天然有机物对颗粒活性炭吸附微囊藻毒素的影响研究

通过改变水体中天然有机物(NOM)、腐殖酸(HA)浓度以及pH,测定了不同条件下颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附微囊藻毒素MCLR的容量变化,研究了NOM对GAC吸附MCLR的影响。结果表明,GAC吸附MCLR的过程中,低浓度溶液中的吸附速率要高于高浓度溶液,且准一级动力学和准二级动力学方程均能较好地描述GAC吸附MCLR的过程;当溶液中含17.6 mg/LNOM或10.0 mg/L HA时,GAC对MCLR的最大吸附容量从17.06μg/g分别降低至13.68、12.89μg/g;GAC对MCLR的平衡吸附容量(qe)随NOM浓度的升高而逐渐降低,但当溶液中NOM超过一定值时,NOM浓度再升高对GAC吸附MCLR的影响程度变化不大,NOM从10.0 mg/L升高至17.6 mg/L时,qe仅降低了0.31μg/g;在中性或偏碱性水体中,HA对GAC吸附MCLR的干扰相对于酸性水体中更小,通过改变溶液pH来改变HA的带电性,对GAC吸附MCLR的影响总体较小。     

Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在氧化石墨烯/聚酰胺-胺复合材料上的竞争吸附

以"grafting to"法制备的氧化石墨烯/聚酰胺-胺(GO/PAMAMs)作为吸附剂,研究了Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在GO/PAMAMs上的竞争吸附行为,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、初始离子浓度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附过程的影响,探讨了Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在GO/PAMAMs上的竞争吸附机理。研究表明:GO/PAMAMs对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附最佳pH值是5.0,Cd(Ⅱ)的最佳pH值为5.5;Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在GO/PAMAMs上的竞争吸附过程符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,等温吸附过程遵循Langmuir模型;热力学研究表明Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在GO/PAMAMs上的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程,且属于物理吸附。     

腐殖酸修饰凹凸棒对U(VI)的吸附性能及机理

采用腐殖酸(HA)修饰凹凸棒(ATP)制备得到腐殖酸/凹凸棒(HA/ATP),用于去除废水中的U(VI)。通过静态吸附实验,研究了溶液初始p H、投加量、吸附时间和初始浓度对吸附的影响,并用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线能谱图(EDS),傅里叶红外光谱仪(FITR)分析吸附机理。实验结果表明,去除率随时间的增大而增大,在120 min内可以达到平衡;吸附剂投加量越大,溶液p H=6左右时越有利于U(VI)的去除;HA/ATP能多次重复使用,且经过5次吸附解吸后对U(VI)的去除率仍能达到96%。吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Frendlich等温方程。较之准一级动力学,准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合实验数据。SEM-EDS、FITR分析结果表明,U(VI)被成功地吸附到了HA/ATP的表面,吸附机理为络合作用。     

腐殖酸修饰凹凸棒对U(Ⅵ)的吸附性能及机理

采用腐殖酸(HA)修饰凹凸棒(ATP)制备得到腐殖酸/凹凸棒(HA/ATP),用于去除废水中的U(Ⅵ).通过静态吸附实验,研究了溶液初始pH、投加量、吸附时间和初始浓度对吸附的影响,并用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线能谱图(EDS),傅里叶红外光谱仪(FITR)分析吸附机理.实验结果表明,去除率随时间的增大而增大,在120 min内可以达到平衡;吸附剂投加量越大,溶液pH =6左右时越有利于U(Ⅵ)的去除;HA/ATP能多次重复使用,且经过5次吸附解吸后对U(Ⅵ)的去除率仍能达到96％.吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Frendlich等温方程.较之准一级动力学,准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合实验数据.SEM-EDS、FITR分析结果表明,U(Ⅵ)被成功地吸附到了HA/ATP的表面,吸附机理为络合作用.     

