浅析绿色制造的战略环境评价

绿色制造的战略环境评价是实现可持续发展的关键技术 ,是协调环境与社会经济发展的重要手段。它要求在绿色制造初期———绿色设计阶段就考虑整个制造过程的环境影响 ,从决策源头上控制环境污染的产生和生态环境的破坏。本文从绿色制造的广义内涵入手 ,分析了绿色制造战略环境评价的理论基础和综合集成特性 ,并提出了战略环境评价的指标体系和综合集成评价方法。     

企业绿色管理障碍及对策研究

随着中国环境的日益恶化,企业经营活动与自然环境的冲突是政府、企业和学术界关注的热点话题.实现绿色制造和绿色产品生产供给是企业面临的一项重要议题.绿色管理作为一种新的管理模式,在落实新发展理念、推动绿色发展过程中起着重要作用.根据现有文献梳理了绿色管理演变过程和绿色管理的障碍因素,在此基础上提出了绿色管理对策.对于企业而言,增强企业领导的绿色承诺、实施绿色实践和绿色人力资源管理是企业实现绿色管理的重要举措.同时,只有实施绿色管理,企业才可能实现可持续性发展.     

新型绿色环保建筑材料对建筑工程造价管理的影响研究

随着绿色建筑生态学的发展,运用新型绿色环保建筑材料已成为较为前沿的建筑手段,但不同绿色环保材料存在着造价特殊性质,因此文中提出新型绿色环保建筑材料对建筑工程造价管理的影响分析方法.首先,结合数字高程模型,将各个环保建材的造价参数当成目标向量,通过运用盒子覆盖法实现造价分布概率的求解与统计,再将造价进行量化,并对建材造价的特殊性质进行有效描述,结合造价分析结果研究了新型绿色环保建筑材料的利用情况,对不同生态建筑景观空间规划分布于不同造价区间的实际情况进行了表述,反应不同建材的造价影响,从而获得建材与造价的约束性影响关系.实验证明了分析模型的正确性.     

Improvement of agility and sustainability: A case study in an Indian rotary switches manufacturing organisation

Increasing competition has been forcing the modern manufacturing organisations to adopt advanced manufacturing paradigms. Agile Manufacturing (AM) is an advanced manufacturing paradigm that enables an organisation to survive in the competitive business environment. Agility is the performance measure of AM practices. Simultaneously, modern business organisations are forced to evolve environmental friendly products. Sustainability is regarded as an important concept for survival by the modern organisations. In this context, agility and sustainability are regarded as performance measures for contemporary organisations. This paper reports a case study which has been carried out in an Indian rotary switches manufacturing organisation. The candidate product is the knob of rotary switch. Initially Computer Aided Design (CAD) has been used to digitalise the baseline model. Keeping the baseline model as reference, five new knob models have been evolved. Then the sustainability analysis has been carried out to determine the environmental impact of the knob models. The analysis results indicated that the proposed knob models possess minimal environmental impact. The conduct of case study has lead to an inference that there is a significant improvement of agility and sustainability in the design and development of knob of rotary switch.     

Toward livable and healthy urban streets: Roadside vegetation provides ecosystem services where people live and move

Fostering ecosystem services in urban road corridors is an important challenge for urban planning and governance because residents are often exposed to environmental pressures in these ubiquitous open spaces. We here aim at illustrating multiple ecosystem services that may be underpinned by roadside vegetation. Previous work is broadly scattered in papers from the natural and social sciences and biased by a focus both on regulating services (temperature regulation, air filtration, carbon sequestration) and also on trees. We provide a first synthesis that illustrates (i) the multi-functional capacity of green elements in streetscapes to deliver various ecosystem services; (ii) the relevance of planted and wild-grown herbaceous vegetation as well as trees; and (iii) trade-offs between certain ecosystem services as well as risks related to disservices. Trees and herbaceous road vegetation can mitigate adverse environmental conditions in road corridors, which is particularly important in vulnerable neighborhoods that are undersupplied with green spaces. Enhancing the amenity value of streetscapes might also positively influence public health by promoting physical activity. However, significant knowledge gaps exist, e.g. on the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem services and on the valuation of green street components by different sociocultural groups. Our synthesis illustrates management options that can support planning and governance approaches toward more livable streetscapes by fostering ecosystem services and counteracting disservices.     

