大数据在环境执法与守法中的应用研究

在大数据已成为国家重要的基础性战略资源的背景下,文章梳理了大数据在环境执法与守法应用中面临的新机遇,指出了环境执法数据的价值资源及大数据在环境执法与守法中的促进作用。大数据在环境执法与守法中存在的问题包括数据源和数据质与量的限制、大数据人才的匮乏、大数据理念的认知不足等,该问题存在的根源在于缺乏长效的数据管理机制、立法和制度建设滞后、执法理念和大数据理念的融合不足。建议树立大数据的管理思维,做好大数据应用于执法的制度设计,建立数据应用的反馈机制,推进适用大数据时代环境执法与守法理论与方法的变革。     

环境科学一般问题

X-01200503151美国环境执法特点及其启示/秦虎…(清华大学公共管理学院)∥环境科学研究/中国环科院.-2005,18(1).-40~44环图X-6从美国环保局的权力、地位、守法援助、守法激励、守法监督、民事与刑事执法、经济处罚额计算以及公众参与和执法协调等方面总结了美国的环境执法经验,得出兼顾环境和市场经济目标,执法与守法相结合,恩威并重、科学执法,民主、公平执法4条执法启示,供我国环境执法借鉴。图2参10X-1X703200503152焦化废水生化处理研究进展/叶少丹(同济大学化学系)…∥工业水处理/天津化工研究设计院.-2005,25(2).-9~12环图TQ-80焦…     

环境法治进程中的成本浅析

通过对环境立法成本的非直接成本、环境守法成本高于环境违法成本以及低投入直接影响环境执法效能的分析,提出从加大环境立法的经济可行性研究、降低环境守法成本、提高环境违法成本和加大环境执法投入入手,以经济手段解决企业逐利本性,鼓励人们自觉守法,同时建立一支高素质的执法队伍适应环境执法需要,从而达到有效推进环境法治的目的。     

美国“柔性”环境执法及其对我国的启示

为平衡"刚性"环境执法的严厉性,美国发展了"柔性"环境执法,主要包括一般的非正式执法措施、守法援助项目和环境审计自我报告项目。美国"柔性"环境执法既有其有利的一面,也存在弊端。本文对美国的"柔性"环境执法进行了梳理和总结,指出我国可适时开展"柔性"环境执法,并提出将"柔性"环境执法法律化、建立环境审计自我报告制度等建议。     

美国环境执法的实践经验及其对中国的启示

环境执法是环境管理的一项重要手段,对于打击环境违法行为解决环境问题具有重要作用。环境执法一直是美国环保局的中心工作,是年度预算的五大战略目标之一,也是2014—2018年战略规划的重点内容。从执法内容来看,美国环境执法具有联邦根基稳健、权力集中、机制体制保障有力、执法与守法内在统一、民事执法手段多样、刑事执法重在威慑等突出特点。当前,我国的环境执法正在走向逐步成熟的阶段,应充分借鉴先进经验,构建符合国家治理需要的综合执法体系,建议深化体制机制改革、形成全面的环境执法机制与体系,进一步加大区域联防联控力度,抓紧建立环境执法官制度,形成环境执法全覆盖。     

2007年亚洲环境执法论坛在北京举行

12月13日,由13个国家和12个国际组织的150多名政府官员、专家学者参加的亚洲环境执法论坛在北京市开幕。中国国家环保总局副局长张力军、美国环保署助理署长Granta Y.Nakayama,亚洲环境守法与执法网络(ACECN)执委会主席Supat Wangwongwatana出席开幕式并致辞。     

以严格的执法督查推进环境守法

以华北地区为例,对2015年新《环境保护法》实施以来取得的成效和进展进行了概括,同时指出环境守法与环境违法仍呈胶着状态,分析了当前环境执法督查面临的主要压力及存在的主要问题,并提出下一步要从定位、效能、手段等多个方面贯彻新《环境保护法》,强势推进环境执法。     

