北方干旱地区非正规垃圾填埋场堆体特征及环境影响分析

填埋是我国垃圾处理的主要途径。处于不同气候条件的垃圾堆体对周边环境影响程度不同,在治理过程中要充分考虑填埋场特征选择适宜的污染防治及修复措施。以北方干旱地区典型非正规垃圾填埋场为研究对象,通过垃圾堆体理化性质、填埋气组成以及微生物群落结构的检测分析,研究干旱条件下垃圾堆体的特性。结果表明:场内垃圾呈弱碱性,有机质浓度为5.9%~17.4%,含水率为5.4%~7.8%;填埋气组成与准好氧填埋场相近,垃圾堆体中有机质浓度对CH₄、CO₂和CO生成量起到决定性作用;堆体内优势降解菌为Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)、Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)以及Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门),物种丰度与垃圾降解进程及有机质浓度密切相关;在北方干旱地区垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生量小,堆体对周边环境影响较小;对于有机质浓度低于20%,pH呈弱碱性的垃圾堆体,在制定封场方案时可因地制宜地采用简易覆盖方式进行差异化治理修复。     

炭黑工业烟气余热的回收及利用

本文研究油炉法炭黑生产过程烟气余热的回收及利用．研究表明，采用余热锅炉串联多级空气预热器，是目前我国炭黑烟气余热回收及利用的最佳方法．采用这种方法，不仅可将高温炭黑烟气的余热最大限度地回收及利用，同时可满足炭黑收集及净化系统设备对炭黑烟气温度的要求．采用这种方法，炭黑烟气余热利用率可提高２０％以上，经济效益十分可观．     

动力风泵房循环水余热回收方案设计

介绍了动力风泵房每年有大量的工业余热为没经过处理直接排放,造成能源的浪费,以及其解决的思路:利用水源热泵吸收动力风泵房中产生的余热来加热水源,变成洗浴用水,从而达到节能减排的目的.     

Partitioning of resources in production: an empirical analysis

Industrial economies ingest materials, energy and information to produce goods and services and excrete wastes and emissions. Wastes can be minimized and the relative amounts of resources, which go into goods and services, as opposed to waste, are essential to clean production and to the sustainability of the production system. A regression model based on empirical data is presented that provides a partition coefficient expressing the ratio of energy (or material) resources invested in goods to energy going to waste. Partition coefficients are developed for five countries and are shown to be related to GDP, energy and material consumption and energy and waste intensities. Higher partition coefficients mean higher productivity and lower energy, waste and material intensities. In addition, energy use/capita and pollution/capita is lower. The price of energy to the industrial sector is related to the partition coefficient. The policy implications are that partitioning of resources to goods should be maximized and waste minimized for economic as well as environmental reasons.     

Co-production of heat and power: an anchor tenant of a regional industrial ecosystem

The resource basis of industrial energy production is still, to a large extent, in non-renewable fossil fuels, the use of which creates emissions that the ecosystem has difficulty in tolerating. The goal of industrial ecology is to substitute the non-renewable stocks with renewable flows. In this paper, a regional industrial ecosystem that relies on a power plant as its key organisation, as an anchor tenant, is considered in the context of energy production and consumption. The co-production method of heat and electricity (CHP, co-production of heat and power) is implemented in the local power plant. This method uses the waste energy from electricity production for district heat and industrial heat/steam. The fuel basis in a CHP plant can include heterogeneous waste fuels. The method has been applied, to a large extent, in only three countries in the world; Denmark, The Netherlands and Finland. Examples of CHP-based industrial ecosystems from Finland are considered. CHP is reflected upon from the viewpoint of industrial ecosystem principles.     

氨碱行业工业固废循环经济活动开展情况分析与探讨

以青岛碱业股份有限公司为例,分析了氨碱行业工业固废的产生源、废物性质、危害特征与资源化特征．分析公司针对行业固废开展的循环经济活动、废物流向,对固废资源化技术的经济、技术可行性及环境风险性进行了探讨。     

工业固体废物的焚烧处理——实例研究

以天津经济技术开发区工业固体废物的处理为例,分析讨论了焚烧技术在处理工业固体废物中的应用。研究结果表明,选择回转窑焚烧炉对开发区的工业固体废物进行焚烧处理是合理的,可较好地实现工业废物的减量化、无害化的目标以及废物处理资源化的目标。      

十屋联合站发电机组烟气余热利用技术研究

通过对中国石化东北油气分公司十屋联合站发电机组现状的分析,研究针对该联合站发电机组烟气余热利用的设计和工作原理,设计出一套合理的余热回收装置,并通过研究发电机组高温烟气余热利用的途径和经济效益,进一步探讨发电机组烟气余热利用的实践意义。     

