过滤/曝气两用型膜-生物反应器试验研究

对以聚乙烯微孔管为膜组件的过滤 /曝气两用型膜 生物反应器进行了研究。通过清水过滤试验发现 ,PE 1和PE 4 (孔径分别为 70～ 12 0 μm和 5～ 10 μm) 2种微孔管均具有较高的清水通量 ,单位水头下高达 2 5 0L/m2 ·h。PE 4微孔管对活性污泥混合液的过滤性能略优于PE 1,初始膜通量的选择对二者的过滤性能影响很大 ,但污泥浓度的影响则不甚显著。对膜组件进行过滤 /曝气交替运行 ,可有效地清除膜组件表面的泥饼层 ,较好地保持膜过滤性能的稳定。分别改变过滤 /曝气运行周期和初始膜通量 ,考察了膜过滤性能的变化 ,发现交替运行周期在 0 5～ 3h ,初始膜通量在 6 0～ 14 0L/m2 ·h时 ,系统在连续运行过程中每一运行周期内的平均膜通量先经历了初始的下降阶段 ,然后基本稳定在 5 0～ 80L/m2 ·h的水平 ,但低的初始膜通量可以使平均膜通量表现得更为稳定。过滤 /曝气两用型膜 生物反应器用于处理生活污水 ,可获得与传统膜 生物反应器相似的出水水质 ,并且对冲击负荷具有较好的承受能力。大小 2种孔径的微孔管对污染物的去除效果没有明显差异     

CNT-PVDF复合中空纤维膜的制备及其电辅助抗膜污染性能

电辅助膜过滤是减缓膜污染的有效方法,但是受限于缺乏稳定性好、机械强度高、制备工艺简单的导电膜。通过在PVDF膜表面真空抽滤CNT制备得到了导电的碳纳米管-聚偏氟乙烯(CNT-PVDF)复合中空纤维膜,然后利用酸化CNT表面羧基与聚乙烯醇的羟基发生交联反应来固定CNT,以提高导电功能层的稳定性。抗污染实验结果表明:单纯膜过滤在5个运行周期内的膜通量衰减72%,反冲洗再生后膜通量为初始通量的58%;而在电辅助下(2 V电压,膜作为阴极),静电排斥作用可以有效降低膜通量衰减速度,减缓膜污染程度,5个运行周期内的膜通量衰减均小于10%,反冲洗再生时能完全恢复膜初始通量。以上研究结果可为推进电辅助缓解膜污染技术的实际应用提供参考。     

膜基材对动态膜生物反应器性能的影响研究

选用5种滤布作为动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)的膜基材在相同操作条件下进行对比实验,考察反应器运行周期、反冲洗前后过滤压力、膜通量的恢复情况,分析DMBR进出水水质.结果表明,应用DMBR处理模拟生活污水,其中孔径为24μm的涤纶短纤滤布组成的DMBR对COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为90%、80%和48%以上;运行周期...     

厌氧动态膜生物反应器中动态膜形成及其运行周期的影响因素分析

为探究影响厌氧动态膜生物反应器(AnDMBR)稳定运行的因素,选用不锈钢网为基材构建AnDMBR并用于处理生活污水,着重考察了不锈钢网孔径(200、300和500目)、混合液污泥浓度及膜通量对AnDMBR成膜及运行周期的影响。结果表明:不锈钢网的目数越大,动态膜形成越快,但运行周期较短;低污泥浓度成膜时间较慢,但运行周期较长;污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)对动态膜的形成及运行周期影响较大,EPS越高,动态膜形成越快,但动态膜堵塞越严重;高通量更容易导致动态膜堵塞。选用300目的不锈钢网,在污泥浓度为2 000 mg·L~(-1),通量为32 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)的条件下开展的连续实验表明,AnDMBR稳定运行周期可达240 h。清洗实验结果表明离线清洗方式更适用于动态膜的清除。     

陶瓷膜污染过程分析与膜清洗方法优化

采用膜孔径为50 nm的陶瓷膜错流过滤方式,对碱性高浓度有机洗涤废水进行9个周期的膜通量衰减及反向脉冲清洗再生实验研究.通过设计膜污染阻力构成实验,测算膜污染总阻力及其构成比例.实验结果表明,膜固有阻力比例较低,浓差极化污染较弱,Rt和Rc+Rirt污染阻力稳定性较高,膜堵塞形式兼有孔内堵塞和滤饼过滤;选择质量分数0.1％的稀盐酸和0.2％的草酸溶液膜清洗效果均较好,清洗时间为3 min,脉冲时间和频率为3 s/5 s.     

