Primary productivity of the tropical western Atlantic Ocean near Barbados

Forty-four measurements of net primary productivity by ¹⁴C fixation were made at a station near Barbados, West Indies, over a period of 22 months; in addition 12 measurements were made at 7 deep-water stations in the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean. Average daily production was 0.288 g C/m² and estimated annual net production 105 g C/m². There was no evidence of seasonal variations in the rate of primary production nor of significant differences between production at the principal station and the additional deep-water stations. The data are, therefore, considered to be representative of the rate of primary production in this part of the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean and not significantly affected by proximity to land.     

Primary productivity and the flux of dissolved organic matter in several marine environments

Primary productivity and the flux of DO¹⁴C, dissolved saccharides (DSAC) and dissolved free primary amines (DFPA) were followed in the Sargasso Sea, Caribbean and upwelling waters of Peru. Average carbon fixation rates were 42.8, 292.8 and 4791.6 mg C m^-2 d^-1, respectively, with nocturnal respiration rates ranging from 9.8–16.3% of gross photosynthesis for the 3 areas. The release of DO¹⁴C, as a percentage of the total carbon fixed in photosynthesis, was non-detectable in the Sargasso Sea, and 3.2 and 4.4% for the Caribbean and Peruvian phytoplankton communities. Few significant changes in DSAC concentrations were recorded over a 36-h incubation period in the Sargasso Sea and Caribbean stations, whereas light-dependent accumulations of DSAC and DFPA were noted in Peruvian stations which were strongly correlated with total phytoplankton productivity. In the Peruvian stations, the average accumulation rate was 234 mg DSAC-C m^-2h^-1 while the average rate of nocturnal decomposition was 141 mg DSAC-C m^-2h^-1; diurnal and nocturnal rates of DFPA accumulation and decomposition were similar (2 mg DFPA-C m^-2h^-1). These data were used to calculate bacterial production in the upwelling waters of Peru. A general discussion of ¹⁴C-technique and routine analytical techniques for DSAC analysis is presented, as DSAC flux exceeded DO¹⁴C flux by 17-fold in coastal Peruvian stations.     

Antimicrobial activities of extracts from tropical Atlantic marine plants against marine pathogens and saprophytes

Studies investigating disease resistance in marine plants have indicated that secondary metabolites may have important defensive functions against harmful marine microorganisms. The goal of this study was to systematically screen extracts from marine plants for antimicrobial effects against marine pathogens and saprophytes. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts from species of 49 marine algae and 3 seagrasses collected in the tropical Atlantic were screened for antimicrobial activity against five ecologically relevant marine microorganisms from three separate kingdoms. These assay microbes consisted of the pathogenic fungus Lindra thalassiae, the saprophytic fungus Dendryphiella salina, the saprophytic stramenopiles, Halophytophthora spinosa and Schizochytrium aggregatum, and the pathogenic bacterium Pseudoaltermonas bacteriolytica. Overall, 90% of all species surveyed yielded extracts that were active against one or more, and 77% yielded extracts that were active against two or more assay microorganisms. Broad-spectrum activity against three or four assay microorganisms was observed in the extracts from 48 and 27% of all species, respectively. The green algae Halimeda copiosa and Penicillus capitatus (Chlorophyta) were the only species to yield extracts active against all assay microorganisms. Among all assay microorganisms, both fungi were the most resistant to the extracts tested, with less than 21% of all extracts inhibiting the growth of either L. thalassiae or D. salina. In contrast, over half of all lipophylic extracts were active against the stramenopiles H. spinosa and S. aggregatum, and the bacterium P. bacteriolytica. Growth sensitivity to hydrophilic extracts varied considerably between individual assay microorganisms. While 48% of all hydrophilic extracts were active against H. spinosa, 27% were active against P. bacteriolytica, and only 14% were active against S. aggregatum. Overall, more lipophilic extracts inhibited microbial growth than hydrophilic extracts. The variability observed in the antimicrobial effects of individual extracts against each assay microorganism reflects the importance of choosing appropriate test microbes in assays from which ecologically relevant information is sought. Results from this survey demonstrate that antimicrobial activities are prevalent among extracts from marine algae and seagrasses, suggesting that antimicrobial chemical defenses are widespread among marine plants.     

