Potential neoplastic e ects of parathion-methyl on rat liver

The mutagenic and carcinogenic e ects of parathion-methyl were examined by bacterial reverse mutation assay and a long-term experiment with wistar rats. The potential mutagenic e ect of parathion-methyl in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 bacterial cells was observed without rat liver S9 metabolic activation. Parathion-methyl was further investigated for pathological changes in rat pancreas and liver. The long-term rat experiments showed that parathion-methyl exposure for 3 months can cause pathological changes in rat pancreases acinar cells and pancreatic hepatocytes. Atypical acinar cell focuses (AACF) were determined in the liver and pancreas of the rats. The results from short-term Ames test and long-term rat experiments suggested that parathion-methyl would be potential carcinogenic.     

环境汞污染暴露下大鼠肝中一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶的变化

为了探讨汞污染暴露对公众健康的潜在危害,采用清镇化工地区汞污染粮食对大鼠进行暴露试验,研究不同暴露时间节点处大鼠肝中一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的变化,并以市售上海粮食作对照.结果表明,利用汞污染的粮食对大鼠暴露7 d后,大鼠肝中NO含量及NOS活力出现显著升高(p＜0.05).7～30 d暴露与长时间暴露90 d情况相比,肝中NO含量相对稳定.对大鼠肝中汞、硒元素的分析表明,汞、硒元素含量间有相关关系(r=0.9426),表明硒元素对汞的毒性作用有一定影响.长期暴露90 d后,肝中NO含量出现急剧上升,与对照组相比上升200%.同时,体内脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量也出现显著升高(P＜0.05),表明长期暴露引起了机体的氧化损伤.     

氨基脲的毒性效应研究进展

环境及食品中的氨基脲主要来源于硝基呋喃类药物及偶氮二甲酰胺的分解;同时,次氯酸盐与氨基酸的作用也能产生氨基脲. 氨基脲曾在食品动物、玻璃包装食品等多种食品中被检出,近期在我国东营潮河入海口邻近海域也有检出. 早期的研究表明,氨基脲具有致诱变性和潜在的致癌性;而近期的研究表明,氨基脲不仅能够在组织形态学水平上导致多种组织器官的形态改变,而且还可对神经系统、内分泌系统的功能产生影响. 50~150mg/L氨基脲可导致大鼠胎儿肺和肝脏器官内核酸水平显著降低,增加幼年小鼠肺肿瘤发生率;此外,能够显著增加鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率,表现出弱遗传毒性. 氨基脲是GABA合成酶GAD(谷氨酸脱羧酶)的抑制剂,并且对NMDAR(N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸受体)具有拮抗作用,从而产生神经毒性. 氨基脲可致大鼠多个靶组织器官形态结构的改变且具有一定的性别差异,其中,对胸腺及肾上腺的组织学改变仅在雌性中表现出来,而对甲状腺组织结构的改变仅在雄性中表现明显,对生殖器官的毒性表现为其能够改变雌性卵巢和雄性睾丸显微结构. 雌性大鼠口服40、75、140mg/kg氨基脲28d能够降低其血浆内E₂(雌二醇)水平,并且呈剂量-效应关系,表现出抗雌激素效应. 未来应继续补充氨基脲的毒性数据,以揭示其毒性作用机制;同时,应从其衍生物降解规律、环境风险评价等角度进行深入研究.      

兰州市交通要道颗粒物污染状况及其致突变活性的研究

采用现场监测，色－质联用分析以及小鼠骨髓微核试验方法，评价了兰州市交通要道颗粒物的污染状况，分析了颗粒提取物（PE）的有机组成及致突变活性。结果表明，兰州市总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）污染严重。颗粒提取物中含有近100种有机化合物，其中包括致癌性多环芳烃。微核试验显示PE具有致突变活性，对人群健康的影响不容忽视。     

Alterations of endogenous metabolites in urine of rats exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether using metabonomic approaches

There is large usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） especially for decabromodiphenyl ether （BDE-209, Deca-BDE） in controlling the risks of fire. The toxicological effects of PBDEs are worth being concerned about. Female SD rats were daily gavaged with BDE-209 ether at the dose of 100 mg/kg for 20 days. Histological observation was performed for the screening of the target organs for BDE-209 exposure. The distribution and metabolism of PBDEs in the exposed main organs were evidenced by HRGC-HRMS. Alterations of the endogenous metabolite concentrations in urine were investigated using metabonomic approaches based on IH NMR spectrum. Histopathological changes including serious edema in kidney, hepatocellular spotty necrosis and perivasculitis in liver indicated that BDE-209 caused potential influences on endogenous metabolism in the exposed liver and the kidney. BDE-209 was found to be highly accumulated in lipid, ovary, kidney and liver after 20 days＇ exposure. Occurrence of other lower brominated PBDEs in the rats demonstrated that reductive debromination process happened in vivo. Hydroxylated and methoxylated-BDEs, as metabolism products, were also detected in the rat tissues. A total of 12 different endogenous metabolites showed obvious alterations in urine from the exposed rats, indicating the disturbance of the corresponding internal biochemical processes induced by BDE-209 exposure. These findings in vivo suggested the potential health risk might be of concern due to the toxicological effects of BDE-209 as a ubiquitous compound in the environment.     