氧化石墨烯-铁氧化物改性石英砂表面性能表征及其对腐殖酸的吸附特性研究

普通石英砂(RQS)滤料对腐殖酸(HA)的去除能力非常有限。以三氯化铁与氧化石墨烯(GO)为改性剂,对RQS进行改性,得到氧化石墨烯-铁氧化物改性石英砂(GO-IOCS),研究其吸附特性,并运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等手段进行表征。结果表明:(1)GO-IOCS对初始质量浓度低于5mg/L的HA溶液,吸附去除率高达98.57%,约为RQS的5倍;(2)GO-IOCS表面负载均匀密集的颗粒,且具有利于吸附的大量官能团(如—OH、C—O、C=O、Fe—O—C等);(3)GO-IOCS和RQS对HA的吸附动力学特性都符合准二级动力学模型,前者对HA的吸附速率约为后者的3倍;(4)GO-IOCS对HA的吸附除了静电作用外,还包括离子交换作用。     

膜基活性炭吸附轻烃的实验研究

吸附法油气回收技术中,吸附剂的填装方式对吸附分离效果有较大的影响。未成形粉末吸附剂具有较高的比表面积和发达的微孔结构,实验采用微孔滤膜包裹粉末活性炭(膜基活性炭),使粉末活性炭固定在吸附装置中,进行了膜基活性炭对轻烃(正己烷、正庚烷)的吸附实验,测定膜基活性炭和颗粒活性炭对轻烃的吸附性能。实验结果表明,相对于颗粒活性炭,轻烃通过膜基活性炭需要压降增加,但是其在膜基活性炭上的吸附量有明显的提高,也具有可实施性;膜基活性炭静态吸附等温线很好地符合Langmuir模型,且动态穿透曲线实验值与Logistic模型模拟值吻合良好。     

活性炭协同Fe~(2+)催化H_2O_2氧化处理染料废水及其表面附着污染物对催化活性的影响

采用动态连续处理装置研究颗粒活性炭(GAC)催化H_2O_2氧化活性红X-3B染料(RRX-3B)的效能以及GAC表面吸附污染物对催化性能的影响,考察GAC与Fe~(2+)协同催化作用。研究结果表明:RRX-3B的处理效果随着流速的增加而逐渐降低;新GAC/H_2O_2体系降解效果优于单独GAC吸附与单独H_2O_2氧化,GAC重复使用存在部分失活现象使其脱色率和COD去除率下降,且表面预先吸附污染物的GAC在重复使用过程中下降更为明显;固定H_2O_2投加量为5 mmol·L~(-1),按n(Fe~(2+)):n(H_2O_2)为1:20投加Fe~(2+),GAC与Fe~(2+)联合体系能持续有效使RRX-3B氧化脱色,重复使用4次后脱色率仍可达99.65%,GAC和Fe~(2+)之间存在协同催化H_2O_2降解RRX-3B的作用。GAC表面附着的Fe~(2+)能够加强催化作用,且有效延长其使用寿命。     

颗粒活性炭深度处理抗生素废水

通过静态吸附实验,比较了13种不同材质、粒径的颗粒活性炭(granular activated carbon,GAC)对抗生素废水生化出水的吸附效果,选择KC16活性炭作为处理该废水的活性炭。KC16活性炭的进一步静态实验结果表明,当KC16活性炭投加量为30 g/L,吸附时间为6 h时,处理效果较好,TOC、COD、UV254、色度的去除率分别达到了86.99%、88.43%、89.69%和94.08%,并且污染物质(COD、TOC)的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型(R2>0.99)。动态吸附结果表明,在滤速为1.0 m/h,柱高为1 200 mm时,出水可以达到GB21903-2008《发酵类工业废水污染物排放标准》,处理每吨抗生素废水的活性炭用量为2.45 kg。     

微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附

以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,以KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备了高比表面积微孔活性炭SCAC。结果显示活性炭SCAC的表面面积为1 888 m2/g,总孔容量为0.804 cm3/g,微孔容量为0.741 cm3/g,平均孔径0.567 nm,微孔平均孔径0.488 nm。通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭添加量、溶液初始浓度、初始pH及吸附时间对SCAC吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,通过动力学方程拟合探讨了活性炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理。结果表明,吸附平衡时间、最佳pH及活性炭添加量分别为120 min、pH>7.5及0.05 g/50 mL,活性炭SCAC吸附动力学过程符合准二级方程模型。     