Ecology and characteristics of bdellovibrios from three tropical marine habitats

Marine bdellovibrios have not previously been reported from the southern hemisphere, and knowledge of their occurrence in marine ecosystems is rudimentary. This study examined quantitative and qualitative aspects of bdellovibrios parasitic to the bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus at each of three representative tropical marine habitats of the Great Barrier Reef. Bdellovibrios were found in the water column throughout a 12 mo period from May 1992 at a sandy beach, a mangrove and a fringing coral reef. Their abundance was correlated with water temperature (P<0.001) and was highest in summer, lowest in winter and intermediate in spring and autumn. Over the sampling period, bdellovibrios were most abundant at the mangrove habitat (36.6 ml^-1) and least abundant at the reef (9.5 ml^-1), but there was substantial variability in numbers at all habitats among seasons and months of the year. On some occasions no bdellovibrios were found in replicate samples from the beach and reef habitats, while on others the maximum detectable by the method used (180 ml^-1) was sometimes found at the beach and mangrove habitats. Bdellovibrios within each habitat were uniformly distributed among sampling sites (P>0.05). They were more abundant in sub-surface than bottom waters in summer, but the reverse occurred in winter. Midwater samples usually had least bdellovibrios. Bdellovibrio numbers were significantly correlated with those of potential host bacteria—colony-forming bacteria at all habitats and total bacteria at the beach and reef habitats. Strain characteristics, primarily based on host range, indicated qualitative differences in bdellovibrio populations among habitats. Pseudomonas atlantica, P. aeruginosa, P. marina, Cytophaga marinoflava, Vibrio gazogenes, V. mimicus and a Spirillum-like bacterium were not parasitised by bdellovibrios from any habitat. Of the other 25 Vibrio spp. tested, most were parasitised by the majority of bdellovibrio strains from each habitat. Strain differences were principally with respect to parasitism of non-Vibrio bacteria. All strains required Na⁺ and grew at 35°C, but some failed to grow at 15°C.     

Transfer of 65Zn from sediments by marine polychaete worms

Silty marine sediments spiked with ⁶⁵Zn lose only small fractions of their radioactivity when exposed to slowly flowing seawater for several weeks. However, polychaete worms (Nereis diversicolor), burrowing through the sediment, cause ⁶⁵Zn losses 3 to 7 times higher than in sediment without worms. Long-term experiments on the uptake and loss of ⁶⁵Zn by the polychaete Hermione hystrix indicate that 60 or more days exposure are required for this worm to approach steady state with ⁶⁵Zn in the sediment. Biological half-life estimates for ⁶⁵Zn accumulated from sediment by H. hystrix are extremely variable (52 to 197 days), depending on the loss-time interval chosen for the calculation. Following 5 days exposure to 16 cm³ of radioactive sediment, N. diversicolor individuals contained an average of 0.2% of the total ⁶⁵Zn in the sediment. When these worms were transferred to non-radioactive sediment, estimates of biological half-life for ⁶⁵Zn averaged 14 to 17 days during the loss period Day 3 to Day 15. Based on these experimental results, it is estimated that a population of N. diversicolor could cause an annual loss of 3% or more of the ⁶⁵Zn in the upper 2 cm of the sediment of a hypothetical radioactive estuary.     

Inhibition of diatom photosynthesis by germanic acid: Separation of diatom productivity from total marine primary productivity

Germanic acid was shown to inhibit photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ uptake in marine diatoms. Inhibition was not complete even at concentrations of 20 mg Ge/1 nor in cultures incubated for extended periods of time (up to 24 h). The decrease in photosynthesis due to Ge(OH)₄ was independent of the stage of growth of the diatom culture. At 0.5 and 1.0 mg Ge/1, the degree of inhibition was dependent on the concentration of Si(OH)₄ in the medium. At 5 and 10 mg Ge/1, inhibition was not affected by Si(OH)₄ concentrations as high as those found in the sea-120 g-at Si/1. The effect of Ge(OH)₄ on photosynthesis is specific for diatoms; other marine phytoplankton were not inhibited. In mixed cultures of diatoms and marine flagellates, the reduction in ¹⁴CO₂ fixation upon addition of Ge(OH)₄ was used to calculated the proportion of diatom photosynthesis to total photosynthesis, and calculated proportions agreed well with actual proportions. Inhibition by Ge(OH)₄ was also used to estimate the percent of diatom photosynthesis in a natural marine community, and this was compared with the diatom portion of the crop. Diatom photosynthesis was higher than one might expect from crop figures, although both diatom photosynthesis and diatom numbers in the crop were low.     

