共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
稠油炼制废水的可生化性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了提高生化处理效果,运用BOD动力学方程及频数统计的方法对胜利油田石化总厂稠油炼制废水的可生化性进行了研究。研究结果表明:BOD氧化速度常数k为0.08,氧化速度m为0.52,BOD/COD范围在0.165~0.655之间,其中在0.165~0.305之间占24%,在0.305~0.655之间的占76%,平均值为0.38;CODB/COD为73%,CODNB/COD为27%。说明稠油炼制废水可生化性尚好,但生物氧化速度较小。 相似文献
4.
5.
90Sr、137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文叙述了放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素^90Sr、^137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移情况研究。使用小型土柱的氚水淋洗实验研究土壤水力学性质,最后进行大型土柱实验研究核素在该包气带土壤中的迁移,并对实验情况进行了数学模拟。用该土壤原状土进行小型土柱的氚水淋洗试验,测得了土壤的水力弥散度为0.32cm,土壤有效孔隙度为0.35。经过290天的大型柱迁移试验表明,土壤对^90Sr的阻滞系数为220.4,在模拟实际降雨量的情况下,^90Sr的平均迁移速度为0.63cm/y,^137Cs在大型柱试验中没有明显迁移。数值模拟^90Sr、^137Cs迁移,得出经过上述大型柱试验相同的条件下,^90Sr、^137Cs迁移的峰位置基本和大型柱试验结果相同。 相似文献
6.
热碱水溶液清洗-气浮分离对原油污染土壤的处理 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
针对落地原油的回收及土壤污染治理问题,提出了用热碱水溶液清洗-气浮分离的处理方法,获得了比较理想的结果。实验中考察了清洗过程的反应温度、清洗时间、液固比、碱浓度及气浮温度和气浮时间等各种影响因素,得到了适宜的处理工艺条件。在此处理条件下,可使含稠油12.5%的模拟含油土壤的油去除率达到92.5%~93.5%,土壤中残留含量降至0.9%~1.0%.提出的处理方法,能原消耗较低,碱剂费用仅为7元/t(t土)左右,且可以回收洗脱出来的原油。 相似文献
7.
建立了ASE-GPC—GC-QqQ—MS/MS测定土壤中17种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯以及MAE-SPE—GC-QqQ—MS/MS测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法。多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯定量限在0.02~2.81μg/kg之间,有机氯农药和多氯联苯定量限在0.01~0.51μg/kg之间。样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯的平均回收率在66.6%~122.1%之间,相对标准偏差均小于20%;有机氯农药和多氯联苯平均回收率在79.6%~93.2%之间,相对标准偏差均小于15%。 相似文献
8.
江津润湿时间的温度分布研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
采用直接读取、4点统计、24点统计三种方法研究了江津试验站1998年的润湿时间的温度分布,研究表明,可以利用全年每天2、8、14、20点的4个数据统计年润湿时间的温度分布;江津地区润湿时间的温度分布特征主要为:(1)99%的年润湿时间是在5℃至30℃温度范围,每月润湿时间的温度波动一般为15℃;(2)在(0~5)℃、(5~10)℃、(10~15)℃、(15~20)℃、(20~25)℃、(25~30)℃、(30~35)℃区间内,4点统计法各区间润湿时间的百分比分别为0.34%、13.4%、24.5%、18.3%、26.0%、17.4%、0.0%。 相似文献
9.
研究以ClO^-/Cl^-作媒介,间接电化学降解亚甲基蓝模拟废水的可行性。结果表明,亚甲基蓝的电化学降解与电极材料、电流密度以及添加剂种类等因素有关。以石墨为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,在无隔膜的烧杯中放置50ml浓度为1000mg/L的亚甲基蓝模拟废水,在室温25℃,pH6.0-8.0,槽电压10V,电流密度30.0mA/cm^2,Cl^-加入量2g/L的条件下,电解60min后,亚甲基蓝溶液的平均消色率达到98.0%,CODcr降解率为97.0%,BOD5降解率为99.0%;用浸涂过MnO2薄膜的石墨棒作阳极可显著加快其消解速率,而用浸涂过CeO2薄膜的石墨棒作阳极对其消解速率无明显的影响。并初步讨论了其降解机理。 相似文献
10.
11.