海绵铁还原耦合活性炭吸附-微波再生技术降解甲基橙

采用海绵铁(s-Fe0)还原耦合活性炭(GAC)吸附-微波(MW)再生技术降解甲基橙(MO)溶液,重点考察了s-Fe0投加量、粒径、微波功率等因素对MO去除效果的影响。结果表明,s-Fe0投加剂量为15.0 g/L、粒径为3～5 mm、超声波功率为200 W,反应1 h,MO的去除率为94.2%。其次,采用GAC吸附-MW再生技术(800 W,照射1 min)循环处理上述脱色后的MO废水。结果表明,GAC吸附可有效降低废水的生物毒性及残留的染料、TOC和总铁离子浓度,且MW辐射可有效再生吸附饱和的GAC颗粒。因此,s-Fe0还原耦合GAC吸附-MW再生技术可以有效降解MO染料,具有处理效果好、实现资源循环利用等优点。     

Adsorption of imidazolinone herbicides on ferrihydrite-humic acid associations.

Adsorption of the imidazolinone herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and imazaquin was studied on two binary systems (ferrihydrite-humic acid) prepared by treating ferrihydrite (Fh) immediately after its precipitation with a soil humic acid (HA) at different loadings (4% and 8% HA content), and on a blank ferrihydrite sample prepared in the same way, but without HA addition. Imidazolinone adsorption on pure Fh and on the 4% Fh-HA decreased with increasing of the herbicide hydrophobicity (imazaquin相似文献   

Co-contaminant effects on ofloxacin adsorption onto activated carbon,graphite, and humic acid

Given their voluminous application, significant amounts of fluoroquinolones are discharged into the environment through wastewater effluent. Adsorption has been shown to be a critical process controlling the environmental behaviors of fluoroquinolones. Competition between ofloxacin (OFL) and naphthalene (NAP)/bisphenol A (BPA) and their adsorption on activated carbon (AC), graphite (GP), and humic acid (HA) were investigated. The suppressed adsorption of OFL was observed on AC and GP, but not on HA, by NAP or BPA. Moreover, for AC, the competition by NAP was slightly stronger than that by BPA. However, for GP, the competition with BPA was higher than that with NAP. These observations indicate that competitive adsorption of OFL with respect to NAP/BPA depends on the degree of overlap of adsorption sites, as interpreted by the following: (i) AC can provide overlapping adsorption sites for OFL, BPA, and NAP, which include non-specific adsorption sites, such as hydrophobic sites, π-π interactions, and micropore filling; (ii) π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding might be responsible for the strong competitive adsorption between BPA and OFL on GP; and (iii) OFL adsorbs on HA through specific adsorption force—electrostatic attraction, with which NAP and BPA cannot compete.

     

Novel insights in Al-MCM-41 precursor as adsorbent for regulated haloacetic acids and nitrate from water

High concentration of NO ₃ ^? in groundwater has raised concern over possible contamination of drinking water supplies. In addition, the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) as by-products during disinfection with chlorine-based agents is still a relevant issue, since HAAs pose serious health hazard. In this work, we investigated the affinity of a precursor of Al-MCM-41 (a mesostructured hexagonal aluminosilicate containing the template surfactant) towards nitrate and HAAs, for its possible application in the removal of these pollutants from natural and drinking waters. Additionally, adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied. The adsorbent was synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant and characterized by physico?Cchemical techniques. Simulated drinking water was spiked with the EPA-regulated HAAs (monochloroacetic (MCAA), monobromoacetic (MBAA), dichloroacetic (DCAA), dibromoacetic (DBAA), and trichloroacetic (TCAA) acids) and placed in contact with the adsorbent. The effect of matrix composition was studied. Adsorption kinetic studies were performed testing three kinetics models. For the adsorption studies, three adsorption isotherm approaches have been tested to experimental data. The pollutant recoveries were evaluated by suppressed ion chromatography. The affinity of the adsorbent was TCAA = DBAA = DCAA > MBAA > MCAA with DCAA, DBAA, and TCAA completely removed. A removal as high as 77?% was achieved for 13?mg/L nitrate. The adsorption isotherms of NO ₃ ^? and monochloroacetic acid can be modeled by the Freundlich equation, while their adsorption kinetics follow a pseudo-second-order rate mechanism. The adsorbent exhibited high affinity towards HAAs in simulated drinking water even at relevant matrix concentrations, suggesting its potential application for water remediation technologies.     