絮体性质对纳滤膜污染的影响

混凝过程产生的絮体会对后续膜过滤性能产生一定的影响。实验中利用激光粒度仪研究2种混凝剂(AlCl3和PAC)在不同投加量下的絮体性质,混凝出水(不经过沉淀)直接进入纳滤膜(NF270)装置进行过滤实验。研究表明,投加量低(<0.20 mmol/L)的情况下,混凝出水反而使纳滤通量衰减发生恶化,随着投加量的增加,纳滤膜通量衰减得到有效的减缓。直接过滤腐殖酸(HA)的膜通量衰减(J/J0)为0.65,投加量为0.50 mmol/L时,AlCl3和PAC 2种混凝剂产生的通量衰减(J/J0)分别为0.78和0.75。滤饼层阻力受到絮体尺寸的影响较大,絮体尺寸越大,形成的滤饼层透水性更好。通过污染模型分析,混凝出水的纳滤膜污染机理主要是滤饼层阻力。     

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜处理水中悬浮物的抗污染特性

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜是一种新型的廉价无机膜,为研究其抗污染性能,研究了自制的管式膜在处理几种典型料液中的分离性能和渗透性能.考察了过滤不同料液过程中的阻力构成和膜的抗污染特性,并且和文献报道的同类过程中其他膜材料的性能进行了比较.实验进行了2～45 h无反冲、无清洗的连续运行.在过滤粉煤灰悬浮液、高龄土悬浮液和斜生栅藻悬浮液过程中,截留率可以达到100％,过滤阻力低于类似条件下的其他膜材料,在长时间运行后仍能保持较高的通量,表现出良好的抗污染性能.在过滤活性污泥时,截留率达到99.8％,单位压力下过滤通量达到1 170 L/(m·h·MPa).和其他膜材料相比,单位压力下的过滤通量表现出明显的优势.     

好氧膜-生物反应器中微滤膜选择的实验研究

用扫描电镜表面观察和全自动压汞仪测定了2种亲水化改性PVDF微滤膜的平均孔径、孔隙率等基本性能参数。对2种膜的纯水通量,及其平板膜组件在好氧膜生物反应器内污染过程进行分析。结果显示,2种膜污染过程均呈现先缓慢后快速的"二阶段"趋势,第二阶段是膜污染的主导阶段。尽管平均孔径小、孔隙率高的膜本身阻力大、纯水通量低,但其污染速率较低,物理及化学清洗恢复率较高。膜孔径及孔隙率指标是影响其在MBR中运行的污染速率的主要因素,平均孔径小、孔隙率高的膜抗污染能力强。     

颗粒物粒径和有机物分子量对超滤膜污染的影响

采用不同孔径和截留分子量的膜对原水进行预过滤,研究不同粒径的颗粒物和不同分子量的有机物对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着预过滤膜孔径或截留分子量的减小,原水中浊度、CODMn、DOC和UV254的去除率逐渐提高,超滤膜运行的跨膜压力(TMP)比直接过滤原水时降低;经孔径为1.2μm和0.45μm的膜预过滤后,超滤膜运行的TMP仍上升较快,而经过截留分子量为100 kDa及以下膜预过滤后,膜污染比较缓慢。对膜阻力构成分析的结果表明,随着预过滤膜孔径或截留分子量的减小,超滤膜运行过程中的表面饼层阻力逐渐减小,堵孔阻力也有明显降低,但预膜滤不能有效降低膜的吸附阻力。超滤膜表面的扫描电镜观察结果表明,经过截留分子量在100 kDa及以下的膜预过滤后,超滤膜表面比较干净,此时的膜过滤阻力主要来源于吸附和堵孔阻力。     