Leaching of glyphosate and amino-methylphosphonic acid from Danish agricultural field sites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pesticide leaching is an important process with respect to contamination risk to the aquatic environment. The risk of leaching was thus evaluated for glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) and its degradation product AMPA (amino-methylphosphonic acid) under field conditions at one sandy and two loamy sites. Over a 2-yr period, tile-drainage water, ground water, and soil water were sampled and analyzed for pesticides. At a sandy site, the strong soil sorption capacity and lack of macropores seemed to prevent leaching of both glyphosate and AMPA. At one loamy site, which received low precipitation with little intensity, the residence time within the root zone seemed sufficient to prevent leaching of glyphosate, probably due to degradation and sorption. Minor leaching of AMPA was observed at this site, although the concentration was generally low, being on the order of 0.05 microg L(-1) or less. At another loamy site, however, glyphosate and AMPA leached from the root zone into the tile drains (1 m below ground surface [BGS]) in average concentrations exceeding 0.1 microg L(-1), which is the EU threshold value for drinking water. The leaching of glyphosate was mainly governed by pronounced macropore flow occurring within the first months after application. AMPA was frequently detected more than 1.5 yr after application, thus indicating a minor release and limited degradation capacity within the soil. Leaching has so far been confined to the depth of the tile drains, and the pesticides have rarely been detected in monitoring screens located at lower depths. This study suggests that as both glyphosate and AMPA can leach through structured soils, they thereby pose a potential risk to the aquatic environment. 相似文献
12.
To obtain data concerning the risk of leaching of acetochlor (2-chloro-2'-methyl-6'-ethyl-N-ethoxymethyl-acetanilide) and its major metabolites, ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OA), to ground water, we studied the fate of these products in two different soil types (luvisol and calcisol) under the same weather conditions. The metabolites were detected in the soils as early as 7 d after application, indicating a rapid onset of acetochlor degradation. Ethanesulfonic acid was predominant over OA in the calcisol, regardless of time or depth, whereas the ESA to OA ratio varied with both time and depth in the luvisol. The maximum depths at which they were detected were 60 to 70 and 10 to 20 cm for ESA and OA, respectively, in the luvisol, and 60 to 70 cm (maximum depth sampled) and 30 to 40 cm for ESA and OA, respectively, in the calcisol. Acetochlor was still detected in the surface layer of the two soils 344 d after its application, although the molecule was partially leached. The maximum depths at which acetochlor was detected (60-70 cm in the luvisol and 50-60 cm [maximum depth sampled] in the calcisol) were recorded during the first sampling 7 d after application. Acetochlor was not detected on later dates below the 30- to 40-cm layer in the calcisol or the 5- to 10-cm layer in the luvisol. The greater preferential flow in the luvisol, which would have favored leaching, might partially explain why the mass balances done 7 d after application were lower in the luvisol (approximately 26%) than in the calcisol (approximately 45%). 相似文献
13.
The potential of pesticides for nonpoint ground water pollution depends on their dissipation and leaching behavior in soils. We investigated the fate of 10 pesticides in two tropical soils of contrasting texture in the Brazilian Cerrado region near Cuiabá during an 80-d period, employing topsoil dissipation studies, soil core analyses, and lysimeter experiments. Dissipation of pesticides was rapid, with field half-lives ranging from 0.8 to 20 d in Ustox and 0.6 to 11.8 d in Psamments soils. Soil core analyses showed progressive leaching of polar pesticides in Psamments, whereas in Ustox pesticides were rapidly transported to 40 cm soil depth regardless of their sorption properties, suggesting that leaching was caused by preferential flow. In lysimeter experiments (35 cm soil depth), cumulative leaching was generally low, with < or = 0.02% and < or = 0.19% of the applied amounts leached in Ustox and Psamments, respectively. In both soils, all pesticides but the pyrethroids were detected in percolate at 35 cm soil depth within the first 6 d after application. Cumulative efflux and mean concentrations of pesticides in percolate were dosely correlated with their Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS). The presence of alachlor (2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-methoxymethylacetanilide), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine], and trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline) throughout the soil profile and in percolate of wick lysimeters at 95 cm soil depth indicated that a nonpoint pollution of ground water resources in tropical Brazil cannot be ruled out for these substances. 相似文献
14.