工业废水减量化

废物的减量化正日益得到世界各国的重视，被视作是可持续发展的一个重要方面。废物减量化，不仅可使环境得以保护，同时还带来了其他一些益处。该文从发达国家的现代化企业如何进行废水减量化淡起，从而看出企业内部通过环境管理可以既减少排污又提高经济效益的实际效果。     

陕西省环境库兹涅茨曲线分析与预测

根据陕西省1989~2008年统计年鉴中工业总产值和工业三废、工业二氧化硫以及烟尘排放量的数据,建立陕西省环境库兹涅茨曲线,并对其变化原因进行了分析。结果表明,陕西省工业固废与工业废水总体上符合传统的倒"U"型曲线,但经过转折点后下降趋势不是很明显;而工业废气和工业二氧化硫呈现直线式上升,烟尘排放量最符合典型的"倒U"曲线。文章最后对经济和环境的相关指标进行了预测并提出了一些建议。     

设施番茄生产系统的环境影响生命周期评价

应用生命周期评价方法,以陕西省西安市郊区为例,对设施番茄生产系统进行了环境影响评价.结果表明,日光温室和塑料大棚生产1000kg番茄消耗的能源和水资源分别是1740.58 MJ、50.767 m3和1502.346 MJ、53.734 m3;全球变暖潜值(以CO2当量计)、环境酸化潜值(以SO2当量计)、富营养化潜值(以PO3-4当量计)、光化学烟雾潜值(以C2H2当量计)、土壤毒性(以1,4-DCB当量计)、水体毒性(以1,4-DCB当量计)和人类毒性潜值(以1,4-DCB计)分别为271.943 kg、2.151 kg、0.247 kg、0.157 kg、24.217 kg、19.545 kg、0.124 kg和239.163 kg、1.88 kg、0.305 kg、0.109 kg、31.686 kg、19.7 kg、0.304 kg.设施构筑物自身建设和维护带来的主要潜在环境影响是能源耗竭、全球变暖和环境酸化;番茄种植环节引起的主要潜在环境影响是水资源耗竭、富营养化、全球变暖、土壤毒性和水体毒性;农资生产环节的主要潜在环境影响是能源耗竭.设施番茄生产系统中对环境影响大的建材和农资是钢材、聚乙烯材料、氮肥、农药和含过量重金属的有机肥.设施番茄生产系统对环境的影响不容忽视,应展开以降低其环境影响为目标的设施结构与建材、温室内气候条件调控、合理施肥和施药的研究,并对采取的技术方法进行生命周期评价,以确保设施蔬菜的可持续发展.研究结果可为促进设施蔬菜生产系统的可持续发展提供科学依据.     

Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

Assessment of tomato Mediterranean production in open-field and standard multi-tunnel greenhouse,with compost or mineral fertilizers,from an agricultural and environmental standpoint

This study presents detailed and comprehensive inventories on the horticultural production of tomato using compost (CM) or mineral fertilizers (M), in both open-fields (OF) and greenhouses (GH), providing information on the environmental impacts and assessing the agronomic viability of the four cultivation options. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to calculate the potential environmental impacts of the tomato production cycle per ton of product. The stages in the assessment included: mineral and organic fertilizers production, fertilizers transport, cultivation stage and greenhouse stage. The data were obtained experimentally in pilot fields and in an industrial composting facility using municipal organic waste, both located in the Mediterranean area. The results indicate that replacing a fraction of the mineral fertilizers dosage with compost is a good option, as this did not alter yield or fruit size parameters. Greenhouse protection increased infrastructure materials requirements but enhanced harvest by almost 50% and reduced the water and pesticides requirement. Compost production and greenhouse stages were the most impacting stages. Without subtracting the avoided burdens by composting and not dumping organic waste, the cultivation option OF_M had the lowest and OF_CM the highest impact. When avoided burdens were taken into consideration, the environmental impacts of the four cultivation options varied, depending on the impact category, with bigger differences due to fertilization as a variable rather than the production system.     

区域循环工业发展评价指标体系的构建及应用

依据循环工业基本原理及Delphi方法,构建了包括资源利用效率、污染减量排放、资源循环利用、经济效益和科技水平在内的区域循环工业发展评价指标体系,并通过运用AHP(层次分析法)模型,测算了指标权重。据此,以南京市为例,评价了1996~2003年间南京市循环工业发展的状况,结果表明,自1996年以来,南京市循环工业发展水平不断提高,但是自2000年以来,在南京市工业经济效益不断增长的同时,资源利用效率、污染减量排放、资源循环利用、科技水平等指标增长缓慢,乃至出现波动性下降的状况,为此文章提出了相关政策建议。     

Hedonic analysis of hazardous waste sites in the presence of other urban disamenities

Hedonic research indicates that residential property values are reduced by increased proximity to hazardous waste sites, a measure of diminished environmental quality. Standard hedonic procedures measure proximity by the linear distance between a property and a waste site of interest. A sample of properties is then used to estimate a distance-to-site coefficient that measures the effect of the hazardous waste site on surrounding property values. These estimates can help policy makers assess the external effects of hazardous waste sites and may also be useful in both prioritizing and assessing the benefits of cleanup. In an urban situation, hazardous waste sites are often located near other industrial disamenities such as railroads, storage tanks, industrial noises, and air pollution. This spatial grouping of hazards may be due to economic forces or due to policy instruments such as zoning. As a result, distance to hazardous waste site may be correlated with distances to other industrial disamenities. Standard hedonic procedures that use a distance-to-site variable may suffer from omitted variable bias when the bundled industrial disamenities are present but ignored. Our empirical analysis examines this bias by assessing hedonic regressions with and without a measure that accounts for industrial activity.     