在习近平法治思想指引下依法打好污染防治攻坚战

2023年7月习近平总书记在全国生态环境保护大会上强调“要持续深入打好污染防治攻坚战，坚持依法治污”，对于持续改善生态环境质量、全面推进美丽中国建设意义重大。要全面贯彻落实习近平生态文明思想和习近平法治思想，在立法、执法、守法和党内法规建设等方面共同发力：要推动环境污染防治领域法律法规制定和修订，不断完善相关法律制度和生态环境标准；要推进环境执法协调联动，强化环境执法监督，加强环境执法队伍建设；要强化全民守法意识，推进生态环境领域普法宣传工作，依法保障公民的知情权和监督权；要促进党内法规与环境法律的衔接和协调，加强环境保护督察，促进党政领导干部责任落实，为打好污染防治攻坚战提供有力法治保障。     

环境执法中影响管理对象守法因素的分析及对策

环境执法中影响管理对象的因素很多，该文通过对其中几个主要因素的分析，提出通过执法促进管理对象积极守法的对策。     

非强制性手段在环境执法中的应用分析

环境执法中的非强制性手段可以弥补传统的“命令—强制”手段之不足,通过多种形式促进企业和社会公众遵守环境法律的自觉意识,节约执法成本,提高社会公众的环境意识。常用的非强制性手段主要包括:环境协定制度,可交易的环境行政许可制度,环境守法援助制度,环境行政奖励制度等。     

中美环境执法与经济处罚的比较分析

对中美环境执法的制度背景、实施以及经济处罚三方面进行了对比,结果发现,中国的环境执法尚有诸多需要进一步改进和改善的地方.通过比较,为中国的环境执法提供了一些参考建议,包括加强环境法制建设、增强环境法律的可执行性,加强国家环境保护总局的监督、协调与执法能力,加强环境执法机构建设和提高违法经济处罚额度等.      

Policing and polluting: The role of practices in contemporary urban environmental pollution governance

Over the past 30 years, urban environmental pollution governance has been increasingly influenced by ideas of New Public Management. However, there is increasing evidence that it is failing in its promise to deliver efficient and effective regulation. The critiques are mounting of risk-based approaches, where regulators are increasingly accountable for the costs (and benefits) of their interventions upon firms.There is a particular lack of research on the role of conduct and practices involved on the ‘front line’ of regulation. This constrains our ability to understand how more efficient effective urban environmental pollution control might develop. This paper focuses on the regulator field officers and business duty holders of environmental compliance, who have direct contact in the processes and administration of regulation. Applying theories of social practice to environmental regulation, the paper provides new insights into compliance and enforcement practices, as these workers seek to prevent pollution, remediate sites and manage waste. The analysis reveals disconnects between expectations of enforcing and managing compliance; and between practices of policing and polluting.Using an ethnographic-informed approach to understand the social practices of regulation has not been attempted in this way before. It reveals new insights into limitations of current approaches to regulation, and indicates interventions that could lead to improved compliance outcomes in a post-New Public Management era in urban pollution governance.     

An environmental management system implementation model for U.S. colleges and universities

The Osnabruck model, and another under development by the South Carolina Sustainable Universities Initiative, are the only two EMS models that have been proposed specifically for colleges and universities, although several guides are now available. The Environmental Management System Implementation Model for U.S. Colleges and Universities detailed in this paper, an adaptation of the ISO 14001 standard and USEPA recommendations, has been tailored to U.S. colleges and universities for use in streamlining the implementation process. In using this three-phased implementation model created for the U.S. research and academic setting, it is hoped that these highly specialized institutions will be provided with a clearer and more cost-effective path towards the implementation of an EMS and greater compliance with local, state and federal environmental legislation.     

