曝气条件对浸没式膜生物反应器内流场的影响

为深入研究流场动力学特性对浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面污染的控制,应用fluent软件对浸没式膜生物反应器内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟研究。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉多相流模型,考察了改变曝气条件对膜面气液速度场及气含率分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在相同曝气强度下,1 mm曝气孔径下膜面气液两相的速度增加较孔径2mm、3 mm的快;曝气孔径为1 mm时,膜面的液相速度随着曝气强度的增加逐渐增大;曝气孔径为1 mm时,曝气量为5.5m3/h所形成的漩涡区较大,膜面气含率值较高且分布较均匀,气液两相接触面积较大,膜面冲刷效果较好;模拟观察到反应器底部靠近壁面局部气含率较低,不利于活性污泥中微生物的生长,需要进一步优化曝气和反应器结构。     

SMBR内气液两相流三维CFD模拟

应用CFD软件Fluent对浸没式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)内气液两相流进行数值模拟研究,重点考查曝气系统的改变对气液两相流态的影响,并结合PIV实验验证模拟结果,从而为反应器的优化设计及膜污染的控制提供理论依据。模拟结果表明,SMBR内曝气强化了气液两相紊动,膜表面液相速度沿反应器高度增加且形成循环流动,有利于膜面污染物的脱落;反应器内气含率分布不均匀,出现死区,不利于微生物的生长;经实验验证,模拟结果吻合良好。     

气升式反应器气液两相流流态特性模拟

为了研究曝气强度对气升式反应器内气液两相流特性的影响,组合多相流Eulerian—Eulerian模型和液相Standardk-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent软件建立了气升式反应器内气液两相流的三维非稳态数值模拟。在曝气管布局方式一定的情况下,模拟计算获得了反应器内x轴截面处不同径向位置的气含率、液速分布情况,计算结果表明,在本文研究的曝气强度范围内,气含率随着曝气强度增加而增加,越靠近曝气池底部,升流区局部气含率越高,且气含率值波动较大;随着曝气强度的增加,曝气孔附近液速增加较明显,但随着气液两相流的上升,液速增加幅度降低;同时采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对液相速度进行了实验研究,实验结果与模拟结果吻合性较好。     

曝气速率对附加微通道湍流促进器SMBR流体动力学性能的影响

从CFD数值模拟和PIV实验两方面研究5种不同曝气速率对附加微通道湍流促进器的浸没式平板膜生物反应器中的流体动力学性能的影响,对膜面上液相流速和剪切力随曝气速率的变化进行了分析。从CFD模拟结果与PIV实验结果均可得出,曝气速率为0.5 m/s时附加微通道湍流促进器的浸没式平板膜生物反应器的流体动力学性能要优于其他曝气率下的流体动力学性能,且速度和膜面剪切力平均偏差率分别为7.49%和14.19%。PIV实验验证了CFD模拟过程中模型和边界条件的合理性。这也表明当曝气与微通道湍流促进器结合在一起,更易于在微通道湍流促进器附近产生旋涡和加强流体的湍流程度,从而有效抑制膜表面滤饼层的形成,减缓浓差极化和减轻膜污染。     

臭氧接触反应器气液两相流数字图像处理方法与实验分析

在单相数字粒子图像测速度(PIV)技术的基础上,研究气液两相流动的PIV图像处理方法,采用数字掩模技术对不同相的流动信息进行标记、识别、提取与计算,编辑了相应的软件.运用改进后的PIV方法对臭氧接触反应器中气-液体两相流动进行了测试与分析.结果表明,臭氧接触反应器中液相轴向流速分布是决定反应器内水力特性的主导因素;进气流量直接影响反应器内液气两相的流速分布;随进气流量的提高,液气两相的轴向速度和横向速度均增大,同时反应器流动结构与流程分布会发生较大变化.     