炭黑尾气中可燃气态污染物的净化及余热利用

研究炭黑生产尾气中可燃气态污染物CO、H₂及CH₄等的净化及其余热利用。研究结果表明,采用直接燃烧法,不仅可将炭黑尾气中可燃气态污染物转化为无害的物质CO₂和H_2,O,并可回收利用燃烧热,使炭黑生产余热利用率提高40％以上。直接燃烧装置可采用低热值尾气余热锅炉,并配置发电机组,即炭黑尾气发电。经济技术评价表明,采用直接燃烧法和炭黑尾气发电,其经济效益和环境效益十分可观。     

上海市工业固体废物处理处置现状分析

详细分析了上海市一般工业固体废物及工业危险废物的产生及处理处置现状,提出:一般工业固废主要以资源化利用为主,危废处置企业实行末位淘汰,实现清洁生产;加强国家提倡的"三位一体"综合处理项目建设,实现集中处理、集中监管,降低运营成本;加强工业危废产生企业申报登记及转移的网络信息化管理,杜绝监管盲区。     

基于 分析的余热发电对水泥熟料生产能源利用率影响评价

本文研究水泥熟料生产过程中各个生产系统的效率,并对余热发电前后每个系统的效率进行分析对比,从而得出各个系统的资源能源利用程度以及余热发电工程对每个系统能量利用率的影响,诊断水泥熟料生产过程的损失发生位置并发现系统的节能和余热回收利用的潜力,为管理者实施节能降耗的方案提供技术支持.研究表明,实施余热发电工程前,水泥熟料生产的原料制备系统、煤粉制备系统、回转窑系统的效率分别为4.5%、1.4%和33.7%;实施余热发电工程后,效率分别为7.8%、2.8%和38.1%.余热发电工程可回收回转窑系统总投入的3.7%,同时使原料制备系统、煤粉制备系统、回转窑系统的效率分别提高3.3%、1.4%和4.3%.     

Sustainable recovery of nickel from spent hydrogenation catalyst: economics, emissions and wastes assessment

Economic viability, carbon emission profile and waste management associated with nickel recovery from spent hydrogenation catalysts are studied from sustainability perspectives. The purpose is to determine and compare the economic, environmental and social implications of different nickel reclamation techniques towards clean, safe and sustainable recovery of nickel from spent catalysts. Sustainability evaluation models are formulated to understand and improve the cost, carbon footprint and resource efficiency of a closed-loop nickel recovery process. The economic viability of the process highly depends on market values of recovered nickel and the production batch size. At a selling price higher than $12.60/kg, an operation with a batch size as small as 50 kg/batch would be profitable. The current rising nickel market, at ∼$18-24/kg, favors recovery operations although it also casts a dual effect on production costs. About 73-82% of carbon emission of the process is from the use of energy in the recovery operation. Energy efficiency is therefore identified as the most critical factor to improve the carbon footprint. The closed-loop process also improves resource use efficiency and minimizes toxic waste generation.     

水泥行业环境影响评价低碳技术选择与应用

水泥行业是主要的耗能行业和CO₂排放大户之一,在水泥行业环境影响评价中进行碳排放评价并推荐选择合适的低碳技术十分重要。分析了水泥生产过程的产碳环节,整理了各工艺环节国内外出现的低碳技术,通过建立水泥行业低碳技术评价指标体系,结合实际调研数据,评价了湖南省水泥代表性企业所应用的15项低碳技术,为水泥行业环境影响评价中碳排放控制技术的选择与应用提供参考。结果显示：从低碳效果来看,建设能源管理中心、纯低温余热发电技术、高固气比水泥悬浮预分解技术、助磨剂的使用等得分高;从技术成熟度、技术普适性来看,纯低温余热发电技术、辊压机粉磨系统、高压变频节能改造、助磨剂的使用等得分高;从经济评价指标来看,纯低温余热发电技术、水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾、高固气比水泥悬浮预分解技术、建设能源管理中心得分较高。综合排名靠前的技术以能源综合利用类和节能过程控制技术为主,包括纯低温余热发电技术、建设能源管理中心、高固气比水泥悬浮预热分解技术等,是环境影响评价中重点推荐的技术。