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Schumacher U 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2001,88(3):102-112
Thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium constitutes an enormous potential for a safe, environmentally compatible and sustainable energy supply. The fuel source is practically inexhaustible. Further, the safety prospects of a fusion reactor are quite favourable due to the inherently self-limiting fusion process, the limited radiologic toxicity and the passive cooling property. Among a small number of approaches, the concept of toroidal magnetic confinement of fusion plasmas has achieved most impressive scientific and technical progress towards energy release by thermonuclear burn of deuterium-tritium fuels. The status of thermonuclear fusion research activity world-wide is reviewed and present solutions to the complicated physical and technological problems are presented. These problems comprise plasma heating, confinement and exhaust of energy and particles, plasma stability, alpha particle heating, fusion reactor materials, reactor safety and environmental compatibility. The results and the high scientific level of this international research activity provide a sound basis for the realisation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), whose goal is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of a fusion energy source for peaceful purposes. 相似文献
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等离子体废水处理装置类型多样,对不同装置处理废水的性能加以比较有利于促进反应装置的进一步开发与完善. 目前广泛采用的等离子体水处理装置的评价指标为G50(能量利用效率)和ETOC(去除TOC的能量利用效率),通过对二者的特点及其之间的关系研究发现,现有指标在评价等离子体水处理装置能效方面存在对反应影响因素考虑不全面、反应目标物质不明确、评价参数选择不尽合理等缺陷;并且2种评价指标相关性差(R2<0.1),无法准确衡量装置效能. 在综合考虑污染物类型、处理时间等条件下,提出了以ET(标准能量利用效率)作为考查等离子体水处理装置能量利用效率的指标,明确了以TOC(建议以苯酚作为目标污染物)作为基本参数,以TOC降解50%时,单位输入能耗可降解TOC的量表征装置的处理性能,以便在同一标准下对不同的等离子体废水处理装置的性能进行比较. 相似文献
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活性污泥工艺的多目标优化分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了多目标优化方法在活性污泥工艺优化中应用的可行性,以国际水协(IWA)发布的基准仿真模型BSM1的工艺流程为对象,以出水水质、过程能耗和反应池体积的指标为优化目标,以反应池池容(5个)、混合液回流量、污泥回流量、污泥排放量、反应池氧气传质系数(3个)等11个变量为决策变量,构建了基于BSM1的多目标优化模型,并利用MatLab非支配排序遗传算法NSGA-II进行求解,获得了BSM1多目标优化模型的Pareto解.研究结果表明,在Dry进水条件下,通过将体积指标增大4.1%,可以明显改善出水水质指标(降低81.5%),能耗指标也能得到一定改善(降低13.3%);在3种进水条件(Dry,Rain,Storm)下,相对于BSM1工艺参数的缺省值,利用本研究的优化解作为工艺参数,均能不同程度改善出水水质、降低能耗.研究结果显示,在活性污泥过程不同目标之间进行权衡可以通过多目标优化方法来实现. 相似文献
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Three sequencing batch reactors supplied with different carbon sources were investigated. The system supplied with glucose gained the best enhanced biological phosphorus removal although all of the three reactors were seeded from the same sludge. With the measurement of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) concentration, phosphorus content in sludge and extracellular exopolymers (EPS) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), it was found that the biosorption effect of EPS played an important role in phosphorus removal and that the amount of PHA at the end of anaerobic phase was not the only key factor to determine the following phosphorus removal efficiency. 相似文献
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UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的沉降性能与终端沉降速度 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
从流体力学角度,通过建立沉降速度模型探讨了UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的沉降性能与终端沉降速度.计算结果表明,(1)绝大多数颗粒污泥的沉降过程属于过渡区(1<Re<100)而非层流区,其沉降速度与直径成正比,可用Allen公式进行计算;(2)颗粒污泥的终端沉降速度远高于厌氧反应器中废水的上流速度,其良好的沉降性能解决了在高负荷情况下污泥的流失问题.所建模型能较好地反映实际条件下的情况.为厌氧反应器的工艺设计与正常运行提供理论依据. 相似文献
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Lu Bin Ji Min Yu Xin Feng Tao Yao Shuiliang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(4):477-481
Non-thermal plasma technologies have shown their promising potential specially for the low concentration of volatile organic
compound control in indoor air in recent years. But it is also high energy consuming. So, to improve the energy efficiency,
adding catalysts which enhance the plasma chemical reactions to plasma reactors may be a good selection. Therefore, in this
study the manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma was developed for benzene conversion at a relatively high energy
efficiency. The results show that MnO2 could promote complete oxidation of benzene with O2 and O3 produced in the plasma discharge zone. The energy efficiency of benzene conversion with MnO2 was two folds as much as that without catalysts. It was also found that the site of MnO2 in the reactor and the energy density had effects on benzene conversion. While the energy density was lower than 48 J/L,
benzene conversion decreased with the increase in the distance between MnO2 bed and the plasma discharge zone. Whereas when the energy density was higher than 104 J/L, benzene conversion had an optimal
value that was governed by the distance between MnO2 bed and the plasma discharge zone. The mechanism of benzene oxidation in plasma discharges and over MnO2 is discussed in detail.