Seasonal changes in microbial heterotrophic activity in subarctic marine waters as related to phytoplankton primary productivity

Water samples were collected in and near Kasitsna Bay (Cook Inlet), Alaska over 18 mo (February 1979–August 1980). Seasonal changes in glucose and glutamate uptake rates were measured in these samples. During the second year of the study, the uptake rates of glycolate and acetate and primary productivity were also measured. Of the substrates tested, significant positive linear correlations were observed between glucose and glutamate uptake and primary productivity. A higher correlation was observed between glucose to glutamate uptake ratios and primary productivity. The seasonal patterns of glucose uptake, glucose-to-glutamate uptake ratios and primary productivity rates show that the ratios changes simultaneously with fluctuations in primary productivity rates. The glucose uptake patterns reveal a delay in the response of the glucose-utilizing microorganisms to the onset of the bloom. It is suggested that by measuring the uptake rates of the simple compounds by microheterotrophs, and comparing these rates with each other, one can determine the relative flux of these compounds through the system. If the major source of these compounds is material released into the seawater by phytoplankton, it is possible that this approach could characterize the flux of extracellular products. As more is known about how the composition of extracellular material relates to the physiological state of phytoplankton, such an approach may eventually be a useful indirect assessment of the physiological state of natural phytoplankton populations.Published as Technical Paper No. 6397, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station     

The cadmium adsorption capacity of contaminated marine sediments from Hong Kong

The binding capacity of Cd to the sediment particles determines the potential of Cd release from the sediments. An experiment was performed to evaluate the adsorption of Cd by contaminated sediments collected from three different locations in Hong Kong, i.e. Kwun Tong, North Point and Nam Tam Wan, having different degrees of pollution. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to evaluate the adsorption of Cd by the sediments. Adsorption isotherms obtained from the Freudlich and Langmuir equations were generally linear and the adsorption of Cd by the sediments was significantly correlated with the adsorption maximum and binding energy constant of the Langmuir equation, and equilibrium partition constant of the Freundlich equation. All sediments had a high Cd adsorption capacity and the highly organic contaminated sediments from Kwun Tong had the highest adsorption capacity of 24,272 mg kg^‐1 at pH8. The adsorption of Cd for all sediments increased with a rise in pH of the equilibrium solution and the total organic carbon content of the sediments. Therefore, a change in the sediment chemical equilibrium is likely to reduce the binding capacity.     

Microbial RNA and DNA synthesis in marine sediments

A technique for measuring rates of RNA and DNA synthesis in sedimentary microbial communities has been adapted from methods developed for marine and freshwater microplankton research. The procedure measures the uptake, incorporation and turnover of exogenous [2, ³H]-adenine by benthic microbial populations. With minor modification, it is applicable to a wide range of sediment types. Measurement of nucleic acid synthesis rates are reported from selected benthic marine environments, including coral reef sediments (Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii), intertidal beach sands (Oahu and southern California) and California borderland basin sediment (San Pedro Basin), and comparisons are made to selected water-column microbial communities. Biomass-specific rates of nucleic acid synthesis in sediment microbial communities were comparable to those observed in water-column assemblages (i.e., 0.02 to 2.0 pmol deoxyadenine incorporated into DNA [ng ATP]^-1 h^-1 and 0.2 to 8.9 pmol adenine incorporated into RNA [ng ATP]^-1 h^-1). DNA synthesis rates were used to calculate carbon production estimates ranging from 2 g C cm^-3 h^-1 in San Pedro Basin sediment (880 m water depth) to 807 g C cm^-3 h^-1 in coral reef sediment from the Kaneohe Bay. Microbial community specific growth rate, (d^-1), estimated from DNA synthesis rates in surface sediments ranged from 0.1 in San Pedro Basin to 4.2 in Scripps Beach (La Jolla, California) intertidal sand.     

