添加不同量的腐殖酸对猪粪堆肥中主要养分变化的影响

腐殖酸是一种可以控制堆肥氮素损失的天然固定剂,通过研究腐殖酸对猪粪堆肥过程中主要养分含量变化的影响,确定了腐殖酸的最佳加入量.结果表明,加入5%含量(占鲜猪粪重)的腐殖酸最有利于发酵反应的进行,能够促进有机质的分解,有效控制氮素损失,可使速效钾含量增加,但对有效磷的转化能力影响不大;与其他处理相比,加入5%含量的腐殖酸...     

生物炭添加对餐厨废弃物堆肥腐殖酸形成及微生物演替的影响

针对餐厨废弃物堆肥腐殖酸不稳定易降解的问题,研究生物炭添加对餐厨废弃物堆肥腐殖酸形成的影响。一共设置两个处理(CK,不添加生物炭;BC,按照堆体干质量添加5%生物炭),整个堆肥周期持续15 d。堆肥结束时,BC的还原糖、氨基酸、多酚分别为2.05、1.57、2.25 mg/g,分别比CK低1.97、0.68、0.43 mg/g; BC的胡敏酸(HA)、HA/富里酸(FA)(质量比)分别为17.04 mg/g、1.85,较CK提升了61.21%、110.23%。BC的气单胞菌(Aerococcus)、土地芽孢杆菌(Terribacillus)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Cerasibacillus)、巨球菌(Macrococcus)、Tepidanaerobacter相对丰度比CK高0.30、0.04、0.01、0.01、0.03百分点,土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus)、小多孢菌(Micropolyspora)相对丰度比CK分别低0.79、0.16百分点。结果表明添加生物炭有利于：(1)还原糖、氨基酸、多酚向腐殖酸的转化;(2)促腐微生物(气单胞菌、土地芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨球菌、Tepid...     

堆肥和腐殖酸对土壤锌铅赋存形态的影响

通过实验室土壤培养实验,研究2种有机物质——腐殖酸和堆肥,单独或者复合应用对土壤中铅锌形态转化的影响。经过1～3个月的培养,发现单独添加腐殖酸和堆肥均可以显著改变土壤中Zn、Pb形态转化,使它们从容易被植物吸收利用的交换态和碳酸盐结合态向难以被植物吸收利用的有机结合态和残渣态转化。与对照相比,单独添加10%堆肥和5%腐殖酸并培养1～3个月后,导致土壤交换态Zn比重分别由38%～51%下降到14%～21%和26%～46%;铁锰氧化物结合态Zn比重分别由23%～34%提高到33%～56%和26%～45%;碳酸盐结合态Pb比重分别由12%～25%下降到1%～15%和2%～15%;残渣态Pb比重分别由12%～14%提高到32%～45%和20%～23%。其他结合态的Zn和 Pb比重也有不同程度的变化。说明堆肥和腐殖酸均可以固定土壤中的Zn和 Pb。而当两者一起使用时,可以中和它们各自所引起土壤pH的变化,而对重金属固定效率更明显增强。研究还发现,不管是腐殖酸还是堆肥,对Pb的固定效果均好于对Zn的固定。     

吸附法去除水体中腐殖酸的研究进展

腐殖酸是饮用水消毒副产物的前驱物,成为饮用水微污染的控制对象.介绍了吸附法在去除水体中的腐殖酸的研究应用,阐述了炭质吸附剂、树脂吸附剂和无机矿物质吸附剂去除腐殖酸的研究进展,并展望了复合功能树脂在控制水体微污染中的应用前景.     

沼渣堆肥过程中水溶性有机物的稳定化研究

设计了不同原料配比的沼渣堆肥试验,研究堆肥微生境因子对沼渣堆肥过程中水溶性有机物(DOM)稳定化的影响。结果表明,沼渣堆肥过程中,原料配比不同导致堆肥理化性质不同,细菌群落多样性各异。沼渣为5.85 kg、猪粪为8.490 kg、鸡粪为8.190 kg的原料配比最有利于沼渣堆肥的DOM稳定化。用DOM的光谱学指标表征的稳定化程度,总体与微生境因子pH、种子发芽指数(GI)、香农指数(SWI)具有正相关性,与微生境因子氨氮(AN)具有负相关性,其中GI对DOM光谱学指标方差贡献率最大,是影响DOM稳定化的关键微生境因子。pH、AN通过影响GI间接作用于DOM稳定化。SWI在堆肥过程中对芳香族化合物含量升高具有促进作用。综上所述,升高pH、GI、SWI,降低AN可加速腐殖质向腐殖酸转化,达到促进沼渣堆肥稳定化的目的。     

