂,挥发时在涂膜中形成微孔;环氧云铁由于低温下环氧固化反应滞缓,与环境中的CO2,H2O反应,生成了氨基甲酸铵盐;氨基甲酸盐在海洋环境下形成水溶物,富集于环氧云铁涂膜和聚氨酯涂膜相粘结的界面处,降低了附着力,从而产生聚氨酯氟碳涂膜严重可剥离现象。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.