稀脉萍对水中甲基橙的毒害响应及去除研究

用甲基橙作为胁迫因子,研究了甲基橙对稀脉萍叶片过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量的影响,并采用稀脉萍去除甲基橙。结果表明：随着甲基橙浓度的增加,过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,当甲基橙浓度为140mg／L时,过氧化物酶活性达到最高值。当甲基橙浓度＞100mg／L,可溶性蛋白含量急速下降。叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b比值均随甲基橙浓度的升高而降低。当甲基橙浓度为20 mg／L时,稀脉萍对甲基橙的去除需经10 d的延滞期,24 d后去除率达89.6％。     

铅(Pb)的神经毒性的国外研究概述

根据国外有关文献,综合概述了人体铅负荷的评估方法,Pb的神经毒性的神经心理学研究和美、英、德、澳等国家人群群体研究的一些成果,并简介了Pb对神经系统影响的可能的生物化学机理。     

Pb(Ⅱ)对海洋浮游植物粒径的影响

采用一次培养实验方法,研究了Pb(Ⅱ)对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、亚心形扁藻(Platymoaas subcordiforus)、中肋骨条藻[Skeletonema costatuma(Greville)Cleve]和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)和裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)等6种海洋浮游植物粒径的影响。应用统计软件(Origin 7．0)拟合出6种浮游植物的中值粒径,作出粒径随时间、Pb(Ⅱ)浓度变化的分布图,描述了6种浮游植物在不同的Pb(Ⅱ)浓度下,生长周期内粒径的变化。     

羧基甲壳素对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及机理研究

为了提高甲壳素对Pb²⁺吸附性能,采用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧基（TEMPO）/次氯酸钠（NaClO）/溴化钠（NaBr）氧化体系对甲壳素羧基化改性.采用FTIR、Solid ¹³C-NMR、XRD和SEM-EDX等对羧基甲壳素结构和形貌进行表征,考察了不同NaClO用量制备的羧基甲壳素、溶液pH值、Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度、吸附时间和离子强度对吸附量的影响,利用XPS探究其吸附机理.结果表明,氧化改性不改变甲壳素的晶型,羧基出现在甲壳素晶体表面;NaClO用量和溶液pH值对吸附量影响显著,pH值为4.0~6.0,NaClO用量为30mL制备的羧基甲壳素吸附效果好,60min达到平衡,室温下饱和吸附量达233.64mg/g;吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附机理包括静电作用、络合配位和离子交换.     

重金属Pb(Ⅱ)污染原水的应急处理工艺研究

采用2种常用混凝剂--聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和聚氯化铝(PACl),以水中Pb(II)浓度突增为背景,研究了混凝剂投加量、目标物初始浓度以及调节pH值和高锰酸钾(KMnO4)预氧化等措施对混凝除Pb(II)效果的影响,同时比较了粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附 混凝和硅藻土吸附 混凝等工艺对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.结果表明,单独投加混凝剂时,投加PFS对Ph(Ⅱ)的去除效果优于投加PACI.2种混凝剂的投加量为10 mg/L时,对Ph(Ⅱ)的去除效果基本达到最好水平,并且Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度对混凝效果影响最小.在此投加量下调节pH值到9,2种混凝剂对应Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率都在95%以上.KMn04预氧化只在以PACI为混凝剂时对除Pb(Ⅱ)起到一定促进作用.以PFs为混凝剂时,投加10 mg/L的PAC或投加25 mg/L的硅藻土会取得相同的除Pb(Ⅱ)效果,即水中Pb(11)浓度从402 μg/L降至10 μg/L以下;而混凝剂为PACl时,活性炭投加量为20 mg/L或硅藻土投加量为50 mg/L时,水中剩余Ph(Ⅱ)的浓度也可以达标;通过硅藻土与KMnO4联用试验发现,高锰酸钾氧化会削弱硅藻土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附作用.综合考虑得出,硅藻土吸附 混凝才是原水应急除Pb(Ⅱ)简单、经济和有效的方法.     

农地土壤重金属Pb和Cd有效性测定方法的筛选与评价

作物重金属累积主要受土壤中重金属有效性的制约,由于土壤种类和污染特征的差异,目前尚无公认的有效态测定方法.为筛选建立适宜土壤铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)有效性评价的方法,本文选择重庆市4种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤:酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性黄壤和钙质紫色土,系统比较了氯化钙(CaCl2)、醋酸铵(NH4OAc)、盐酸(...     

植物根际分泌有机酸对生物炭吸附Pb (Ⅱ)的影响

本研究采用室内模拟实验的方法,考察了生物炭（热解温度200,300,400,500℃）对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附行为,并以草酸和柠檬酸为代表,探讨有机酸对生物炭吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的影响.结果表明：Langmuir模型较Freundlich模型更适合于对两类生物炭（花生壳生物炭、松木生物炭）吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的数据进行拟合,200℃制备的花生壳生物炭对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附容量最大;生物炭吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的过程为自发过程,且花生壳生物炭强于松木生物炭,低温生物炭强于高温生物炭;柠檬酸浓度为2.60×10^-2mmol/L及草酸浓度为7.65×10^-2mmol/L以下时,其在生物炭表面的吸附为Pb（Ⅱ）提供了更多的吸附位点,从而促进了Pb（Ⅱ）吸附;有机酸浓度增大以后,占据生物炭的内部孔隙,竞争重金属吸附位点,从而抑制了Pb（Ⅱ）在生物炭上的吸附.本研究将为系统认识生物炭的环境效应提供重要的基础信息,有助于全面评估有机酸影响下生物炭在环境修复中的功能.     