Adenosine triphosphate and adenylate energy charge in marine sediments

The determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentrations in sediments from both Puget Sound and the Washington State continental shelf (USA) has been investigated. Major losses during the extraction procedure included sediment sorption, coprecipitation, and unreactivity of the soluble adenylates presumably through irreversible binding to solubilized sediment organics. Addition of phosphoric acid and the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 to cold sulfuric acid significantly increased the extraction efficiency and sensitivity over that of sulfuric acid alone, although both methods yielded similar results when corrected for losses. Vertical profiles of ATP, total adenylates (A_T), and adenylate energy charge (EC) in sediments from both areas are presented. Profiles of A_T are similar in both areas, but EC values in the shelf sediments are significantly lower, which suggests a depressed physiological condition in the shelf population relative to that in Puget Sound.Contribution No. 513 from the University of Washington's College of Fisheries, and Contribution No. 1135 from the University of Washington's Department of Oceanography     

Three new species of free-living marine nematodes from sublittoral sediments in Liverpool Bay

Three new species of free-living marine nematodes are described from sublittoral sediments in Liverpool Bay, UK. Pselionema longiseta n.sp. (Ceramonematoidea) is closest to P. longissimum Gerlach, 1952, from which it is distinguished by the longer cephalic setae and the larger amphids; Laimella filicaudata n.sp. (Chromadoroidea) is closest to L. longicauda Cobb, 1920, from which it is mainly distinguished by the much greater curvature of the spicules and the longer caudal apophyses of the gubernaculum; Pseudonchus decempapillatus n.sp. (Choanolaimoidea) is closest to P. deconincki Warwick, 1969 and is distinguished by the presence of 10, rather than 13, pre-anal supplements in the male, by the longer cephalic setae, and by the presence of numerous caudal setae.     

Characterization of arsenic content in marine organisms from temperate, tropical, and polar environments

Arsenic is a widely distributed element which occurs in several chemical forms in the marine environment. Inorganic arsenic mediates the most toxic effects and predominates in sea water and sediments, while organisms generally accumulate non-toxic organic forms to concentrations probably reflecting species-specific characteristics in arsenic metabolism. This work represents an additional contribution to our knowledge on natural levels and chemical speciation of arsenic in marine organisms; basal concentrations were characterized in several species (bivalves, crustaceans, and fishes) from different environments (polar, temperate, and tropical latitudes), and results revealed an elevated variability with values ranging from less than 5 to about 200 μg g^-1. No significant effects were observed as a function of the geographical area, with the only exception of crustaceans always showing more elevated arsenic concentrations in Mediterranean species (about 45-110 μg g^-1) compared with tropical species (lower than 30 μg g^-1). Chemical speciation of arsenic was investigated in representative species from the three studied taxa; the predominance of organic forms confirmed the general tendency of marine organisms to bioaccumulate non-toxic arsenic compounds, probably resulting from a detoxification pathway.     

Abundance of picophytoplankton in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in subtropical and tropical waters

A distinctive chlorophyll maximum was detected around 60-m depth in the western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, and almost 55% of the total chlorophyll in the entire water column was found within 50 m around the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) layer. More than 70% of the chlorophyll was contained in picoplankton which passed through a 3-m Nuclepore but retained on 0.22-m Millipore filters at the SCM as well as the surface layers. By transmission electron microscopic observations, the picoplankton were identified as aChlorella-like coccoid green alga having a section size of 1.2 to 1.5 m and cyanobacteria of 0.5 to 2 m. No obvious difference in these two dominant groups was observed in the SCM and the surface samples except in numerous and heavily stacked thylakoids in the former samples.     

Growth kinetics and nutrient requirements of two tropical marine phytoplankters

Growth rates of nutrient-depleted cells of Biddulphia sinensis Greville and Ceratium furca (Ehrenberg) Claparède et Lachmann as a function of phosphate and nitrate, follow the hyperbolic expression of the Michaelis-Menten equation. variations in the half-saturation constants (K _s) for both species in each nutrient gave an index of their capacity to utilize these two nutrients when available either singly or in combination. The maximum growth rates (_max) of the two species did not follow the trends shown by K _s. Seasonal abundance of the two species in the Cochin Backwater (an Indian tropical estuary) showed that, at low concentrations of nutrients, C. furca becomes predominant; high nutrient concentrations present in the estuary during the monsoon months tend to increase the abundance of B. sinensis. The differences in the K _s values of the two organisms seem to reflect their observed seasonal abundance in the estuary.     