堆肥腐熟度的研究进展

评价腐熟度是有关堆肥土地安全利用最重要的问题之一。腐熟度指标可分为三类：物理学指标、化学指标及生物学指标。物理学指标易于检测,常用于描述堆肥过程所处的状态;化学指标得到了广泛研究和应用;堆肥过程是一个生物过程,腐熟度与未腐熟堆肥中植物毒性物质有关,可采用生物学方法进行评价。现在还没有一种公认的堆肥腐熟度指标。采用化学和生物指标综合评价腐熟度是目前最为常用的评价方法。     

粪便中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解研究

为了生态厕所的推广使用、便于操作和节约能耗,多采用无加热的设施,即在自然条件下(对于小型生态厕所,接近中温条件)的好氧堆肥处理.了解中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解特性,对于生态厕所的推广使用和简化设计、操作等具有重要意义.采用密闭式好氧堆肥反应器,模拟中温(35℃)的堆肥温度,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在含水率为60％以及连...     

高岭土与腐殖酸对混凝过程中药物去除效能的影响

以对乙酰氨基酚(ACE)、卡马西平(CBZ)、萘普生(NAP)、雌二醇(E2)和双氯芬酸(DCF)5种药物为目标物,采用静态实验,分别投加高岭土和腐殖酸来模拟水源水中的悬浮颗粒和天然有机物,考察了混凝过程中高岭土和腐殖酸投加量对5种目标药物去除效能的影响。结果发现,在未投加高岭土与腐殖酸的去离子水体系中进行硫酸铝混凝实验时,ACE与CBZ 2种药物的最大的去除率都不超过10%,5种药物中疏水性最高的DCF去除效果最好,最高去除率达到了33%;高岭土加入后对ACE与CBZ的去除效率无明显影响,但对NAP、E2与DCF的去除则有显著的促进作用,最大去除率分别达到31.53%、36.46%和52.4%;而在不投加混凝剂时,单独高岭土对5种药物的最大吸附去除率仅有20%左右。腐殖酸与高岭土同时加入后,对E2的混凝去除效果有较明显的抑制作用,但NAP与DCF去除效率却得到了一定程度的增加,最大去除率分别达到了63.5%和66.6%。可见,当水中含有悬浮颗粒物及腐殖酸的情况下,混凝工艺对酸性药物(如NAP及DCF)有较好的去除效果。     

风化煤中腐殖酸的提取及其性能表征

以陕西黄陵风化煤为原料,分别采用碱溶酸析、氧解法和催化法提取腐殖酸,确定提取的最佳工艺条件,并通过测定腐殖酸灰分、红外光谱、凝胶色谱和E4/E6值对提取的腐殖酸进行性能表征,考察不同的提取方法对腐殖酸的提取率及结构的影响。结果显示, 3种方法制备的腐殖酸在官能团结构方面没有明显的差异,腐殖酸中含有大量的-COOH和-CO官能团;催化法提取的腐殖酸灰分最多,分子量最大。实验得到最佳提取腐殖酸的实验方法为催化法,最佳提取工艺为催化剂选用NHPI、1∶8的固液比、0.5 mol·L-1NaOH碱液和30 min的沸水浴时间。     

牛粪堆肥过程中四环素类抗生素的降解及影响因素研究

为明确牛粪堆肥过程中3种四环素类抗生素(四环素、土霉素、金霉素)的降解及其影响因素,以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料,用小型泡沫盒在恒温培养箱中进行为期40 d的堆肥试验。设置3因素3水平处理：抗生素质量浓度(25、50、75 mg/kg)、培养温度(25、35、45℃)和C/N(质量比,15、25、35),通过优化的高效液相色谱法检测堆肥过程中抗生素的降解情况。结果表明,好氧堆肥有效地降低了牛粪中四环素类抗生素的含量,残留率小于24.1%。随着抗生素浓度的增加,四环素、土霉素、金霉素的残留率均逐渐增加,并达到显著水平(p<0.05);随着培养温度的增加,四环素的残留率逐渐降低,且处理间差异显著(p<0.05);当堆体的C/N为25时,3种抗生素的残留率最低,且显著低于其他两个处理(p<0.05)。整个堆肥过程中,抗生素在第5～14天降解最快,这段时间堆体温度也相对较高,说明四环素类抗生素的降解主要发生在高温阶段。好氧堆肥处理虽然可以有效降低牛粪中四环素类抗生素的残留,但不能完全将其去除。因此,在农业生产中,需酌量使用有机肥。     

Binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humic acids formed during composting

Binding of two model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenanthrene and pyrene, by humic acids (HAs) isolated from an organic substrate at different stages of composting and a soil was investigated using a batch fluorescence quenching method and the modified Freundlich model. With respect to soil HA, the organic substrate HA fractions were characterized by larger binding affinities for both phenanthrene and pyrene. Further, isotherm deviation from linearity was larger for soil HA than for organic substrate HAs, indicating a larger heterogeneity of binding sites in the former. The composting process decreased the binding affinity and increased the heterogeneity of binding sites of HAs. The changes undergone by the HA fraction during composting may be expected to contribute to facilitate microbial accessibility to PAHs. The results obtained also suggest that bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils with matured compost, rather than with fresh organic amendments, may result in faster and more effective cleanup.     

改性凹凸棒土的优化定向制备及对腐殖酸的吸附效果

以天然凹凸棒土为原料,以去除以腐殖酸为代表的天然有机物为目的,研究酸活化、热处理和十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)有机改性3种改性方法,进行定向筛选。进一步比较3种方法联合改性凹土后对腐殖酸的吸附效果,确定最优定向改性方法。结果表明,先酸处理后OTAC改性凹土对腐殖酸的吸附效果最好,改性凹土投药量为0.7 g/L时,腐殖酸的去除率可达97%。利用正交实验确定凹土改性的最佳工艺条件、钠化时间和有机改性剂的用量对改性凹土吸附腐殖酸的能力影响显著。改性的最佳工艺条件为:酸浓度3 mol/L,氯化钠浓度0.5 mol/L,钠化时间2 h,改性剂用量为凹土质量的3%,微波改性时间为9 min。单独投加改性凹土时pH值对腐殖酸的吸附效果有重要影响。该方法制备的改性凹土在水处理工艺有良好的应用前景。     

高效堆肥菌种的筛选及在城市污泥堆肥上的应用

分离筛选出了4株猪粪堆肥菌种,初步的分类鉴定表明它们均属于芽孢杆菌属.利用这些菌种制成混合菌剂,并进行城市污泥堆肥对比试验,结果显示,接菌处理在各项堆肥指标上明显优于未接菌的空白处理,自制菌与酵素菌在堆肥过程中具有非常相似的发酵能力,均能加快堆肥的升温速度,提高堆肥的最高温度,加快物料含水率的下降.说明自制菌不但可以应用于猪粪的堆肥发酵,在城市污泥高温堆肥方面也有很好的应用潜力.     

Formation of chloromethoxybenzaldehyde during composting of organic household waste

Standardized household waste was mixed with different litter amendments, straw, leaves, hardwood shavings, softwood shavings, paper, and sphagnum peat, resulting in six compost mixtures. In addition non-amended household waste was composted. Composting was done in small rotatable bins and compost samples were taken on a regular basis until day 590. Extraction and analysis of wet compost samples showed no evidence for the presence of chloroorganic compounds. Drying and re-wetting of compost samples, however, revealed that chloromethoxybenzaldehyde (CMBA) was formed in all composts at concentrations varying between 5.6 and 73.4 microg kg(-1) dry matter. CMBA was not present in the original materials. During composting, there was a clear positive relation between formation of CMBA and microbial activity, as indicated by C losses and temperature. Formation took place during the most intensive phase of composting when C losses were highest. Under anaerobic conditions, however, which prevailed initially in the non-amended compost, no CMBA was formed. Calculation of total amounts of CMBA in composts revealed that there was a small decrease during storage in the hardwood, peat, and softwood composts. However, all composts contained CMBA after 590 days. The mean concentration was 33.4 microg kg(-1) dry matter (s.d. = 21.9). Possible biocidal effects of composts when used in cultivation may be explainable by the presence of natural toxic compounds formed during composting.     