Effects of humic substances on the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol by ozone after extraction from water into acetic acid through activated carbon

The objectives of this study are to clarify the behavior of humic substances throughout the processes of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) from water and extraction into acetic acid, and the influence of the extracted humic substances on the decomposition of 2,4-DCP by ozone in the acetic acid. The adsorption capacity of GAC for 2,4-DCP was not influenced by the humic substances preloaded to have equilibrium concentration of 24.9mg Cl(-1) (14.5mg Cg(-1)). The adsorption capacity of GAC for 2,4-DCP decreased to one tenth of new GAC after the first adsorption-extraction step because of only 16% desorption in the first step. However, 2,4-DCP adsorbed on GAC was completely extracted after the second step suggesting that GAC can be used as adsorbent to transfer 2,4-DCP from water to acetic acid. The concentration ratio of 2,4-DCP from water into acetic acid was around 2x10(5), whereas the concentration ratio of humic substances was about 3.5, indicating that 2,4-DCP was selectively adsorbed and extracted by this system. The first order degradation rate constant for 2,4-DCP by ozone in acetic acid increased with the addition of humic substances. The rate constant with 16mg Cl(-1) of humic substances was 2.6 times as high as that without humic substances. Humic substances behaved as a promoter for the degradation of 2,4-DCP by ozone.     

Preparation and characterization of surfactant-modified hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite and its adsorption behavior toward humic acid and copper(II)

A novel composite material, i.e., surfactant-modified hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite, was used as an adsorbent to remove humic acid (HA) and copper(II) from aqueous solution. Hydroxyapatite/zeolite composite (HZC) and surfactant-modified HZC (SMHZC) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscope. The adsorption of HA and copper(II) on SMHZC was investigated. For comparison purposes, HA adsorption onto HZC was also investigated. SMHZC exhibited much higher HA adsorption capacity than HZC. The HA adsorption capacity for SMHZC decreased slightly with increasing pH from 3 to 8 but decreased significantly with increasing pH from 8 to 12. The copper(II) adsorption capacity for SMHZC increased with increasing pH from 3 to 6.5. The adsorption kinetic data of HA and copper(II) on SMHZC obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption of HA and copper(II) on SMHZC took place in three different stages: fast external surface adsorption, gradual adsorption controlled by both film and intra-particle diffusions, and final equilibrium stage. The equilibrium adsorption data of HA on SMHZC better fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich isotherm model. The equilibrium adsorption data of copper(II) on SMHZC could be described by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The presence of copper(II) in solution enhanced HA adsorption onto SMHZC. The presence of HA in solution enhanced copper(II) adsorption onto SMHZC. The mechanisms for the adsorption of HA on SMHZC at pH 7 may include electrostatic attraction, organic partitioning, hydrogen bonding, and Lewis acid–base interaction. The mechanisms for the adsorption of copper(II) on SMHZC at pH 6 may include surface complexation, ion exchange, and dissolution–precipitation. The obtained results indicate that SMHZC can be used as an effective adsorbent to simultaneously remove HA and copper(II) from water.     

Biodegradation of haloacetic acids by bacterial enrichment cultures

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are toxic organic chemicals that are frequently detected in surface waters and in drinking water distribution systems. The aerobic biodegradation of HAAs was investigated in serum bottles containing a single HAA and inoculated with washed microorganisms obtained from enrichment cultures maintained on either monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as the sole carbon and energy source. Biodegradation was observed for each of the HAAs tested at concentrations similar to those found in surface waters and in drinking water distribution systems. The MCAA culture was able to degrade both MCAA and monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) with pseudo-first order rate constants of 1.06 x 10(-2) and 1.13 x 10(-2) l(mg protein)(-1) d(-1), respectively, for concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 2 mM. The pseudo-first order rate constant for TCAA degradation by the TCAA culture was 6.52 x 10(-3) l(mg protein)(-1) d(-1) for concentrations ranging from 5.33 x 10(-5) to 0.72 mM. The TCAA culture was also able to degrade MCAA with the rate accelerating as incubation time increased. Experiments with radiolabeled HAAs indicated that the 14C was primarily converted to 14CO2 with minor incorporation into cell biomass. The community structure of the enrichment cultures was analyzed by both cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments showed that each of the two enrichment cultures had multiple bacterial populations, none of which corresponded to HAA-degrading bacteria cultivated on HAA-supplemented agar plates. This research indicates that biodegradation is a potential loss mechanism for HAAs in surface waters and in drinking water distribution systems.     