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Translated from China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(6): 703–707 [译自: 中国环境科学] 相似文献
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Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed (JLAFB), was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed (AFB) reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/(m^3.d), the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found. 相似文献
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Kosuke Toshiki Pham Quy Giang Kevin Roy B.Serrona Takahiro Sekikawa Jeoung-soo Yu Baasandash Choijil Shoichi Kunikane 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,28(2):178-186
Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systems with a view of recovering energy from waste or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production,incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently,3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sorting may be considered as the second step of energy recovery.However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment. 相似文献
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Kosuke Toshiki Pham Quy Giang Kevin Roy B. Serrona Takahiro Sekikawa Jeoung-soo Yu Baasandash Choijil Shoichi Kunikane 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015
Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systems with a view of recovering energy from waste or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sorting may be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment. 相似文献
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Pieternel A.M. Claassen Truus de Vrije Emmanuel Koukios Ed van Niel Inci Eroglu Michael Modigell Anton Friedl Walter Wukovits Werner Ahrer 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010
The objectives and methodology of the EU-funded research project HYVOLUTION devoted to hydrogen production from biomass are reviewed.The main scientific objective of this project is the development of a novel two-stage bioprocess employing thermophilic and phototrophic bacteria, for the cost-effective production of pure hydrogen from multiple biomass feedstocks in small-scale, cost-effective industries. Results are summarised of the work on pretreatment technologies for optimal biodegradation of energy crops and bio-residues, conditions for maximum efficiency in conversion of fermentable biomass to hydrogen and CO2, concepts of dedicated installations for optimal gas cleaning and gas quality protocols, as well as innovative system integration aimed at minimizing energy demand and maximizing product output.The main technological objective is the construction of prototype modules of the plant which, when assembled, form the basis of a blueprint for the whole chain for converting biomass to pure hydrogen. A brief outline is presented of the progress made towards developing reactors for thermophilic hydrogen production, reactors for photoheterotrophic hydrogen production and equipment for optimal gas cleaning procedures. 相似文献
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Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database. 相似文献
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碳酸盐-硫酸盐矿物强化垃圾渗滤液厌氧处理研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
厌氧消化通常是垃圾渗滤液生物处理的首要环节,但处理效率不高.本研究尝试通过添加碳酸盐、硫酸盐等矿物来提高垃圾渗滤液的厌氧转化效率.研究共设置5组厌氧生物反应器,包括投加硬石膏、方解石、石膏、白云石的反应器及空白对照,考察添加矿物对垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化的影响.从实验结果可以看出,添加矿物的反应器中COD的去除率可以达到75%左右,而空白对照组去除率尚不足60%,添加矿物反应器甲烷产量显著高于对照.从反应器中的p H变化可以看出,矿物的添加可以提高溶液中的p H.研究结果表明,添加碳酸盐/硫酸盐矿物对垃圾渗滤液中的有机物厌氧消化过程具有重要的促进作用. 相似文献
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Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH4^+-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-α) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH4^+-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database. 相似文献
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实验通过运行连续搅拌反应器(CSTR),对城市初级污泥的两步嗜热厌氧消化进行了研究。研究结果表明,同一步嗜热厌氧工艺相比,两步嗜热厌氧工艺运行稳定,具有更高的有机物降解率、病原体的杀灭率,多产出的甲烷气体不仅可以弥补由于预处理而额外消耗的能量,而且还有净能量剩余。 相似文献