Targeting the sources of phosphorus (P) and transport pathways of drainage from agricultural land will assist in the reduction of P loading to surface waters. Our research investigated the vertical movement of P from dairy manure and broiler litter through four Atlantic Coastal Plain soils. A randomized split-plot design with two main-plot tillage treatments (no tillage [NT] and chisel tillage [CH]) and five manure P rate split-plot treatments was used at each location. The split-plot P rates were 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1). Four consecutive years of manure application began at all sites 5 yr before sampling. Soils were sampled to a depth of 150 cm from each split plot in seven depth increments and analyzed for soil test phosphorus (STP), water-extractable soil phosphorus (WSP), and degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). The DPS of the 0- to 15-cm depths confirmed that at the 100 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) application rate, all sites exceeded the threshold for P saturation (30%). At depths greater than 30 cm, DPS was typically below the 30% saturation threshold. The DPS change points ranged from 25 to 34% for the 0- to 90-cm depths. Our research concluded that the risk of P leaching through the matrix of the Atlantic Coastal Plain soils studied was not high; however, P leaching via macropore bypass may contribute to P loss from these soils. 相似文献
15.
Soil carbon storage in silvopastoral systems and a treeless pasture in northwestern Spain 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Howlett DS Mosquera-Losada MR Nair PK Nair VD Rigueiro-Rodríguez A 《Journal of environmental quality》2011,40(3):825-832
Soil particle size and land management practices are known to have considerable influence on carbon (C) storage in soils, but such information is lacking for silvopastoral systems in Spain. This study quantified the amounts of soil C stored at various depths to 100 cm under silvopastoral plots of radiata pine ( D. Don) and birch ( Roth) in comparison to treeless pasture in Galicia, Spain. Soils were fractionated into three size classes (<53, 53-250, and 250-2000 μm), and C stored in them and in the whole (nonfractionated) soil was determined. Overall, the C stock to 1 m ranged from 80.9 to 176.9 Mg ha in these soils. Up to 1 m depth, 78.82% of C was found in the 0- to 25-cm soil depth, with 12.9, 4.92, and 3.36% in the 25- to 50-, 50- to 75-, and 75- to 100-cm depths, respectively. Soils under birch at 0 to 25 cm stored more C in the 250- to 2000-μm size class as compared with those under radiata pine; at that depth, pasture had more C than pine silvopasture in the smaller soil fractions (<53 and 53-250 μm). In the 75- to 100-cm depth, there was significantly more storage of C in the 250- to 2000-μm fraction in both silvopastures as compared with the pasture. The higher storage of soil C in larger fraction size in lower soil depths of silvopasture suggests that planting of trees into traditional agricultural landscapes will promote longer-term storage of C in the soil. 相似文献
16.
A field study was conducted to determine the fate of atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) within the root zone (0 to 90 cm) of a sandy soil cropped with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Gainesville, Florida. Atrazine was uniformly applied at a rate of 1.12 kg ai. ha(-1) to a sorghum crop under moderate irrigation, optimum irrigation, and no irrigation (rainfed), 2 d after crop emergence. Bromide as a tracer for water movement was applied to the soil as NaBr at a rate of 45 kg Br ha(-1), 3 d before atrazine application. Soil water content, atrazine, and Br concentrations were determined as a function of time using soil samples taken from the root zone. Atrazine sorption coefficients and degradation rates were determined by depth for the entire root zone in the laboratory. Atrazine was strongly adsorbed within the upper 30 cm of soil and most of the atrazine recovered from the soil during the growing season was in that depth. The estimated half-life for atrazine was 32 d in topsoil to 83 d in subsoil. Atrazine concentration within the root zone decreased from 0.44 kg ai. ha(-1) 2 days after application (DAA) to 0.1 kg a.i. ha(-1) 26 DAA. Negligible amounts of atrazine (approximately 5 microg kg(-1)) were detected below the 60-cm soil depth by 64 DAA. Most of the decrease in atrazine concentration in the root zone over time was attributed to degradation. In contrast, all applied bromide had leached past the 60-cm soil depth during the same time interval. 相似文献
17.