景观规划导向的绿色基础设施研究进展——基于“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”研究范式

中国目前处于新型城镇化与生态文明建设的重要时期,引入绿色基础设施（Green Infrastructure,GI）规划框架对协调城市发展与生态保护具有重要意义。基于景观生态学中“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”研究范式,对近年来中国内外GI规划进行针对性综述,利用该范式对相关研究的理论来源与进展进行梳理。研究表明：GI格局研究中,景观格局指数是应用最为广泛的方法。针对于景观连接度,形态学空间格局分析等结构连接度评价方法具有计算简单、适用性广的优势,但缺乏明确的生态学含义;图论等功能连接度则针对特定的生态过程,是GI格局与生态过程的重要联系,将是下一步研究重点。GI生态过程研究借鉴生态网络的理论与方法,其规划步骤可分为核心区选取、阻力面构建、潜在廊道识别三部分。GI生态系统服务研究中,生物物理量模型与经济计量模型广泛应用于调节、供给与支持服务评价中,而文化服务评价则将问卷调查作为基础数据获取的重要途径。另外,生态系统服务需求研究涉及到生态系统服务的实际需求与使用偏好,相关定量评价方法以及成果的实际应用有待进一步探索。GI景观可持续性研究中,在明晰GI提供的生态系统服务总量的基础上,服务间权衡与协同效应已成为GI规划中的重要考量,而情景规划可以有效模拟GI生态系统服务的动态变化。最后,GI规划应将提升景观可持续性作为规划目标,据此研究提出了重视格局与过程相互影响机制的基础研究、加深GI生态系统服务需求端研究、明晰生态系统服务间协同与权衡效应、将GI与实际规划结合四项研究展望。     

低碳经济下洛阳市生态城市规划研究

"十三五"时期是推动城市向协调、开放、绿色、环保发展的新时期,这对重工业发达的洛阳来说是一个承前启后的时期.近些年来,洛阳市在城市化进程中所产生的城市生态环境问题日益突出.为了适应新时期的发展,文章对当前洛阳市生态城市规划与已有城市规划体系间如何实现有机融合做出思考,指出洛阳市城市规划必须走低碳经济之路,强调在城乡规划,绿色公共交通网络建立,污水管道规划,绿地规划等四个方面树立生态环境标准从而有效实现洛阳市生态城市规划.     

The development of a novel process planning algorithm for an unconstrained hybrid manufacturing process

The application of state of the art manufacturing processes has always been constrained by the capabilities either from technical limitations such as limited materials and complex part geometries or production costs. As a result, hybrid manufacturing processes – where varied manufacturing operations are carried out – are emerging as a potential evolution for current manufacturing technologies. However, process planning methods capable of effectively utilising manufacturing resources for hybrid processes are currently limited. In this paper, a hybrid process, entitled iAtractive, combining additive, subtractive and inspection processes, along with part specific process planning is proposed. The iAtractive process aims to accurately manufacture complex geometries without being constrained by the capability of individual additive and subtractive processes. This process planning algorithm enables a part to be manufactured taking into consideration, process capabilities, production time and material consumption. This approach is also adapted for the remanufacture of existing parts. Four test parts have been manufactured from zero and existing parts, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed hybrid process and the process planning algorithm.     

Production of sweetmeat utilising solar thermal energy: economic and thermal analysis of a case study

Sweetmeats are very popular in India; especially those made in West Bengal are extremely delicious and have a rich tradition to back them. This sweetmeat production that was mainly confined to the kitchens of sweet shops and small dealers has now developed into an industry because of its huge popularity with consumers and the consequent demand for it, both in the country and abroad. Unfortunately, the production of Indian sweetmeats is still dependent upon the use of conventional energy and results in a huge consumption of energy. However, since its production does not require high temperature, conventional energy can easily be substituted by solar energy. The use of solar thermal systems by using parabolic concentrators in the production of sweetmeats can be beneficial from many points of view. In this study, conducted in the factory of a processed food manufacturing company, trial runs of the system were made to draw the ultimate conclusion that solar thermal systems can be effectively used in the production of sweetmeats, rosogolla to be specific, without compromising the quality or taste of the product and ensuring the sustainability of a green environment as well. The study also addresses the economic and thermal analysis of the solar concentrating system in terms of substituting the diesel fuel, which is being used in the current production systems.     

国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹的挑战与路径

通过梳理国内外海陆统筹实践进程和政策演变,界定海陆统筹的基本概念与内涵,在国土空间规划背景下,探讨海陆统筹的关键问题和挑战,并进一步提出海陆统筹的优化路径。研究表明：（1）海陆统筹是一种“流”空间理论思维下面向全域全要素的开发保护战略,通过统一筹划海陆两大系统的资源要素配置、产业联动、生境共治、空间互联和制度互嵌,促进沿海地区协同高效发展,提升生产、生活和生态空间品质。（2）国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹面临的主要问题与挑战包括：海陆空间边界不明晰、海陆经济系统不协调、海陆资源开发与生境保护不统一和海陆空间规划体系不兼容。（3）针对现状问题与挑战,基于空间、经济、生态和管治四个维度,构建全域全要素、分级、分功能的统筹优化路径,以期为沿海地区的海陆协调发展提供借鉴。     