The pollution release and transfer register system in the U.S. and Japan: an analysis of productivity

This study analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which includes all categories of productivity. Our measure investigates productivity in the context of the provision and dissemination of environmental information policies. We investigated data on the emission of toxic chemical substances for the U.S. and Japanese manufacturing firms, including 386 firms for the period 1999-2007 and 466 firms for the period 2001-2008. The results show that productivity improved in all nine industrial sectors and that pollution levels were high in the U.S. and Japan from 2001 to 2007. In particular, the electronics industry improved rapidly after 2002 in both countries, which may be attributed to the enforcement of RoHS and the REACH directive in Europe. As a result of these stringent policies on toxic chemical emissions, the U.S. and Japanese firms, many of which export to the European market, have strong incentives to reduce their toxic chemical emissions.     

以南通为例分析中国地方环境执政能力建设的问题与对策

环境执政能力建设是环境保护的重要环节.分析了当前中国环境行政执法中普遍存在的法律法规不完善不配套、环境执法氛围不佳、环境执法成本倒挂和环境执法队伍本身存在的问题和原因,有针对性地提出了加强环境执政能力建设的建议与对策.指出必须尽早完善环保法律法规,适应市场经济的新要求;实施环境责任追究制,提高全社会公众参与程度;制定严厉的环境新政策,解决环境执法成本倒挂问题;加强环保机构基层队伍建设,增强地方环境执政能力.     

美国国家海洋自然保护区监测及其对我国的启示

着重介绍了美国国家海洋自然保护区的监测目标、理论基础、监测内容。监测是掌握海洋自然保护区状况与发展趋势的重要手段,是海洋自然保护区建设与管理的重要工作内容。美国国家海洋自然保护区的保护目的和所保护的资源类型同我国的海洋自然保护区相似。且监测水平与管理机制处于世界领先水平。了解研究美国的先进经验,对促进我国海洋自然保护区的监测工作具有很好的借鉴作用。     

Implementing remote sensing strategies to support environmental compliance assessment: A neural network application

Environmental compliance assessment and enforcement are complex, labor intensive tasks that would benefit from some form of decision support. Despite the well-documented application of remote sensing in environmental analysis and assessment, the operational use of this technology for environmental compliance enforcement remains in its infancy. Because the majority of environmental laws and regulations in the United States were enacted prior to the emergence of a mature science of remote sensing, there exists a degree of skepticism regarding the operational utility and reliability of remotely sensed data as an environmental compliance tool. This paper provides a review of the role of remote sensing in environmental compliance assessment and introduces a framework to guide the application of this technology based on the use of artificial neural networks. The customized neural networks developed in this study serve as a simplifying strategy to assist the process of compliance monitoring. Functioning as “intelligent” classifiers, the network models provide a spatial characterization of activities likely to cause damage; achieving mapping accuracies that ranged from 68 to 90% for the test case samples selected for investigation.     

论美国能源监管立法与能源管理体制

美国联邦政府从20世纪30年代开始制定能源监管立法。依据集中程度和立法主题,美国能源监管立法可分为电力管控、核能监管、能源安全、放松管制等4个发展时期。根据现行美国能源立法．美国能源管理体制分为联邦和州两个层次。在联邦层次,对能源进行监管的部门有美国能源部、联邦能源监管委员会、核能监管署、环境保护署、国会内政部等。其中,能源部主要负责能源发展和安全的大政方针的制定,联邦能源监管委员会的使命在于通过管制和市场的手段执行能源立法及能源政策。在州层次,一般由州能源委员会、州公用事业委员会以及州环保局负责州的能源监管。     

美国的环境标准

介绍了美国环境标准的法律地位与作用以及大气环境标准、水环境标准、固体废物处理场标准,并分析了其特点。      

苏州新区经济与环境协调发展实证分析

重视环境保护规划 ,严把项目引进关 ,控制乡镇工业污染 ,增大环境保护投入 ,完善基础设施 ,严格环境管理是实现苏州新区经济与环境协调发展的主导因素。