Phosphorus release from a manure-impacted spodosol: effects of a water treatment residual 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Long-term depositions of animal manures affect P dynamics in soils and can pose environmental risks associated with P losses. Laboratory studies were done on P solubility characteristics in a manure-impacted Immokalee soil (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquod) and the effectiveness of water treatment residual (WTR) in controlling P leaching. Soil samples with contrasting initial total P concentrations were prepared by mixing samples of a manure-impacted surface A horizon and a minimally P-impacted E horizon. Effects of mixing various ratios of A and E horizons, WTR rates (0, 25, 50, and 100 g kg(-1)), and depths of WTR incorporation (mixed throughout the soil column or partially incorporated) on P leaching were determined. Between 62 and 77% of total P was released from the soil mixes by successive water extractions, suggesting a considerable buffering capacity of this manure-impacted soil to resupply P into solution. Between 224 and 408 mg kg(-1) P were leached during the 36-wk leaching period in the absence of WTR. Mixing WTRs with soil reduced soluble P concentration in leachates by as much as 99.8% compared with samples without WTR. Thoroughly mixing WTR with the entire soil column (15 cm) was much more efficient than mixing WTR with only the top 7.5 cm of soil. Calcium- and Mg-P forms appear to control P release in soils without WTR, whereas sorption-desorption reactions probably determine P leaching in WTR-treated samples. Soil P distribution in various chemical forms was affected by WTR additions. Data suggest that WTR-immobilized P is stable in the long term. 相似文献
18.
在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON&gt;NO3--N&gt;NH4+-N,大田为NO3--N&gt;SON&gt;NH4+-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。 相似文献
19.
We have examined the persistence and movement of a urea-type herbicide, isoproturon [IPU; 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1'-dimethylurea], in soil using a novel herbicide-detection device, the prototype of a portable electrochemical biosensor based on Photosystem II particles immobilized on printed electrodes, and evaluated its results against two other methods: (i) chlorophyll-fluorescence bioassay based on polyphasic induction curves, and (ii) standard analysis represented by liquid chromatography. The data of the herbicide's content determined in soil extracts from field experiments correlated in all three methods. The biosensor assay was effective in determining the herbicide's concentration to as low as 10(-7) M. The results of our experiments also showed the kinetics of movement, degradation, and persistence of isoproturon in various depths of soil. After 6 to 9 wk, almost half of the isoproturon was still actively present in the upper soil layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm) and only 5 to 10% of biological activity was inhibited in the deeper soil layer tested (20-30 cm). Thus, inhibition within the limit of detection of both bioassays could be observed up to 9 wk after application in all profiles (0-30 cm), whereas inhibition persisted for up to 11 wk in the upper soil profile (0-10 cm). The use of the biosensor demonstrated its possibility for making rapid and cheap phytotoxicity tests. Our biosensor can give preliminary information about the biological activity of isoproturon in hours--much faster than growth biotests that may take several days or more. 相似文献
20.
Sangsupan HA Radcliffe DE Hartel PG Jenkins MB Vencill WK Cabrera ML 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(6):2261-2272
Land-applied domestic animal wastes contain appreciable amounts of 17beta-estradiol (henceforth, estradiol) and testosterone. These sex hormones may be transported through soil to groundwater and streams, where they may adversely affect the environment. Previous column transport studies with these hormones used repacked soil and did not consider preferential flow. We, therefore, determined the sorption and transport characteristics of estradiol and testosterone in undisturbed soil columns (15-cm i.d. by 32-cm height). In the sorption experiment, isotherms for estradiol and testosterone were nonlinear with Freundlich exponents (n) less than one. Sorption of both hormones decreased with soil depth, and estradiol sorbed more strongly than testosterone. Average estradiol Freundlich sorption coefficients (K(f)) values were 36.9 microg(1 - n) mL(n) g(-1) for the 0- to 10-cm soil depth and 25.7 microg(1 - n) mL(n) g(-1) for the 20- to 30-cm soil depth. Average testosterone K(f) values were 26.7 microg(1 - n) mL(n) g(-1) for the 0- to 10-cm soil depth and 14.0 microg(1 - n) mL(n) g(-1) for the 20- to 30-cm soil depth. In the transport experiment, 27% of the estradiol and 42% of the testosterone leached through the soil columns. Approximately 50% of the remaining soil-bound hormones were sorbed in the top 10 cm of soil. In almost all instances, breakthrough concentrations of estradiol, testosterone, and a chloride tracer peaked simultaneously. Simultaneous breakthrough and HYDRUS-1D transport parameters indicated both chemical and physical nonequilibrium processes affected hormone transport. This suggests hormones placed on soil surfaces may contaminate groundwater under conditions of preferential flow. 相似文献