中国承认与执行外国环境损害赔偿判决条件探析

由于加入的相关国际公约数量有限,中国主要是依据民事诉讼法和双边司法协助条约来承认外国环境损害赔偿判决.然而,民事诉讼法和各双边条约规定的承认与执行外国判决的条件不一致,司法实践对无条约关系的国家的判决要求以事实互惠为基础,使中国现有制度无法适应社会发展的要求.基于此,中国有必要采取下列做法来完善相关法律制度:放宽互惠的认定条件,加强公共秩序原则的作用,强调欺诈例外等程序公正条件的适用.     

关于我国环境侵权起诉资格要件改进和被诉对象的建议

环境侵权行为对受害人的侵害一般具有间接性,因而适用传统法律规定便阻却受害人诉讼途径。许多国家为制裁这一现代社会的新型侵权行为,在法律上放宽起诉资格和扩大被诉对象。我国现行法律仍表现出对环境侵权受害人维护自身合法权益、制裁环境侵权行为人违法行为的司法请求限制过多和有关规定条文含义模糊而难以实施,因而我国亦应适当放宽起诉资格要件和扩大被诉对象范围。     

美国法院逐渐向环境公益诉讼敞开大门

诉讼主题资格的规定放宽公民诉讼主体资格是在美国发展环境公益诉讼的一个重要前提。在普通法体系下,某个人只有当其法律利益直接地受到不利影响时才能起诉至法院。这个限制允许那些钱财、健康或者财产受到损害的人通过法院寻求损害赔偿。这样,大部分的环境诉讼可以划分     

环境民事公私益诉讼融合的问题与路径

环境侵害案件往往呈现出环境公私益相互交织的特点,环境民事公益诉讼与私益诉讼之间存在着分离救济、利益保障以及审理顺位的问题,无法对环境公私益进行整体有效维护。因此,需采取相应对策予以解决:一是探索环境民事公私益诉讼的融合审理模式,二是扩张环境民事公私益诉讼的原告主体范围,三是明确环境民事公私益诉讼的审理顺位选择。为了协调环境民事公私益诉讼间的关系,平衡环境公益和环境私益,笔者提出了环境民事公私益诉讼融合的具体实施方案,以最大限度兼顾环境公益和私益。     

关于企业升级的环境保护指标

企业上等升级、评选先进,考核其环境保护指标,是促进工业污染防治,强化环境管理的有力措施。这项工作的开展,可充分调动企业保护环境的积极性。变压力为动力。变被动为主动。在对考核的宽严尺度的掌握上,我们的做法是,对治理技术过关的严,不过关的适当放宽;对主要污染的治理严,对次要污染治理可放宽些;对新污染的控制要严,老污染则适当放宽;对于环境执法、对企业领导环境意识的要求从严,有关形成的文字材料可放宽。这里,制定科学的,适用的考核指标,极为重要。河北省环境保护局提出了下列企业升级的环保指标系列。一、考核指标考核指标分为3大类计13项。 (一)企业环保管理制度建设指标(共20分) 1.厂内环保制度(8分)     

环境民事公益诉讼的新趋势及解决之道

自2012年《民事诉讼法》增设环境公益诉讼条款建立环境民事公益诉讼制度以来,环境民事公益诉讼逐渐走入公众视线,最近多起环境民事公益诉讼案例中呈现出一些新的趋势。就如何协调环境行政机关监管职权与司法诉讼的互动关系、如何突破环境民事公益诉讼的资金瓶颈、如何协凋不同种类处罚之间的衔接关系以及索赔资金使用方案的俞理性等这些司法实践中的典型问题,本研究提出了解决之道,希冀为我国环境民事公益诉讼的健康发展带来一些促进作用。     

论中国环境民事公益诉讼激励机制之完善

2015年1月6日,最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,解决了近十几年来学者们普遍关注的问题,但尚未解决环境民事公益诉讼的根本问题.环境公益本质上属于公共物品的范畴,受制于集体行动的逻辑,加之高昂的诉讼成本,"理性人"一般不愿参与.因此,原告胜诉奖励制度、法律援助制度以及专项基金制度成为现阶段打破环境民事公益诉讼僵局的重要途径.     

完善环境侵权的法律救济

随着中国经济的飞速发展,环境问题日益突显.由于环境侵权不同于传统的民事侵权行为,其法律救济存在着诉讼困难、救济不足、索赔困难等不少问题.为此,提出了完善环境侵权法律救济的一些对策,希望能对我国环境法律实践有所助益.     

辩证看待公民个人的环境公益诉权

新修订出台的《民事诉讼法》明确规定了公益诉讼条款,彻底改变了我国公益诉讼无法可依的状态,使以环境公益诉讼为中心的公益诉讼制度迈出实质性、跨越性的一步。然而,该条款仅将公益诉讼的起诉主体限制在"法律规定的机关和有关组织",让不少人感觉失望,已有不少学者就此表达遗憾。客观地说,公众对此表示失望不是没有理由的。就环境公益诉讼而言,学界对于环境公益诉讼起诉主体的讨论中,多数认为公民个人应当具有提起环     

环境民事公益诉讼诉讼主体资格问题实证研究——基于新《环境保护法》施行以来413份裁判文书的分析

环境民事公益诉讼的诉讼主体认定模糊或面临其他困境都会对公共环境利益造成不良影响,完善主体制度显得尤为重要。本文利用实证研究方法,通过选取《中华人民共和国环境保护法》（2014年修订）施行以来的7年内的413份环境民事公益诉讼判决书、裁定书、调解书,对我国环境民事公益诉讼中诉讼主体资格问题进行进一步的分析。     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。