区块链如何推动制造业绿色发展？——基于环保重点城市的准自然实验

通过构造不同所有制企业应用区块链技术情形下的目标函数与行为动机模型,分析区块链发展水平对制造业数字化全要素生产率的作用机制,并以区块链产业兴起为准自然实验,利用双重差分法基于2003~2017年我国93个环保重点城市的面板数据系统评估区块链技术对制造业绿色发展的影响.研究表明,区块链的应用能够倒逼企业实现以效率提高为特征的绿色转型,二氧化硫排放量和治污成本分别降低26%和17%,并且在使用了工具变量、三重差分、PSM-DID、安慰剂等多种方法进行检验后结论依然稳健.此外,中介效应分析显示当前阶段绿色技术创新对制造业绿色发展的促进作用优于数字化全要素生产率和能源利用效率.最后,基于企业所有权特征的异质性分析显示国有区块链企业在促进制造业绿色转型中的表现优于非国有企业,而基于城市特征的异质性分析发现区块链企业对二产占比高和单位GDP能耗高的城市制造业转型促进效应更强.本文丰富了区块链应用与实体经济发展领域内的理论研究,有助于更全面的认识数字经济影响我国制造业绿色发展的作用机制,为更加科学与精准制定区块链发展战略提供了政策启示.     

Does environmental information overcome practice compartmentalisation and change consumers' behaviours?

This paper questions the long-held paradigm of consumers' rationality as well as its corresponding policy tool, the supply of information. Theoretical considerations as well as empirical evidence from a research on residential energy consumption in Belgium show that both environmental information – namely on climate change – and customised advice to save energy at home are neither just taken in as such by consumers nor translated into corresponding practices. In consumerist societies, practice compartmentalisation and moods are indeed normalised mechanisms for not adopting ‘green’ lifestyles that would threaten social normality as defined in valued networks.     

面向国土空间规划实施监督的监测评估预警模型体系研究

国土空间规划监测评估预警是监督规划实施管理、保障规划实施成效的重要手段,也是实现“可感知、能学习、善治理、自适应”智慧规划转型的关键支撑。针对当前国土空间规划监测评估预警研究重机制、轻理论,以及缺乏一套科学可用的监测评估预警技术方法支撑的不足,在系统分析国土空间规划监测评估预警目标与内涵的基础上,构建以人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）、大数据（Big Data）、云计算（Cloud Computing）等新型信息技术(“ABC”技术）为支撑,覆盖国土空间规划“监测—评估—预警”业务全生命周期的应用模型体系,并结合信息系统建设案例,介绍了基于“ABC”技术的国土空间规划监测评估预警模型体系对实现各地国土空间规划“动态监测、精准评估、及时预警”的重要支撑作用。     

Advancing urban ecosystem governance in Rotterdam: From experimenting and evidence gathering to new ways for integrated planning

To improve quality of life as well as the adaptive capacity in the city of Rotterdam over the past 15 years there has been a lot of focus on improving green infrastructure and finding new ways for integrated planning. As many cities face similar challenges they are looking for novel approaches in urban ecosystem governance. The Rotterdam case can be an interesting example but can also reveal new questions to be researched.Before local policies and projects where developed a regional and urban green blue vision of how to improve overall quality of life using green infrastructure were developed. This provided policy frameworks for politicians, policymakers and other actors. Later on the same was done with Urban Waterplan 2, using the Rotterdam Watercity 2030 vision document as a basis. This vision was the result of a stakeholder based planning process which was made for the International Architecture Biennale 2005. Within these frameworks many interesting projects have been built and tested in the city and city region; ranging from a) a roof park over a railway yard to connect neighbourhoods to the waterfront, to b) water squares and c) digging new waterways with connected walking and biking routes. To go from projects to an overall implementation at city level required tools and approaches for better decision making. For the ‘Dakpark’ project as well as for the Zomerhofkwartier, the first climate proof neighbourhood in the city, stakeholder sessions were held and plans were drawn together with urban planners and landscape architects. To feed these processes even better and to know what would be an optimal solution for certain challenges, city data were studied and linked to scalable GIS mapping in the ‘smart city planner’. This tool gives the decision maker the possibility to quickly have an overview of an area and can be used in a stakeholder process to provide relevant additional information and to define joint projects. The tool makes it possible to do this for all 90 neighbourhoods in the city.Overall the urban ecosystem governance in the city of Rotterdam has – with trial and error- lead to a series of innovative projects. The next steps are acceleration and scaling up to city and regional level. Valuing the crucial role of green blue infrastructure for several aspects of the quality of life in cities are paramount.     