混合金属氧化物/碳复合材料的制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

由金属离子及其类似物可控合成的层状双金属氢氧化物具有丰富的层间离子和表面官能团,因而在吸附方面得到了广泛研究,但吸附-脱附应用方式会对环境造成二次污染.将吸附刚果红的层状双金属氢氧化物通过煅烧碳化制备混合金属氧化物/碳复合材料,详细研究了对水溶液中重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能.结果表明,混合金属氧化物/碳复合材料对Pb(Ⅱ)具有较快的吸附速率和较高的吸附容量.30 min内吸附量即可达到150 mg·g^-1以上,同时,其吸附量随层状双金属氢氧化物中引入Mg²⁺含量的增加而增加,最大达到368 mg·g^-1.混合金属氧化物/碳复合材料对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除机制主要是表面诱导生成难溶物Pb₃(CO3)₂(OH)₂.研究结果为混合金属氧化物/碳复合材料对含铅土壤的修复奠定了应用基础.     

光老化对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯基可降解微塑料吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制

微塑料可以在水中吸附重金属并作为载体共同迁移,且微塑料会在水中受光照而老化,影响其吸附能力和吸附机制.本研究通过XRD、FTIR、SEM/EDS等分析手段对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯基可降解微塑料(PBS-MPs)进行了表征,探究了光老化过程对PBS-MPs吸附水中Pb(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制.结果表明,光老化能增加PBS-MPs表面亲水性含氧基团及活性吸附位点数量,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量从64.13μg·g^-1提升至362.06μg·g^-1;Pb(Ⅱ)在P-PBS上的吸附符合Elovich动力学模型,吸附机制包括表面络合、静电作用和孔填充/扩散作用.光老化会强化可降解微塑料对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附,从而促进Pb(Ⅱ)的迁移,二者共存可对水环境带来更为严重的生态风险.     

不同温度下烧制的秸秆炭对可变电荷土壤吸附 Pb(Ⅱ)的影响

研究了添加花生秸秆炭和稻草炭对2种可变电荷土壤的pH和吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响,结果表明,添加生物质炭使土壤pH提高了1.04～3.00个单位,且土壤pH增加幅度随生物质炭制备温度的升高而增加.等温吸附实验的结果表明,添加生物质炭增加了Pb(Ⅱ)在可变电荷土壤表面的吸附量,当Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度为2 mmol.L-1时,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量提高了12.6%～57.6%.土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随体系pH升高而增加.Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以很好地拟合添加生物质炭后2种土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,且Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,r值均在0.94以上.从Freundlich和Langmuir方程中表征吸附容量的k和Qm结果可以看出,花生秸秆炭促进Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的效果优于稻草炭,400℃下制备的生物质炭促进2种土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的效果优于300℃和500℃下制备的生物质炭.解吸实验结果表明,添加秸秆炭处理土壤表面吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸量高于对照处理,但解吸量远低于吸附量,说明生物质促进土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机制涉及静电吸附和非静电吸附.     

Accelerated degradation of a variety of aromatic compounds by Spirodela polyrrhiza-bacterial associations and contribution of root exudates released from S. polyrrhiza

Removal experiments of phenol,aniline,2,4-dichlorophenol,nonylphenol and bisphenol A(BPA) using Spirodela polyrrhizabacterial associations revealed that all compounds but BPA underwent accelerated removal.The mechanisms differed depending on the substrates.It was found that S.polyrrhiza has a great ability to release phenolic compound-rich root exudates,and the exudates seem to stimulate bacterial degradation of a variety of aromatic compounds.     

Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza: Evaluation of growth parameters, pigment contents and antioxidant enzyme activities

Plants are essential components of all ecosystems and play a critical role in environmental fate of nanoparticles. However, the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles on plants are not well documented. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) are produced worldwide in large quantities for a wide range of purposes. In the present study, the uptake of TiO₂-NPs by the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza and the consequent effects on the plant were evaluated. Initially, structural and morphological characteristics of the used TiO₂-NPs were determined using XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. As a result, an anatase structure with the average crystalline size of 8nm was confirmed for the synthesized TiO₂-NPs. Subsequently, entrance of TiO₂-NP_S to plant roots was verified by fluorescence microscopic images. Activity of a number of antioxidant enzymes, as well as, changes in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents as physiological indices were assessed to investigate the effects of TiO₂-NPs on S. polyrrhiza. The increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs led to the significant decrease in all of the growth parameters and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. The activity of superoxide dismutase enhanced significantly by the increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs. Enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity could be explained as promoting antioxidant system to scavenging the reactive oxygen species. In contrast, the activity of peroxidase was notably decreased in the treated plants. Reduced peroxidase activity could be attributed to either direct effect of these particles on the molecular structure of the enzyme or plant defense system damage due to reactive oxygen species.     