动态膜-生物反应器处理城市污水的运行特性研究

考察了孔径108μm左右的不锈钢丝网动态膜组件处理城市生活污水的特性,并研究了出水水头和曝气强度对动态膜泥饼层形成的影响.结果表明,稳定运行情况下出水平均浊度1.2NTU,COD平均去除率90%,NH<,3>-N平均去除率97%,与传统膜-生物反应器处理效果接近.同时发现,在20、40mm的出水水头下,动态膜运行初期膜通量衰减规律均符合泥饼阻力模型.     

Removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater by solar-driven membrane distillation

Experimental investigations were carried out on removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater by employing a new flat-sheet cross flow membrane module fitted with a hydrophobic polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane. The new design of the solar-driven membrane module in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) configuration successfully produced almost 100 per cent arsenic-free water from contaminated groundwater in a largely fouling-free operation while permitting high fluxes under reduced temperature polarization. For a feed flow rate of 0.120 m³/h, the 0.13 μm PVDF membrane yielded a high flux of 74 kg/(m² h) at a feed water temperature of 40 °C and, 95 kg/m² h at a feed water temperature of 60 °C. The encouraging results show that the design could be effectively exploited in the vast arsenic-affected rural areas of South-East Asian countries blessed with abundant sunlight particularly during the critical dry season.     

盐类对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)膜污染的影响

实验旨在研究盐类对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)溶液在超滤和微滤过程中膜污染影响,通过添加与无添加盐类的模拟溶液的比较,研究盐类对EPS膜过滤在死端过滤过程的影响。实验考察了不同模拟溶液的膜通量衰减情况和滤饼比阻,并利用Hermia模型对实验数据进行拟合分析验证膜污染机理。实验结果表明,在超滤过程中,Ca2+和Al3+能在一定程度上提高膜通量,降低滤饼比阻,延缓膜污染;在微滤过程中,两者的添加反而降低了初始通量,添加Ca2+后滤饼比阻值反而有所增大;Na+对超/微滤过程影响很小。通过Hermia模型拟合分析发现,在超滤过程中,添加盐和无添加的溶液均以滤饼堵塞机理为主,而在微滤过程中则是以中间堵塞和滤饼堵塞机理为主。     

生物制剂对MBR中无纺布膜组件过滤性能的影响

研究了生物制剂对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)中聚丙烯无纺布(non-wov-en fabric,NWF)膜组件过滤性能的影响。结果表明,能减少膜组件表面附着污泥胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub-stances,EPS)的含量及污泥的沉积,减缓膜通量的衰减速率和膜污染,无纺布膜组件的过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性。生物制剂能改善污泥的沉降性能,有效防止污泥膨胀;对MBR的COD去除率基本没有影响,但略微增大了处理水的浊度。     

PVDF/PMMA与PVDF/TPU共混膜抗污染性能研究及应用

观察新型五孔PVDF共混改性纤维膜SEM形貌特征,采用逐级通量法测定PVDF/PMMA和PVDF/TPU共混改性膜的临界通量,研究在次临界和超临界通量下A(PVDF/PMMA)与B(PVDF/TPU)2种管式膜组件的过滤和抗污染性能,并在次临界通量下处理地表水。结果表明,PVDF共混改性膜具有优良的微观结构,且膜B性能较好;膜A、B的临界通量分别为12 L/(m2.h)和10 L/(m2.h);膜组件B比膜组件A抗污染性能好。次临界通量下膜组件的运行比超临界通量下的稳定。与采用单独超滤处理某市地表水相比,2种膜组件采用混凝+超滤工艺的运行处理效果更好,且膜组件B比膜组件A处理效果佳。     