臭氧降解甲基对硫磷机理研究

研究了臭氧降解甲基对硫磷的效果、机理．鉴定了反应中间产物。实验表明臭氧能有效降解甲基对硫磷。通过分别添加自由基抑制剂碳酸氢钠和叔丁醇,初步探讨了反应机理,在自由基抑制剂存在时,甲基对硫磷的降解率明显降低,表明甲基对硫磷的降解遵循自由基机理。对处理过的水样采用GC,HPLC,UV检测．结果表明有未知中间产物生成,同时发现降解产物的极性增强。通过GC-MS检测鉴定了此未知物质的结构,证实臭氧处理不足时会有毒性中间产物生成。     

Reproductive toxicity of organic extracts from petrochemical plant effluents discharged to the Yangtze River, China

Water pollution of the Yangtze River in China became one of challenges that the government is facing today. Increasing numbers of petrochemical plants were built along the river in past decades, and numbers of organic chemicals were discharged into the river. Our goal was to establish in vitro system on rat sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells and leydig cells to investigate the reproductive toxicity potential induced by organic extracts from petrochemical effluents. Our results showed that the organic extract depressed the viability (p < 0.01) and destroyed the plasma membrane integrity of sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells to a certain degree. Accordingly, proportion of early apoptotic sertoli cells and late apoptotic spermatogenic cells increased significantly. Although significant morphological changes were not detected for leydig cells, the extract was observed to inhibit their testosterone production (p < 0.01). Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells appeared to be more sensitive and maybe the main targets of the key toxins. These results suggested that the in vitro system on rat testicular cells may be useful to predicate reproductive toxicity potential of organic extracts from petrochemical effluents. More attention should be paid to the petrochemical effluents, because long-term accumulation of these organic compounds in organisms may cause spermatogenesis malfunction and testosterone reduction.     

发光细菌对化合物的致突效应与检测研究

从明亮发光杆菌Ｔ３小种分离到的自发暗变种（Ｋ变种）Ｔ９１７１菌种对三种化合物呈致空变阳性反应，对二种化合物呈可疑阳性，发光细菌暗变种对遗传毒性化合物致突效应的灵敏度高于Ａｍｅｓ试验和浦乳动物致癌试验，可望成为一种简易灵敏的测试环境致突变物的短期生物学试验方法。     

甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学研究

研究了挥发时间、温度和气流量对农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发行为的影响.研究结果表明,随着温度升高、气流量增大甲基对硫磷挥发量明显增大,温度和气流量是影响甲基对硫磷挥发的主要因素;挥发时间在0～8 h内甲基对硫磷挥发量的变化较大,8h之后甲基对硫磷的挥发量基本不变化.研究了农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发动力学.建立了甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学模型,模型计算所得的预测值与实测值基本吻合,相对误差≤5%,表明可用该动力学模型来预测甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发行为.     

长期食入抗坏血酸对国产防锈水诱发威斯塔大鼠致癌作用的影响

经40头雄威司塔大鼠长期饮用国产防锈水(含亚硝酸钠、三乙醇胺和聚乙二醇)实验表明,实验动物每天口服约75mg亚硝酸钠,两年后发生以胰腺泡型腺癌(22.5%)为主的恶性肿瘤(32.5%),并有30%的胰腺泡增生及不典型增生。另40头同规格大鼠在上述处理同时每天还经饮用水口服150mg抗坏血酸,两年后胰腺腺泡增生和胰腺癌发生率均有极显著减少,仅占2.5%,实验提示防锈水诱发胰腺癌是由于在体内合成某种亲胰腺腺泡的未知亚硝基化合物,而口服抗坏血酸对接触“防锈水”的金属切削工人可能有良好的防癌作用。     

HepG2细胞对垃圾渗滤液经SND/UF/RO处理前后的毒性评估

垃圾渗滤液含有高浓度难降解毒性污染物及致癌、致诱变和致畸物质,其较为成熟的处理工艺主要有硝化反硝化(SND)、超滤(UF)和反渗透(RO)等.目前,关于SND/UF/RO技术对渗滤液处理前后的毒性降低情况尤其与细胞凋亡相关的研究较缺乏,故本文选用HepG2细胞为评价对象,研究经SND/UF/RO处理前后垃圾渗滤液的细胞...     