Comparison of methods for determining key marine areas from tracking data

There is an urgent need to identify key marine areas for conservation, particularly in the high seas. A range of techniques have been applied to tracking data from higher predators, particularly seabirds and pinnipeds, to determine the areas of greatest use. This study compared three commonly used methods—kernel, first-passage time and state-space modelling—and a new approach, minimum displacement rate, for the analysis of data from the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans of Bird Island, South Georgia, tracked during the chick-rearing period. Applied to a single track, these four models identified similar marine areas as important. The greatest similarity in areas identified occurred when model assumptions were shared (such as slow speed indicating spatial preference) even when methods modelled these assumptions differently (e.g. Bayesian inference versus cumulative density surface). A gridded overlap approach applied to all tracks revealed core areas not apparent from results of any single analysis. The gridded approach also revealed spatial overlap between methods based on different assumptions (e.g. minimum displacement rate and kernel analysis) and between individuals. Although areas identified as important by kernel and first-passage time analysis of a single track were biased towards resting locations during darkness, this does not negate the requirement for their protection. Using the gridded overlap approach, two distinct core regions were identified for the wandering albatross; one close to the breeding colony and another 800 km to the North–West in the high seas. This convenient and pragmatic approach could be applied to large data sets and across species for the identification of a network of candidate marine protected areas in coastal and pelagic waters.     

Heavy metal and nutrient contamination of marine sediments in Hong Kong

A monitoring programme was performed to use marine sediments as an indicator of marine contamination in Hong Kong. A total of 51 samples were collected from eight marine sites and analysed for pH, redox potential, salinity, total‐N, total‐P, total organic carbon, and total Cu, Zn Pb, Cr and Cd. Sites with high industrial or aquacultural activities contained high total organic carbon contents, total‐N and total‐P contents. Sediments from sites with high industrial activities also enriched with heavy metals. Metal speciation results indicate that Cu and Cr existed mainly in the organic fraction, Pb and Zn were distributed approximately equally in both the organic and residual fractions while Cd mainly occurred in the residual fraction. The Cu, Cr and Zn contents were highly correlated with total organic carbon contents. All samples were classified as non‐acid forming according to the net acid generation test and only samples from the industrial site released a high concentration of heavy metals under a complete oxidising condition. The present study reveals that organic and heavy metal pollution is serious in the marine sediments of Hong Kong, and industrial and aquacultural activities are probably the major sources of contamination.     

Pools of chlorophyll and live planktonic diatoms in aphotic marine sediments

Chlorophyll a and numbers of live pelagic diatoms were recorded from sediment depth profiles at 11 stations in the oligotrophic Øresund, Denmark, in late-June. Extraction efficiency of chlorophyll a analysed fluorometrically did not differ significantly between paired samples of frozen-thawed and fresh sediment. The depth profiles of chlorophyll a could be explained by a diagenetic model involving two different chlorophyll pools: one reactive pool declining exponentially with core depth, and one non-reactive pool, of about 1 µg Chl ml^-1 wet sediment, being constant with depth. The number of live diatoms, quantified by the dilution-extinction method, and expressed in terms of most probable number (MPN), declined from an average of about 300,000 g^-1 in the surface sediment to zero values at a depth of 13 cm. The number of live cells was significantly correlated with the sediment chlorophyll a, and the profiles of live cells as well as reactive chlorophyll followed the same exponential decline with core depth, suggesting that the main source of chlorophyll in the sediment was live pelagic diatoms. Taxonomic composition of diatoms in the sediment, dominated by the pelagic genera Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira and Skeletonema, matched the species composition in the water column 3 months earlier during the spring bloom. Regular recordings of the phytoplankton community in the water column showed that only these specific bloom species could be the source of the sediment content of diatoms and chlorophyll a. Further, the ratios between live cells and chlorophyll a were similar in the sediment and in the spring bloom. A conservative estimate of depth-integrated pools of diatoms in the sediment suggested that about 44% of the total phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom was still present as live cells in the sediment after 3 months. This indicates that the spring bloom input to the sediment is not degraded immediately by the benthic fauna.     

