2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质变化趋势分析及对策建议

对2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质监测数据进行综合分析,泉水型地下饮用水源地米东区三水厂受储水介质及当地地质化学结构的影响,溶解盐类常年超标,水质较差;湖库型地表水源地五、八水厂总磷浓度在个别年份存在一定程度的超标现象,且地表水源地中挥发性卤代烃类、硝基苯和酞酸酯类等有机项目及镍等重金属类检出率较高,存在一定程度的风险。对此提出了进一步完善水源地环境保护及合理开发优质水资源的对策建议,为首府饮用水源地的保护和相关研究工作提供依据。     

饮用水源水质评价指数法探讨

对水利部水环境监测评价研究中心定期向社会发布的部分重点城市主要供水水源地水资源质量旬报所采用的评价方法——水质指数法进行了分析,针对该方法存在的缺陷提出了改进的水质指数法。     

供水厂水质状况分析

通过对西江某供水厂的水源水与出厂水水质进行分析研究 ,可知供水厂的水处理效果主要表现在对降低出水的浊度、色度和总细菌数等指标上 ,对大部分水溶性物质的减少无效或效果较低。为保证和提高饮用水的安全性和水质 ,除需提高供水厂的水处理效果和能力外 ,根本出路在于从环境管理与立法等角度 ,加大对水源水的保护力度 ,减少对饮用水源的排污     

Wet weather impact on trihalomethane formation potential in tributaries to drinking water reservoirs

During rain storm events, land surface runoff and resuspension of bottom sediments cause an increase in Trihalomethane (THM) precursors in rivers. These precursors, when chlorinated at water treatment facilities will lead to the formation of THMs and hence impact drinking water resources. In order to evaluate the wet weather impact on the potential formation of THMs, river samples were collected before, during and after three rain storms ranging from 15.2 to 24.9 mm precipitation. The samples were tested for THM formation potential and other indicators including UV254 absorbance, turbidity and volatile suspended solid (VSS). Average levels of THMs increased from 61 μg/l during dry weather to 131 μg/l during wet weather, and then went back to 81 μg/l after rain ended. Wet weather values of THM are well above the maximum contaminant level (MCL) 80 μg/l, set by EPA for drinking water. THM indicators also exhibited similar trends. Average levels increased from 0.6 to 1.8 abs; 2.6 to 6 ntu; and 7.5 to 15 mg/l respectively for UV254, turbidity and VSS. A positive correlation was observed between THM formation and THM indicators. The t-test of significance (p-value) was less than 0.05 for all indicators, and R values ranged from 0.85 to 0.92 between THMs and the indicators, and 0.72 to 0.9 among indicators themselves.     

Assessing water quality of drinking water distribution system in the South Taiwan

This investigation conducted a full-scale survey the drinking water distribution system in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The aim was to investigate whether the distribution system was capable of maintaining high water quality from the water treatment facilities through to the end user. The results showed that the distribution system can maintain high water quality, except for suitable chlorine residuals. The authors plotted chlorine residual contour maps to identify areas with low chlorine residuals, helping them prioritize sections that must be flushed or renewal. The contour maps also provide sufficient and clear information for locating booster chlorination stations. Contour maps enable water facilities to identify how water quality decays in the distribution systems and the locations of such decay. Water quality decay can be caused by properties of pipeline materials, hydraulic conditions, and/or biofilm thickness. However, understanding the exact reasons is unnecessary because the contour maps provide sufficient information for trouble-shooting the distribution systems.     

江苏省饮用水环境安全问题及对策研究

在了解江苏省饮用水环境安全现状的基础上,提出了适合省情的保障饮用水环境安全对策。     

氯气校正法测定高氯废水中化学需氧量方法的改进

高氯废水中化学需氧量的测定通常采用氯气校正法,该方法消除了氯离子对CODcr.测定的影响,但在实践中发现这种方法对测定结果仍可产生正误差.如果采用含氯空白校正的方法进行测试,结果表明相对误差在0.1%～1.1%之间,加标回收率为102%～105%,可提高方法的准确度.     