基于PIV技术的ABR反应器在不同HRT下的液相流态特性

利用激光粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对ABR反应器的液相流态进行了研究,在水力停留时间(HRT)为3~58 h变化时,测试得反应器内下流室和上流室折流板内外侧关键截面的流场数据,获得了相关流场特征,包括速度矢量图、流线图谱和涡量场等。结果表明,HRT对下流室和上流室的液相轴向、径向平均速度和平均涡量强度影响不同,液相回流面积随HRT的增加逐渐减小;下流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐增加;上流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐减小。下流室和上流室在特定HRT时产生涡流、沟流。在本实验条件下,当处理难降解或高浓度废水时,得出HRT为33 h时反应器整体流态最佳。     

进水流量和曝气强度对管式曝气池液相流态及氧传质特性的影响

利用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)和溶解氧在线测试仪对管式曝气池在不同进水流量和不同曝气强度工况下的液相流态和氧传质特性进行了测定。结果表明,管式曝气池在相同曝气强度下,氧转移系数和氧转移效率均随着进水流量的增加而逐渐增加;而在相同进水流量时,氧转移系数和氧转移效率均随曝气强度的增大呈先下降后逐渐上升的趋势。综合考虑理论和实际情况,PIV测量时曝气强度选择0.750m3/h。当进水流量为0.234m~3/h时,管式曝气池上中下3个区域的涡量面积分布最均匀,液相死区最少,说明此时气液两相混合程度最好。因此,管式曝气池的最佳进水流量确定为0.234m~3/h。     

无纺布动态膜生物反应器处理碱减量印染废水

应用无纺布动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）处理碱减量印染废水,对该反应器处理碱减量印染废水过程中的实验结果表明,动态膜形成过程、影响因素和系统的运行效果进行了研究。通过测定临界通量得到反应器稳定运行的亚临界条件。实验结果表明,反应器运行70 min后,形成了稳定的动态膜。动态膜的形成速度与曝气量有关,当曝气量过大时,使得膜面错流速度过大,从而影响动态膜的形成。孔径对动态膜形成的初期影响较大,小孔径膜基材比大孔径膜基材更容易形成动态膜,而当动态膜稳定形成后,小孔径膜基材形成的动态膜性能略好,对污染物的去除效果更好。实验条件下,动态膜生物反应器对COD、UV254、色度和浊度的去除率分别为74%~85%、74%~79%、79%~86%和96.8%~98.6%,出水水质达到《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》（GB4287-2012）排放要求。     

不同膜组件应用于重力出水式膜生物反应器的性能比较

通过曝气强度的调节,对2种不同膜组件用于重力出水式膜生物反应器处理生活污水进行可行性研究。结果表明：本重力出水式膜生物反应器的经济曝气强度约为40 m³/(m²·h)。此时对氨氮、COD、浊度的平均去除率分别为：97.8%、90.8%和99.4%。对比膜通量与曝气强度的关系,膜组件A（膜丝材质为聚乙烯,直径0.54 mm,孔径0.4 μm,膜面积为9.0 m²）比膜组件B（膜丝材质为聚偏氟乙烯,直径0.80 mm,孔径0.22 μm,膜面积为12.5 m²）具有更好的经济性,适合于改造为重力出水式膜生物反应器。在线化学清洗方式下,膜组件A可以比膜组件B更快地恢复膜通量。     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题,结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点,提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明,同等曝气强度和曝气方式下,气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器;膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1.53～2.44倍,提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用,可减缓膜污染;对反应器膜过滤性能的考察,表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环,污泥活性有所下降,但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大,污泥活性较为稳定。     

Liquid Entrainment from a Mobile Bed Scrubber

Liquid entrainment rate and drop size distribution were measured in the exhaust gas stream from a mobile bed scrubber. The pilot plant scrubber was 46 cm (18 in.) square and was packed with 3.8 cm (1.5 In.) diameter hollow polyethylene spheres to a static depth of 25 cm (10 in.). Entrainment flow rate depends on both gas and liquid rates. At a liquid/gas ratio of 6.7 l/m³ (50 gal/Mcf) and a superficial gas velocity of 2.6 m/sec (8.5 ft/sec) the entrainment flow rate was 0.0064 l/m³ (0.05 gal/Mcf) and at 3.75 m/sec (12.3 ft/sec) it was 0.031 l/m³ (0.23 gal/Mcf). The mass median drop diameter was about 400 nm at a liquid/gas ratio of 6.7 l/m³. The drop size distribution appears to be bimodal. Dye impregnated paper and cascade impactor techniques were used to measure drop size.     