无机氮化合物及pH值对紫背浮萍生长的影响

以紫背浮萍为对象,研究了氨氮、硝酸氮浓度和pH值等对其生长的影响.结果表明,低pH值对紫背浮萍的生长具有抑制作用,紫背浮萍耐受的pH值低限在6左右.高的pH值本身对紫背浮萍生长没有显著影响,但以氨为氮源时,pH值大于7会加剧非离子态氨的解离,从而对紫背浮萍的生长具有明显的抑制作用.紫背浮萍的生长随非离子态氨浓度增加受抑制程度逐渐增加,非离子态氨浓度大于2mg/L时,基本上不能生长.紫背浮萍可以利用硝酸根离子作为氮源,在研究的浓度范围(20～40mg N/L)内硝酸氮对紫背浮萍的生长没有影响.氨氮和硝酸氮浓度的增加可使紫背浮萍鲜叶片的叶绿素含量增加,在相同氮浓度下,氨氮中生长的紫背浮萍的过氧化物酶活性高于硝酸氮中的活性.     

烷基膦酸为载体的液膜中Pb(Ⅱ)的迁移

研究了在以烷基膦酸为载体的液膜中Pb(Ⅱ)的液膜迁移行为.探讨了料液相pH值、温度、载体浓度、金属离子浓度对Pb(Ⅱ)迁移率的影响实验结果表明,Pb(Ⅱ)的迁移率随温度和载体浓度的升高而逐渐增大当外水相pH值控制在2.8～4.0、温度为289K～303K、载体浓度为5.00%～7.00%时,Pb(Ⅱ)即可快速并完全迁移.     

Sequestration of toxic Pb（II） ions by chemically treated rubber （Hevea brasiliensis ） leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder (an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated. The interactions between Pb(II) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentration and contact time were studied. The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4–5. Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, almost 100% of Pb(II) ions (23 mg/L) could be removed. The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time, and relatively a short period of time (60–90 min) was required to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g. Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process, and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.     

低剂量长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙精巢组织关键酶活性的影响

在实验条件下,将健康的性成熟雄性黑斑蛙暴露于0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6mg·L-1的Pb2+溶液中30d,以Ca2+-ATP酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶、β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β-DG)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性为指标,进行了长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙生殖毒性的研究.结果表明:随着铅染毒剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性被诱导,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶活性被抑制,当Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的抑制程度超过Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶的代偿机制时,会抑制精子的发生,进而导致雄性生殖毒性;在1.6mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,ACP酶被显著抑制,提示支持细胞受损,精子总数受到影响;在0.4mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,LDH酶被显著抑制,提示生精细胞受损,精子质量受到影响.     

腐殖酸以及共存阳离子对膨润土吸附废水中铅离子的影响

研究了钠基膨润土的理化性质及其对水中铅离子的吸附作用,考查了pH值、共存阳离子浓度、腐殖酸浓度对铅离子吸附的影响,结果表明,钠基膨润土对水中铅离子有较好的吸附效果.铅离子在膨润土上的吸附量随pH值的升高而增加,随共存阳离子浓度的升高而减少,随腐殖酸浓度的升高而增加.从热力学角度探讨了吸附机理,发现钠基膨润土对铅离子的吸附量随温度升高而增大,并且吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型.计算了相关的吸附热力学函数:△H=0.9594kJ/mol, △S=16.611 3kJ/(mol·K).     

Comparative equilibrium studies of sorption of Pb(II) ions by sodium and calcium alginate

The absorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by di erent alginate compounds was studied in a batch sorption system. Water soluble sodium alginate and insoluble calcium alginate beads were investigated. The lead-binding capacity of both alginate compounds was highest within the pH range 6–8. The binding capacities and rates of Pb(II) ions by alginate compounds were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Bruneaur, Emmet and Teller (BET) sorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Sorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. The results obtained through the study suggest that alginate compounds are favorable sorbents. The largest amount of Pb(II) ions were bound by sodium alginate although the di erence between two compounds was slight. Therefore, alginate substances may be considered as an alternative for sorption and removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.     

Kinetic adsorption of application of carbon nanotubes for Pb（II） removal from aqueous solution

The capability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to adsorb lead (Pb) in aqueous solution was investigated. Batch mode adsorption experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pH, agitation speed, CNTs dosage and contact time. The removal of Pb(II) was reach to maximum value 85% or 83% at pH 5 or 40 mg/L of CNTs, respectively. Higher correlation coefficients from Langmuir isotherm model indicates the strong adsorptions of Pb(II) on the surface of CNTs (adsorption capacity Xm = 102.04 mg/g). From this study, the results indicates that the highest percentage removal of Pb (96.03%) can be achieved at pH 5, 40 mg/L of CNTs, contact time 80 min, and agitation speed 50 r/min.