Modeling the Effects of Air Quality Policy Changes on Water Quality in Urban Areas

This paper describes the development and application of an integrated modeling framework composed of an urban air chemistry model, an urban runoff model, and a water-quality model. The models were linked to simulate the fate and transport of air emissions of nitrogen compounds in the air, urban watershed, surface water runoff, and in a coastal receiving-water body. The model linkage is demonstrated by evaluating the potential water quality implications of reducing NO _x emissions by 32%, volatile organic compound emissions by 51%, and ammonia emissions by 30%, representing changes from 1987 levels to proposed 2000 target levels in Los Angeles, California, USA. Simulations of the Los Angeles dry season during the summer of 1987 (June 1 to August 31) indicated that by reducing emissions from 1987 to proposed year 2000 levels, the dry deposition nitrogen loads to Santa Monica Bay and the Ballona Creek watershed were reduced 21.4% and 15.0%, respectively. Water quality modeling results indicated that dry season atmospheric load reductions to the Ballona Creek Estuary did not reduce chlorophyll-a levels or significantly raise nighttime dissolved oxygen levels because the magnitude of the reductions was negligible compared to non-atmospheric inputs of nitrogen compounds. Simulations of the time period from November 18, 1987 to December 4, 1987 during the Los Angeles wet season indicated that air emissions reductions produced an 18.6% reduction in the dry deposition nitrogen load to Santa Monica Bay, a 15.5% reduction in the dry deposition nitrogen load to the Ballona Creek watershed, a 16.8% reduction in the wet deposition nitrogen load to the Ballona Creek watershed, and a 16.1% reduction in the stormwater discharge load from the Ballona Creek watershed. Although the wet season load reductions are significant, modeling results of the ultimate effect on the Ballona Creek Estuary water quality were inconclusive.     

新疆主要城市集中式饮用水源地水质评价

2007年新疆环保系统的调查和评价结果表明,新疆16个主要城市的31个现役集中式饮用水源地总供水量为4.47×10^8m^3,担负着供应420万常住城市人口的生活饮用水、部分工业用水和城市生态用水的责任;城市饮用水源地总体水质良好,水质达标比例为83.9%,不同地区、不同水源类型间存在差异;由于受原生土壤地质条件和人类活动的影响,目前有5个集中式饮用水源地超过国家规定的水质标准,而且部分饮用水源地中有机污染物有多项检出;受水源保护区划工作滞后、监管力度不够等因素影响,部分城市饮用水源地存在一定的环境安全隐患。     

海门市长江水厂饮用水源地富营养化调查及污染防治对策研究

采用综合营养状态指数法对2008年至2011年海门市长江水厂饮用水源地水质状况进行评价,结果表明,该水源地已呈现出富营养化的发展趋势。结合饮用水源地现状,必须采取控制外源和内源的排放、恢复生态系统等措施,遏止水体富营养化,确保人民群众的饮用水源安全。     

Organochlorine insecticide residues in drinking and ground water in and around Delhi

A multiresidue method was developed for the estimation of 15organochlorine pesticides in water. 50 samples of drinking watersupplied by the Municipal Corporation to the residential areasof Delhi and 20 ground water samples from nearby villages usedfor irrigation were monitored for the presence of organochlorineinsecticides by the method developed. Although, organochlorinepesticides were detected in the ground water and irrigationwater samples, the levels of pesticides were below the MaximumContaminant Level as prescribed by WHO. No organochlorineinsecticides were detected in any of the drinking water samples.     

快速测试管法现场测定水中总余氯

余氯在水中极不稳定 ,需现场测定。通过研制一种测试管 ,从而能快速、简便地测水中的总余氯。常规法测定时间需要 3～ 5小时 ,而该测试管法仅需 1 0分钟。分析成本也大为降低     

水质自动监测在苏州市饮用水源地的应用与思考

以苏州市集中式饮用水源地自动监测系统为例,对该水质自动监测系统的特点、主要功能及在环境管理、蓝藻实时监控等方面的应用作了介绍,并就系统验收、运行管理及系统拓展方面提出了一些对策建议。     

伊犁州县市饮用水源地水质现状及水安全保障措施

城市饮用水源地水质直接关系到人民群众的健康和经济发展与社会稳定的大局.根据监测资料,采用国家有关标准,本文对伊犁州县市饮用水源地(河流、水库、地下水)的水质状况进行了分析评价,并提出了相应的保护措施和建议.     