次临界操作下的膜污染机理研究

临界通量在膜污染控制的水动力学条件优化中是一个非常有意义的概念。本研究用一种新型的中空纤维膜组件过滤活性污泥混合液 ,采用通量阶式递增法对临界通量进行测定 ,实验表明 ,气水二相流是一个提高临界通量非常有效的方法 ,而且临界通量随着曝气强度的增大而增大 ,根据测定结果 ,可以得出膜生物反应器 (MBR)的 3个水动力学操作区 :超临界区、临界区和次临界区。次临界操作可以防止颗粒物质在膜面上沉积引起的可逆污染 ,在次临界操作下 ,膜污染分为两个阶段 ,第一阶段为不可逆污染发展阶段 ,跨膜压力 (TMP)发展缓慢 ;第一阶段膜的不可逆污染导致膜丝点通量不断的重分配 ,一旦出现膜丝上某一点的通量大于临界通量时 ,颗粒物质就以此点为突破口 ,不断沉积到膜丝表面 ,发生可逆污染 ,膜污染进入第二阶段 ,TMP急剧增加。     

Comparative performance of flat sheet and spiral wound modules in the nanofiltration of reactive dye solution

Background and purpose

Besides the opportunities for reuse, stringent regulations and growing public awareness demand an enhanced quality of effluent from dye industries. Treatment of an aqueous solution of dye (reactive red 198) was carried out in a nanofiltration unit using both flat sheet and spiral wound modules to obtain a comparative performance evaluation in terms of permeate flux and quality.

Methods

Hydrophilized polyamide membrane with molecular weight cutoff of 150 was used for the experiments. Effects of trans-membrane pressure (TMP), feed concentration and addition of salt on permeate flux were investigated. Percent reduction of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solid (TDS), and conductivity were determined to assess performance of the membrane.

Results

The maximum flux decline was 16.1% of its initial value at 490 kPa TMP with 50 ppm feed concentration in spiral wound module, whereas the same in flat sheet under same conditions was 7.2%. The effect of TMP showed a quasi-linear increase in flux with increasing pressure. Increased permeate concentration led to the reduction in observed retention of dye in the membrane. The average reduction in color, COD, and TDS were 96.88%, 97.38%, and 89.24%, respectively. The decline in permeate flux was more in case of spiral wound module compared to flat sheet. However, spiral wound module performed better in terms of color removal, COD reduction, and TDS removal.

Conclusion

Substantial removal of color was achieved in the nanofiltration experiments with a marked reduction in COD and TDS. The process allowed the production of permeate stream with great reutilization possibilities.     

Reducing phosphorus flux from organic soils in surface flow treatment wetlands

Treatment wetlands have a finite period of effective nutrient removal after which treatment efficiency declines. This is due to the accumulation of organic matter which decreases the capacity and hydraulic retention time of the wetland. We investigated four potential solutions to improve the soluble reactive P (SRP) removal of a municipal wastewater treatment wetland soil including; dry down, surface additions of alum or calcium carbonate and physical removal of the accreted organic soil under both aerobic and anaerobic water column conditions. The flux of SRP from the soil to the water column under aerobic conditions was higher for the continuously flooded controls (1.1 ± 0.4 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹), dry down (1.5 ± 0.9 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) and CaCO₃ (0.8 ± 0.7 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) treatments while the soil removal and alum treatments were significantly lower at 0.02 ± 0.10 and −0.07 ± 0.02 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. These results demonstrate that the two most effective management strategies at sequestering SRP were organic soil removal and alum additions. There are difficulties and costs associated with removal and disposal of soils from a treatment wetland. Therefore our findings suggest that alum addition may be the most cost effective and efficient means of increasing the sequestering of P in aging treatment wetlands experiencing reduced P removal rates. However, more research is needed to determine the longer term effects of alum buildup in the organic soil on the wetland biota, in particular, on the macrophytes and invertebrates. Since alum effectiveness is time limited, a longer term solution to P flux may favor the organic soil removal.     