强烈的环境诱变剂—平阳霉素

本文报道了抗癌新药,平阳霉素(Pingyangmycin简称PYM)诱发染色体畸变的效果。试验结果证明以极低浓度的PYM处理蚕豆幼根,即可引起大量染色体畸变,其诱变频率超过较高浓度的强诱变剂乙烯亚胺(EI)。显然该药应属于强诱变剂。     

利用流式细胞术研究鞘氨醇单胞菌GY2B降解菲过程中细菌表面特性的变化

微生物与污染物接触是生物降解的第一步,为进一步了解降解过程中有机污染物对降解菌的影响,通过对不同条件下鞘氨醇单胞菌GY2B(Sphingomonas sp.GY2B)降解菲的研究,并结合Propidium Iodide(PI)染料和流式细胞仪分析不同底物及污染物浓度对GY2B菌体细胞表面性质的影响.结果表明,随着菲的降解,PI染色的GY2B菌株细胞增多,说明细菌膜结构受到一定的破坏,通透性不断增强.污染物浓度越高,降解菌的膜完整性的破坏越为严重.60 h时,300 mg·L-1浓度条件下,染色细胞/未被染色细胞的比值可达12.44,而在100 mg·L-1和1.2 mg·L-1浓度条件下,比值分别为1.95和1.11.同时降解过程中细菌细胞的傅里叶红外光谱检测,死亡、受损和完整细胞的区分以及Zeta电位分析也进一步验证了细菌细胞表面性质的改变.利用流式细胞术与染料结合分析降解过程中细菌细胞膜完整性的变化,从单细胞水平上了解细菌降解污染物过程中其细胞表面性质的改变,有助于更好地研究GY2B对菲的降解机制.     

长期覆膜条件下农田土壤微生物群落的响应特征

地膜覆盖是农业生产中保障粮食增产增收的重要措施.为明确长期地膜覆盖对农田土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响,采集4个不同覆膜年限的农田土壤,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构变化,探讨长期覆膜农田土壤中微生物群落的变化及其对微生物生态环境效应的影响.结果表明,长期覆膜对土壤细菌多样性无显著影响,但降低真菌多样性;长期覆膜使土壤细菌酸杆菌（Acidobacteriota）和真菌被孢霉菌（Mortierellomycetes）物种丰度降低,增加土壤放线菌（Actinobacteriota）物种丰度.长期覆膜可以使土壤富集细菌中的芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）和类诺卡氏菌（Nocardioidaceae）,及真菌中的肉座菌目（Hypocreales）和曲霉菌（Aspergillus）等有益微生物菌群.然而长期覆膜使土壤真菌共生网络变得简单而脆弱,其关键物种仅有子囊菌门中的粪壳菌目（Sordariales）中的未知菌属一种,因此对农田土壤生态环境带来潜在风险.本研究为深化了解长期覆膜对农田微生物生态环境效应的影响提供理论依据.     

Improved preparation and identification of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts by solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acid (AA) is a known nephrotoxin and potential carcinogen, which can form covalent DNA adducts after metabolic activation in vivo and in vitro. A simple method for preparation and characterization of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts was developed. Four AA-adducts were synthesized by a direct reaction of AAI/AAII with 2’-deoxynucleosides. The reaction mixture was first cleaned-up and pre-concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE), and further purified by a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By the application of developed SPE procedure, matrices and byproducts in reaction mixture could be greatly reduced and adducts of high purity (more than 94% as indicated by HPLC) were obtained. The purified AA-DNA adducts were identified and characterized with liquid-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and LC-Diode array detector-fluorescence (LC-DAD-FL) analysis. This work provides a robust tool for possible large-scale preparation of AA-DNA adduct standards, which can promote the further studies on carcinogenic and mutagenic mechanism of aristolochic acids.     

国产防锈水对威斯塔大鼠致癌性研究

对使用国产防锈水(主要成分为亚硝酸钠和三乙醇胺)的一个工厂进行肿瘤流行病学调查,发现该厂人员恶性肿瘤发病率略有增加。经长期给大白鼠饮用防锈水实验证明,该法可导致大鼠胰腺腺泡增生和不典型增生并能诱发出对照动物所没有的胰腺癌,同时还可引起胃粘膜的增生和胃乳头状瘤。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯致OVA致敏大鼠哮喘样病理学改变

全球哮喘患者人数众多,而且这一数字仍在不断增长.近年来大家把目光聚焦到人造化学物质与哮喘增加的关系上.邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)是现代社会一种常见的污染物,在室内环境中也有广泛的存在.本研究通过建立卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏的大鼠哮喘模型,来探讨DEHP对哮喘的影响.将Wistar大鼠随机分为6组,分别为生理盐水对照和两种浓度(0.5mg·m-3和5mg·m-3)的DEHP染毒的无OVA致敏组,以及这三者对应的OVA致敏组.行肺部滴注法对大鼠进行染毒,每天1次,染毒剂量相当于在0.5mg·m-3和5mg·m-3浓度的DEHP中暴露8h.处理后的大鼠通过肺功能检测,ELISA检测肺组织细胞因子和肺组织切片等方法研究其哮喘症状.结果显示DEHP染毒的OVA致敏组具有更显著的哮喘症状.     