“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势

利用2016—2020年宁波市生态环境质量各要素监测结果,分析了“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况、变化趋势以及存在的主要问题。结果表明,“十三五”期间,宁波市生态环境质量总体向好。2020年中心城区环境空气质量优良天数比例比2016年提升了4.6个百分点;除臭氧外,各项污染物浓度均呈下降趋势;酸雨污染程度持续减轻。地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好,其中：2020年Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例为86.3%,比2016年提升了37.5个百分点;劣Ⅴ类断面比例下降了3.8个百分点。集中式饮用水水源地、声环境、辐射环境等环境要素质量总体保持稳定。但环境空气质量、地表水环境质量后续改善难度较大,饮用水水源地存在较高的水华风险,生态安全屏障需要进一步巩固。     

Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi City (Pakistan)

The ground and municipal water supply samples of Karachi city were analyzed for their fluoride contents. The fluoride contents in water samples collected from the subsurface and river sources were found below the WHO recommended value for the general health of the people. However, in some industrial areas the groundwater sample showed higher level of fluoride concentration. Continuous monitoring of water resources and cautious fluoridation is suggested to maintain proper status of fluoride concentration in the drinking water.     

吹扫捕集与气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机污染物

报道了Trap I(VOCARB 4000)柱捕集水中挥发性有机污染物的性能和条件,建立了吹扫捕集和气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水和地表水样中25种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法.水样的加标回收率在90%～110%之间,最低检测限在0.04～0.85μg/L之间,20μg/L的挥发性有机物标准溶液经重复6次测定,其相对标准偏差基本小于5.0%.该方法已成功地运用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机污染物的测定,结果令人满意.     

等离子发射光谱-质谱(ICP-MS)直接用于饮用水中的砷、锑、硒测定研究

用等离子发射光谱和等离子发射光谱-质谱作比较,等离子发射光谱-质谱用于饮用水As、Sb、Se的测量时需考虑校正系数,通过不确定度分析,确定了ICP-MS测定方法不确定度大小,得出结论:不要氢化物发生器,不加EDTA作为掩蔽剂,也可以直接用于实际.     

地表水环境质量定性评价

针对目前缺乏统一的地表水环境质量定性评价准则的现状,根据我国主要水体的污染程度,提出了断面、河流、水系水质定性评价方法。     

Modeling Runoff Response to Land Cover and Rainfall Spatial Variability in Semi-Arid Watersheds

Hydrologic response is an integrated indicator of watershed condition, and significant changes in land cover may affect the overall health and function of a watershed. This paper describes a procedure for evaluating the effects of land cover change and rainfall spatial variability on watershed response. Two hydrologic models were applied on a small semi-arid watershed; one model is event-based with a one-minute time step (KINEROS), and the second is a continuous model with a daily time step (SWAT). The inputs to the models were derived from Geographic Information System (GIS) theme layers of USGS digital elevation models, the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) and the Landsat-based North American Landscape Characterization classification (NALC) in conjunction with available literature and look up tables. Rainfall data from a network of 10 raingauges and historical stream flow data were used to calibrate runoff depth using the continuous hydrologic model from 1966 to 1974. No calibration was carried out for the event-based model, in which six storms from the same period were used in the calculation of runoff depth and peak runoff. The assumption on which much of this study is based is that land cover change and rainfall spatial variability affect the rainfall-runoff relationships on the watershed. To validate this assumption, simulations were carried out wherein the entire watershed was transformed from the 1972 NALC land cover, which consisted of a mixture of desertscrub and grassland, to a single uniform land cover type such as riparian, forest, oak woodland, mesquite woodland, desertscrub, grassland, urban, agriculture, and barren. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using widely available data sets for parameterizing hydrologic simulation models. The simulation results show that both models were able to characterize the runoff response of the watershed due to changes of land cover.