Smooth surface fabrication in mask projection based stereolithography

The surface finish is critical for applications such as optics, micro-fluid flow and mechanical assembly, in which optical lenses, fluidic channels and rotating components are all required to be smooth. However, the stair-stepping effect is well known in the layer-based additive manufacturing processes, in which a three-dimensional model is approximated by a set of two-dimensional layers. Consequently the fabricated surfaces have poor surface finishes especially those that are close to the horizontal plane. In this paper, a novel approach for achieving improved surface finish is presented for the mask-image-projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) process. Theoretical models and parameter characterization are presented for the developed methods. Accordingly, the process planning and calibration approaches for fabricating smooth up-facing surfaces in the MIP-SL process have been developed. Multiple test cases based on various types of curved surfaces have been performed. A comparison of the build results based on the traditional and the newly developed approaches illustrates the effectiveness of our method.     

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

The utilisation of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace is a well established recycling process to cope with the enormous amounts of ferrous residues in the iron and steel industry. The further input flows of this process, that is especially coke and fluxes, as well as its output flows, that is pig iron and by-products, are highly dependent on the blending of the ferrous wastes while they differ highly in the revenues gained for the treatment and their chemical composition. So far, no planning approach exists for the blending of the residues on the operational planning level that models the dependency of the costs and revenues on the raw material blend and the thermodynamic reactions in the recycling processes adequately. Therefore we present an approach for this operational production planning problem focusing on an integration of such a sufficiently detailed modelling of the underlying metallurgical processes into the planning model. The basis of our approach is a thermodynamic simulation of the processes. From this simulation we derive linear input-output functions for the relevant material and energy flows by using multiple linear regression. These input–output functions form the core of our blending model developed for the planning task. The model is implemented as an integrated decision support system. Exemplary application results are given. These results validate the approach and show that ecological the economic optimisation leads also to results which are advantageous in terms of resource efficiency and emission reduction. Though developed for a specific recycling process, the methodology can be transferred to other metallurgical (recycling) processes, as well as other parts of the process industries, and is therefore of high relevance.     

A methodology for the life cycle and sustainability analysis of manufacturing processes

Life cycle assessment is emerging as a powerful tool in the evaluation of the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. This paper describes a general methodology for the life cycle analysis of manufacturing processes taking into account the flexibility and decision-making potential of knowledge base systems. Emphasis is placed on on-site waste minimisation and associated sustainability characteristics in relation to environmental impact assessment and process improvement. The ensuing software model is applied with some success to an initial study of pulp and paper manufacture.     

基于可拓物元模型的绿色制造评价体系研究

在对可拓物元评价方法在绿色制造评价适用性分析的基础之上,根据绿色制造模式区别于传统制造模式的特征,构建了基于可拓物元理论的评价模型,其中关联函数的构造更能符合评价指标的性质和取值特征,且易于通过计算机编程实现计算,从而实现了对企业绿色制造水平的全面、客观、真实的评价。     

Multi-level energy analysis of emerging technologies: a case study in new materials for lithium ion batteries

A range of new nanomaterials to replace the active materials in lithium ion batteries are currently being studied and employed in an attempt to overcome various performance limitations of previous technologies. Nanomaterial production and manufacturing techniques appear to fit into a general trend towards more energy intensive production methods for high-tech goods. This does not necessarily imply an increase in lifecycle energy use; artefacts that consume or transform energy during use could possibly regain this increased initial input via increased efficiency in use. In particular, this paper highlights that larger gains could be possible if the artefact in question allows a given service to be provided via an alternative and more efficient system entirely.The lifecycle energy efficiencies of lithium ion batteries constructed from several new advanced materials are analysed with several different system boundaries. Although nanomaterials require more energy input to produce, the implications of nanomaterials for energy flows in the use phase (i.e. driving), and higher levels such as the architecture of future transport fuel production systems are much larger in magnitude than the initial lifecycle inputs for producing the materials in question.     

An inter-sectoral comparison of green supply chain management in China: Drivers and practices

The issue of green supply chain management (GSCM) has received increased attention in recent years among manufacturing practice and research. Yet, the corporate and environmental manufacturing issues in developing countries have not been as well investigated. This paper compares drivers and practices of GSCM in one developing country, China, focusing on three typical sectors, the automobile industry, the thermal power plants and the electronic/electrical industry. We sought to determine where the differences occur and which industries are further along. This study indicates that Chinese companies in different industries have differing drivers and practices. We tend to confirm that globalization and China's entry into the world trade organization have helped promote GSCM practices in manufacturing enterprises.