Adsorption and thermodynamic parameters of chlorantraniliprole and dinotefuran on clay loam soil with difference in particle size and pH

The behavior of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and dinotefuran (DNF) insecticides was investigated in clay loam soil, a common type of the Egyptian soil. Effect of temperature, pH and particle size of the soil on the adsorption process was studied. Adsorption isotherm by bulk soil and its constituents; humic acid (HA), clay, silt and sand fractions was measured using batch equilibration technique. The results showed that the adsorption of the insecticides tested was significantly affected by the temperature and was a spontaneous interfacial process in the soil. Freundlich model accurately predicted the adsorption behavior of both insecticides. The interaction between soil and insecticides was endothermic and the highest adsorption for CAP and DNF was obtained at pH 9. However, the effect of pH on the adsorption of DNF was lower than that of CAP. Sorption of CAP and DNF on HA fraction was significantly greater than on clay fraction and bulk soil. In addition, the adsorption was significantly increased with particle size decrease. It could be inferred that the adsorption of CAP and DNF on clay loam soil was physical in nature and greatly influenced by the soil components, pH and temperature.     

猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争

为研究猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争,以猪粪和秸秆为堆腐原料,进行了为期36 d的好氧堆肥实验,研究猪粪堆肥过程中腐殖质组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)、胡敏酸结合态铜锌、富里酸结合态铜锌含量的变化。结果表明,堆肥结束后,腐殖化程度提高,胡敏酸碳含量增加394.4%,富里酸碳含量降低64.9%,腐殖化指数从0.24增加到3.33;随着堆肥的进行,胡敏酸结合态铜锌含量分别增加394.3%和56%,而富里酸结合态铜锌含量分别下降17.5%和28.4%;相关分析表明,胡敏酸结合态铜、富里酸结合态锌与胡敏酸、富里酸碳含量及腐殖化指数均成显著相关(P<0.01);堆肥过程中,胡敏酸结合态铜与富里酸结合态铜之比大于1,而胡敏酸结合态锌与富里酸结合态锌小于1,另外,胡敏酸中的Cu/Zn大于1,而富里酸中的Cu/Zn小于1,表明在腐殖质中铜主要与胡敏酸结合,而锌主要与富里酸结合。研究揭示了猪粪堆肥中重金属铜锌与不同腐殖质组分的结合竞争关系,为畜禽粪便堆肥土地利用的风险评估和风险控制提供科学依据。     

活性炭纤维对染料的吸附性能研究

研究了聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维（P－ACF）、粘胶活性炭纤维（R－ACF）和颗粒活性炭（GAC）对5种红色染料的吸附能力,通过简单的模型,算出5种染料在两种活性炭纤维上的吸附速率常数。结果表明,尽管吸附能力随染料种类不同而有一定的差别,但总体上,聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维的吸附能力略低于颗粒活性炭,而粘胶活性炭纤维的吸附能力则远远优于前两种,对染料有着较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率。     

微波辐射回用活性炭对水中亚甲基蓝和Cd~(2+)去除效果的研究

考察了微波-活性炭联合处理技术对模拟染料废水中亚甲基蓝和Cd2+的去除效果。对于100 mL浓度为1 000 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液、活性炭用量为10 g时,新活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.99%;采用700 W微波对吸附亚甲基蓝的活性炭辐射10 min进行再生并回用,经微波辐射再生10次后活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为99.68%,未经微波作用反复使用10次的活性炭对亚甲基蓝的去除率为85.41%。结果表明:微波处理有效地减缓了活性炭吸附能力的下降速率,实现了活性炭再生和反复使用。在吸附过程中,Cd2+使活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力略有下降,而共存的亚甲基蓝则促进了活性炭对Cd2+的吸附,对新炭和再生后活性炭物理化学特性的表征证明了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附为物理吸附,对Cd2+的吸附为化学吸附。