磷石膏浸出液对斑马鱼的急性毒性及氧化应激损伤

以斑马鱼（Danio rerio）为受试鱼种,研究了磷石膏浸出液对水生生物的急性毒性及亚致死浓度下对斑马鱼肝脏、肌肉和鳃中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和丙二醛（MDA）的影响,以及96 h后肝脏和鳃组织病理变化.结果表明,磷石膏浸出液中总磷、氟化物和Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg浓度超出地表水V类水标准,其对斑马鱼的毒性较强,96 h半数致死浓度（LC₅₀）为6.5%（体积分数）.慢性毒性实验显示,随暴露时间延长,各组织内3种抗氧化酶活性变化趋势不完全一致,但高浓度（0.65%和3.25%）暴露后期（72 h和96 h）几乎均受到显著抑制,其中,SOD对浸出液的敏感性最高;MDA含量变化规律较为一致,随浸出液浓度增加而升高,肝脏、肌肉和鳃中MDA最高含量均出现在72 h,分别是空白对照组的1.8、1.6和2.1倍,至96 h时略有降低,但仍显著高于对照组.各浓度组暴露96 h后,肝细胞窦间隙扩大,肝巨噬细胞增多,细胞核固缩,部分细胞质空泡化,组织水肿;鳃组织出现上皮细胞增生、脱落,鳃丝充血,鳃小片弯曲变形等现象.综上,未加处理的磷石膏浸出液已超出斑马鱼耐受极限,任其排入环境具有潜在的生态风险.     

The photo-oxidation of automobile emissions: measurements of the transformation products and their mutagenic activity

Dilute mixtures of automobile emissions (comprising 50% exhaust and 50% surrogate evaporative emissions) were irradiated in a 22.7 m³ smog chamber and tested for mutagenic activity by using a variant of the Ames test. The exhaust was taken from a single vehicle, a 1977 Ford Mustang equipped with a catalytic converter. Irradiated and nonirradiated gas-phase emissions were used in exposures of the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA100 and TA98. A single set of vehicular operating conditions was used to perform multiple exposures. The mutagenic activities of extracts from the particulate phase were also measured with the standard plate incorporation assay. (In most experiments only direct-acting mutagenic compounds were measured.) The gas-phase data for TA100 and TA98 showed increased activity for the irradiated emissions when compared to the nonirradiated mixture, which exhibited negligible activity with respect to the control values. The particulate phase for both the irradiated and nonirradiated mixtures showed negligible activity when results were compared to the control values for both strains. However, the experimental conditions limited the amount of extractable mass which could be collected in the particulate phase. The measured activities from the gas phase and particulate phase were converted to the number of revertants per cubic meter of effluent (i.e. the mutagenic density) to compare the contributions of each of these phases to the total mutagenic activity for each strain. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the mutagenic density of the gas-phase component of the irradiated mixture contributed approximately two orders of magnitude more of the total TA100 activity than did the particulate phase. For TA98 the gas-phase component contributed approximately one order of magnitude more. However, caution must be exercised in extrapolating these results to urban atmospheres heavily impacted by automotive emissions, because the bacterial mutagenicity assay was used as a screening method, and additional assays using mammalian systems have not yet been conducted. In addition, only limited number of conditions were able to be tested. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.     

环境汞污染粮食长期暴露对大鼠脑神经递质的影响

为了探讨环境汞污染暴露对公众健康的潜在危害,采用汞矿地区环境汞污染粮食对大鼠进行长期暴露试验,研究不同暴露时间节点大鼠脑中神经递质乙酰胆碱(ACh)及其水解酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的变化情况,并以市售上海粮食作对照.结果表明,环境汞污染粮食暴露7d后,大鼠脑中神经递质ACh出现显著升高;暴露30d后仍维持在较高水平.长期暴露90d后,脑中ACh出现了显著的回落.AChE的变化则与之相反.饲喂过程中,粮食中的硒对汞的蓄积及毒性有一定的拮抗效应.实验结果表明,实地环境汞污染粮食长期暴露后对大鼠表现出明显的神经毒性作用.环境汞污染长期暴露引起的ACh含量下降,AChE活力上升是否与阿尔茨海默病(AD)有关值得注意.