Effect of inoculating microbes in municipal solid waste composting on characteristics of humic acid

Municipal solid waste (MSW) compost contains a significant amount of humic substances. In this study, the compost consisted of residual MSW with the metal, plastic and glass removed. In order to enhance degradation processes and the degree of composting humification, complex microorganisms (Bacillus casei, Lactobacillus buchneri and Candida rugopelliculosa) and ligno-cellulolytic (Trichoderma and White-rot fungi) microorganisms were respectively inoculated in the composting process. During the MSW composting, humic acid (HA) was extracted and purified. Elements (C, N, H, O) and spectroscopic characteristics of the HA were determined using elementary analyzer, UV, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The elements analysis, UV, FTIR and fluorescence spectra all led to the same conclusion, that is inoculations with microbes led to a greater degree of aromatization of HA than in the control process (CK) with no inoculation microbes. This indicated that inoculation with microbes in composting would improve the degree humification and maturation processes, in the following order: lingo-cellulolytic>complex microorganisms>CK. And mixed inoculation of MSW with complex microorganisms and lingo-cellulolytic during composting gave a greater degree of HA aromatization than inoculation with complex microorganisms or lingo-cellulolytic alone. But comparing with the HA of soil, the HA of MSW compost revealed a lower degree of aromatization.     

Formation of chloroacetic acids from soil,humic acid and phenolic moieties

The mechanism of formation of chloroacetates, which are important toxic environmental substances, has been controversial. Whereas the anthropogenic production has been well established, a natural formation has also been suggested. In this study the natural formation of chloroacetic acids from soil, as well as from humic material which is present in soil and from phenolic model substances has been investigated. It is shown that chloroacetates are formed from humic material with a linear relationship between the amount of humic acid used and chloroacetates found. More dichloroacetate (DCA) than trichloroacetate (TCA) is produced. The addition of Fe(2+), Fe(3+) and H(2)O(2) leads to an increased yield. NaCl was added as a source of chloride. We further examined the relationship between the structure and reactivity of phenolic substances, which can be considered as monomeric units of humic acids. Ethoxyphenol with built-in ethyl groups forms large amounts of DCA and TCA. The experiments with phenoxyacetic acid yielded large amounts of monochloroacetate (MCA). With other phenolic substances a ring cleavage was observed. Our investigations indicate that chloroacetates are formed abiotically from humic material and soils in addition to their known biotic mode of formation.     

固态微生物菌剂的制备及其在好氧堆肥中的应用

与液态微生物菌剂相比,固态菌剂的保藏时间长,菌种不易退化失活,且便于存储及运输,对降低菌剂运输及使用成本具有重要意义。在优化固态微生物菌剂制备关键影响因素的基础上,通过3因素3水平正交实验获得了最佳制备方法,即以腐熟物料作为载体,投加4%的海藻糖,含水率为15%。将所得固态微生物菌剂保存一定时间后,以食品厂污水处理剩余污泥和玉米秸秆的混合物为堆肥原料进行好氧堆肥,发现不同保存时间的固态微生物菌剂的堆肥效果相近,均可使堆体在18 h左右进入55 ℃以上的高温期,高温持续时间长,所得堆肥产品的理化性质也相差不大,且均符合我国生物有机肥标准(NY 884-2012)中的相关要求,所得固态菌剂的制备方法具有重要的实际价值。     

新型堆肥装置设计及其应用研究

根据城市生活垃圾的特点和性质,利用物料平衡和热力学原理进行好氧堆肥实验装置的设计,并对堆肥发酵仓容积的确定和配套辅助设备进行了研究,得出当堆肥装置直径小于225m时,需采取保温措施。通过强制通风静态仓式堆肥小试实验进行的城市生活垃圾堆肥结果表明,通过30℃及以上的水浴加热,可实现固体废物的堆肥化。     

氨三乙酸对好氧堆肥过程中氮素保存效果的影响

以食品厂污水处理剩余污泥和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,研究了氨三乙酸(NTA)在好氧堆肥过程中的保氮效果.结果表明,添加NTA可以提高好氧堆肥过程中氮素的保存和有机物的降解效率,当NTA的添加量为2.5％时,3d内堆体即可到达高温期,高温期持续时间为9 d.与空白对照相比,堆肥结束时,NH3累积挥发量减少了15.20％,铵态氮...