微米级负载型 TiO2催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中的应用简

基于光催化-膜分离三相流化床反应器的结构特点及膜分离特性,以微米级MCM-41分子筛为载体,采用原位生成法制备微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂。针对微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中的分布特性、悬浮特性、分离特性及膜污染特性进行研究。结果表明,曝气量一定的情况下,微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中具有良好的悬浮特性,且优于纳米TiO₂。随着催化剂投加量的增加,悬浮浓度也随之增加。光催化反应器底部曝气0.3 m³/h、催化剂投加量为1 g/L时为宜。膜分离器中催化剂悬浮浓度明显低于光催化反应器;该微米级催化剂与纳米TiO₂相比具有不粘附、不堵塞膜孔等优良特性,能够有效降低膜污染,延长分离膜使用寿命。膜底曝气为0.1 m³/h时,反应器连续运行5 h（未加反冲洗）后,微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂和纳米TiO₂对膜组件的污染程度分别为膜通量衰减率4.3%和37.4%。反应器连续运行72 h,膜组件依然具有很好的分离特性。     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟反应器两相流PIV图像处理研究及实验分析

在单相数字粒子图像测速度(PIV)技术的基础上,研究了PIV两相流动的测试及图像处理方法.利用数学形态学的原理以及互相关法,对两相粒子图像进行标定、识别、区分和流场分析,编辑了相应的软件.并采用此技术对卡鲁塞尔氧化沟模型直道及弯道段二维液固两相流速进行测量,克服了传统点测量方法无法获取全场流动同步信息的缺陷,较好地反映了不同位置处固液流动分布的基本特性.结果表明,沟内径向流速远小于轴向,流速大小相差约一个数量级;同一断面上轴向流动分布是决定水力特性的主要因素;径向流速和水体动能是决定污泥沉积位置的主要因数,固相总体流速小于液相.     

酸性洗涤塔-生物滤塔-生物曝气池组合工艺处理恶臭气体NH3和H2S

采用酸性洗涤塔、生物滤塔和生物曝气池的组合工艺处理NH3、H2S恶臭混合气体,研究表明,该组合工艺对NH3和H2S有很好的去除效果,在进气流量为35 L/min,喷淋量45 L/h时,NH3进气浓度50.15~525.4 mg/m3,H2S进气浓度10.23~110.36 mg/m3时,NH3单一进气去除率稳定在99%以上,H2S单一进气去除率90%以上。混合进气后,NH3去除率几乎为100%,H2S的去除率提高至98%以上。在一定的浓度范围内,NH3和H2S之间的相互作用对两者的去除效果没有明显的影响,而且起到了相互促进降解的作用。同时,进气流量和填料层高度都会影响NH3、H2S的去除率。系统对进气容积负荷变化的缓冲能力强,在偶尔超负荷条件下运行并不能使系统崩溃,并且微生物对高负荷逐渐表现出适应性。大部分溶于水的氨由生物曝气池去除,去除率达到96.9%。     

光催化-膜分离三相流化床循环反应装置处理酸性红B废水

耦合光催化氧化和有机膜分离技术,设计了一种新型光催化氧化-有机膜分离三相流化床循环反应装置（循环反应装置）;并对循环反应装置光催化降解酸性红B时的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,减小膜出水通量和降低酸性红B废水浓度均有利于膜出水降解率的提高;循环反应装置中废水降解率随光催化反应器底部曝气量的增加而先增加再降低,膜分离器中废水降解率的波动则随曝气量的增加而总是在增大,其最佳曝气量为1．00m^3／h;光催化反应器中多光源布置有利于循环反应装置的稳定运行;循环反应装置可有效地处理酸性红B废水。     

喷嘴角度对脱硫塔内气液两相流场的影响

提出了采用数值模拟的方法研究喷嘴角度对脱硫塔内部气液两相流场的影响。由于实际脱硫塔尺寸庞大,给实验研究带来困难且成本很高,在数值模拟平台上,分别模拟了45°、75°和-30°3种喷嘴角度布置下脱硫塔内部速度场、温度场变化以及湍流强度的分布情况。结果表明,在角度为-30°布置时速度场变化不是很剧烈,脱硫塔进出口温差比较理想,湍流强度在脱硫塔底部较大随着塔高的增加缓慢降低,这样有助于气液两相均匀混合,并控制出口烟温,有利于提高脱硫效率。     