Stable isotope profiles from subtropical marine gastropods of the family Fasciolariidae: growth histories and relationships to local environmental conditions

Oxygen and carbon stable isotope profiles were constructed for two species of large subtropical gastropods of the family Fasciolariidae—Triplofusus giganteus and Fasciolaria tulipa—from the Florida Keys and the Bahamas, to evaluate their life history and to assess their potential as paleoenvironmental proxies. Oxygen isotope profiles revealed T. giganteus and F. tulipa grew their shells for 6 and 3 years, respectively. Both mollusks show faster growth rates during the first half of their lifespan. Mean annual temperatures (MAT) derived from oxygen isotopes for T. giganteus were 26.5 °C and for F. tulipa were 26.7 °C, both matching instrumental MATs of 26.7 and 26.5 °C for the Florida Keys. Both shells, however, failed to record entire mean annual temperature ranges (MART). Fasciolaria tulipa yielded a calculated MART of 5.6 °C compared with a measured MART of 9.3 °C, and T. giganteus showed a calculated MART of 6.9 °C compared with a measured MART of 9.4 °C. Carbon isotopes of T. giganteus were ambiguous and reveal no significant relationships with trends in nutrient concentrations (N and P), dissolved oxygen, and dissolved organic carbon, although they did exhibit more negative values concomitant with landfall of Hurricane Irene and trended to increasing values with ontogeny that could reflect migration. Carbon isotopes in F. tulipa were lower during winters, possibly reflecting seasonal upwelling or seagrass-mediated carbon cycling.     

Direct estimation of natural mortality rates for littoral marine fishes using populational data from a marine reserve

 Visual censuses conducted in a marine reserve (Medas Islands) were used to estimate the natural mortality rates (M) for five common fish species in the NW Mediterranean Sea (Coris julis, Diplodus annularis, D. sargus, Serranus cabrilla and Symphodus roissali). Visual censuses of these same five species were also performed at three sites in unprotected areas of the coast where both commercial and sport fishing activity was normal. Censuses were conducted over a 3 year period. Estimates of M in the 3 years displayed scant seasonal or interannual variation, which may mean that the populations were in equilibrium during that period. The results of this study showed that the relationships between M and the growth parameters and maximum life span were unclear, and considerable caution is therefore recommended when using indirect methods of estimating M based on those parameters. For certain species the values of M were equal to or greater than the estimated total mortality in the exploited areas. The virtual absence of piscivorous predators in the unprotected area as a consequence of the high level of fishing in that area contrasts with the high abundance of such predators in the marine reserve. Since predation is the main contributor to M, estimated mortality in the unprotected areas is attributable nearly entirely to fishing. It is suggested that M may vary according to alterations taking place in conditions in the ecosystem inhabited by a species and thus that use of a value of M for a pristine population cannot be extrapolated to exploited areas. Received: 18 January 2000 / Accepted: 14 July 2000     

广西热带亚热带典型森林岩溶区土壤-植物系统元素分布特征

对广西热带亚热带典型岩溶区土壤-植物系统13种元素分布特征及相关性进行了研究.结果表明:与非岩溶区植物相比,岩溶植物Ca、Al含量比较高,Na、Fe、Mn、Si、K、P的含量较低.植物体内元素的分布特点是:叶>茎>根;石灰土更易富集Fe、P、K、Cu、Zn和Co.大多数土壤元素含量随纬度的降低而降低,Fe和Zn表现较为明显,而Mn和Si在热带较中亚热带的更易淋失.土壤中与Fe元素明显相关的元素最多,包括Mn、Zn、Co、S、Al,其相关性分别为Mn> Al > Co > Zn > S,其中,Fe与Mn、S呈负相关,与Zn、Co、Al呈正相关;植物中的Na、Fe、Si、P、Al与土壤中对应的元素相关性显著,呈正相关关系,主要体现在土壤的A层;植物对大量元素的吸收强于对微量元素的吸收,其中,对Mn的吸收能力最强(8229.38%),主要集中在根部的Al(0.57%)和Fe(0.0049%)的吸收能力最小.