Comparisons of ambient air particulates concentrations (TSP,PM2.5) and dry depositions during smog and non-smog periods at Luliao,Shalu District sampling site

The concentrations of ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM_2.5, and the dry depositions at a sample site at Luliao Junior High School (Luliao) in central Taiwan were measured during smog and non-smog days between December 2017 and July 2018. The results are compared to those obtained during non-smog periods in the years 2015–2017. The mean TSP and PM_2.5 concentrations and dry deposition flux were 72.41?±?26.40, 41.88?±?23.51?μg/m³, and 797.57?±?731.46?μg/m² min, respectively, on the smog days. The mean TSP and PM_2.5 concentrations and dry deposition flux on the non-smog days were 56.39?±?18.08, 34.81?±?12.59?μg/m³ and 468.93?±?600.57?μg/m² min, respectively. The mean TSP concentration in the smog period was 28% greater than that in the non-smog period, and the mean PM_2.5 concentration was 20% higher. The mean dry deposition flux in the smog period was 70% higher than that in the non-smog period at Luliao. The PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded the standards set by the Taiwan EPA (35?μg/m³ daily, and 15?μg/m³ annually). Therefore, the TSP and PM_2.5 concentrations and dry deposition must be reduced in central Taiwan on smog days. In addition, atmospheric TSP and PM_2.5 concentrations at various sampling sites were compared, and those herein were not higher than those measured in other countries. Finally, apart from the local traffic emissions, during smog periods, the other pollution source originated from the transportation process of traffic pollutants emitted in the northwest side of Taiwan.     

微米级负载型 TiO2催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中的应用简

基于光催化-膜分离三相流化床反应器的结构特点及膜分离特性,以微米级MCM-41分子筛为载体,采用原位生成法制备微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂。针对微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中的分布特性、悬浮特性、分离特性及膜污染特性进行研究。结果表明,曝气量一定的情况下,微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂在光催化-膜分离反应器中具有良好的悬浮特性,且优于纳米TiO₂。随着催化剂投加量的增加,悬浮浓度也随之增加。光催化反应器底部曝气0.3 m³/h、催化剂投加量为1 g/L时为宜。膜分离器中催化剂悬浮浓度明显低于光催化反应器;该微米级催化剂与纳米TiO₂相比具有不粘附、不堵塞膜孔等优良特性,能够有效降低膜污染,延长分离膜使用寿命。膜底曝气为0.1 m³/h时,反应器连续运行5 h（未加反冲洗）后,微米级负载型TiO₂催化剂和纳米TiO₂对膜组件的污染程度分别为膜通量衰减率4.3%和37.4%。反应器连续运行72 h,膜组件依然具有很好的分离特性。     

Study on dissolved organic carbon in precipitation in Northern China

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured in 483 precipitation samples collected at 10 sites in Northern China from December 2007 to November 2008. The annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of DOC for 10 sites ranged from 2.4 to 3.9 mg C/L and 1.4 to 2.7 g C m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. The proportion of DOC to total organic carbon (TOC) was 79% on average, suggesting that a significant fraction of TOC was present as insoluble particulate organic carbon. Due to intensive domestic coal use for house heating and smaller dilution of scavenged organic carbon, higher VWM concentrations of DOC were observed during winter and spring than during summer and autumn. When precipitation events were classified via air mass back-trajectories, the mixed trajectories from SE and NW always corresponded to significantly higher DOC than those from SE or NW alone, coinciding with the centre of a low pressure system moved eastward and the wind direction changed from southeast to northwest. The results also showed that each site had a similar seasonal variation for DOC wet deposition flux. The largest flux occurred during the rainy season, and the lowest flux appeared during winter months. The product of the TC/DOC ratio and the DOC flux yielded an average TC wet deposition flux of 3.2 g C m^?2 yr^?1 in Northern China, accounting for 8.6% and 22% of the carbon sink magnitude (37 g C m^?2 yr^?1) in terrestrial ecosystems and anthropogenic carbon emissions (14 g C m^?2 yr^?1), respectively. This indicates that atmospheric wet deposition of TC is a significant carbon flux that cannot be neglected in regional models of the carbon cycle, and should be considered along with dry deposition in the removal mechanism for carbon from regional atmosphere.