Preparation and characterization of glass hollow fiber membrane for water purification applications

This work discusses the preparation and characterizations of glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using zeolite-5A as a starting material. Zeolite was formed into a hollow fiber configuration using the phase inversion technique. It was later sintered at high temperatures to burn off organic materials and change the zeolite into glass membrane. A preliminary study, that used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), confirmed that zeolite used in this study changed to glass at temperatures above 1000 °C. The glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using the phase inversion technique has three different microstructures, namely (i) sandwich-like structure that originates from inner layer, (ii) sandwich-like that originates from outer layer, and (iii) symmetric sponge like. These variations were influenced by zeolite weight loading and the flow rate of water used to form the lumen. The separation performances of the glass hollow fiber membrane were studied using the pure water permeability and the rejection test of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The glass hollow fiber membrane prepared from using 48 wt% zeolite loading and bore fluid with 9 mL min^?1 flow rate has the highest BSA rejection of 85% with the water permeability of 0.7 L m^?2 h^?1 bar^?1. The results showed that the separation performance of glass hollow fiber membranes was in the ultrafiltration range, enabled the retention of solutes with molecular sizes larger than 67 kDa such as milk proteins, endotoxin pyrogen, virus, and colloidal silica.     

Monitored Asbestos Concentrations in Connecticut

An air asbestos survey was conducted between late 1974 and early 1977 to define the magnitude of the health hazard posed by airborne asbestos fibers in Connecticut prior to the promulgation of the State's proposed asbestos air quality standard (i.e., 30 ?g/m³ or 30,000 total asbestos fibers/m³, 30-day average). A newly developed low volume particulate sampler, which operates continuously for 30 days at an air sampling flow rate of 4 cfm, equipped with special membrane filters was used to collect ambient TSP samples for subsequent chrysotile asbestos electron microscopic determination by the Bat-telle-Columbus Laboratories and Walter C. McCrone Associates.

Approximately 40 monitoring sites were selected; ambient locations included "typical" urban sites removed from known stationary sources of asbestos emissions, rural-background sites, stations contiguous to 4 industrial users of asbestos (i.e., manufacturers of friction products, insulated wire and cable, ammunition and molding compounds), 3 toll plazas situated at various points along Interstate 95 and indoors at a swimming pool at the University of Connecticut (the ceiling over the pool was sprayed with an asbestos-containing insulating material). Ambient chrysotile asbestos levels removed from asbestos emission sources in both urban and rural locations were below 10 ?g/m³. However, asbestos concentrations above 30 ?g/m³ were measured near each of the industrial users of asbestos. Furthermore, asbestos levels adjacent to the toll plazas were also elevated (in the 10 ?g/m³ to 25 ?g/m³ range), implicating asbestos emissions from vehicle braking lining decomposition as a significant source of airborne asbestos fibers. Indoor air asbestos levels were below 1 ?g/m³ suggesting that the risk to public health associated with the deterioration of asbestos surface coatings applied indoors may not be as severe as previously thought.     

Four Common Diagnostic Problems that Inhibit Radon Mitigation

Abstract

An activated sludge aeration tank (40 × 40 × 300 cm, width × length × height) with a set of 2-mm orifice air spargers was used to treat gas-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs; toluene, p-xylene, and dichloromethane) in air streams. The effects of liquid depth (Z), aeration intensity (G/A), the overall mass-transfer rate of oxygen in clean water (K _L a _O2 ), the Henry’s law constant of the tested VOC (H), and the influent gaseous VOC concentration (C ₀) on the efficiency of removal of VOCs were examined and compared with a literature-cited model. Results show that the measured VOC removal efficiencies and those predicted by the model were comparable at a G/A of 3.75–11.25 m³/m²·hr and C ₀ of ～1000–6000 mg/m³. Experimental data also indicated that the designed gas treatment reactor with K _L a _O2 = 5–15 hr^?1 could achieve >85% removal of VOCs with H = 0.24–0.25 at an aerated liquid depth of 1 m and >95% removal of dichloromethane with H = 0.13 at a 1-m liquid depth.