新型光声光谱法测定总无机碳酸盐含量

采用新型富氏变换红外光谱气体分析仪测定固体及水体样品中总无机碳酸盐含量,原理是CO₂对红外线的主动式光声吸收.反应器浸没在恒温水浴中,经氮气吹洗后,在连续搅动条件下,向样品中加入一定量高氯酸.酸解生成的CO₂对特定波段的红外吸收造成温度和压力的波动,从而产生频率取决于吸收波长的光声信号,再由微型麦克风加以记录.实验对固体和液体标准样品的线性检测范围分别为120 mg的CaCO₃和36.4 mmol/L的NaHCO₃,灵敏度分别为0.02 mg和3 mmol/L.因总无机碳酸盐的酸性缓冲容量对黏土矿物的表面酸碱性质影响显著,故选择不同来源天然伊利石作为模型样品进行测定,并探讨一些影响因素和改进方案.     

Photoacoustic in-vivo spectra of recent stromatolites

In-vivo photoacoustic spectra (PAS) of pure cultures of cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria (Chromatiaceae) which usually occur in stromatolitic microbial mats were measured. The PA spectra of the pure cultures were compared to PA spectra measured directly on different layers of microbial mats from Mellum (North Sea). The advantages of PAS of opaque, solid samples (e.g., sediment, rock), and of particle suspensions (e.g., light-scattering cell cultures with interference by sulfur globules) over conventional spectroscopy using classical in-vivo or extraction photometry are discussed.     

Measurement of atmospheric elemental carbon: Real-time data for Los Angeles during summer 1987

Two fundamentally different techniques for measuring atmospheric elemental carbon (EC) aerosol were compared to validate the methods. One technique, photoacoustic spectroscopy, was used to measure the optical absorption (λ = 514.5 nm) of in situ atmospheric aerosol in real time. This optical absorption can be converted to EC concentration using the appropriate value of the absorption cross-section for C, so that a comparison could be made with the second technique, thermal-optical analysis of filter-collected samples, which measures the collected EC by combustion. Solvent extraction of the filter samples prior to the thermal analysis procedure was required to minimize errors due to pyrolysis of organic carbon. Excellent 1:1 correlation of atmospheric EC concentrations resulted for measurements by the photoacoustic method vs the thermal method over coincident sampling times. The linear regression gave y = 1.006 (±0.056) x+0.27 (±0.56) with r = 0.945 (n = 41), where y is the photoacoustic EC concentration and x is the thermal elemental carbon concentration, both in μg m⁻³. This data set was collected in Los Angeles as part of the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) during the summer 1987, and supplements the results of an earlier, more limited data set taken in Dearborn, MI. The diurnal variability of EC aerosol in Los Angeles during SCAQS, as determined by photoacoustic spectroscopy, is discussed.     

论乌鲁木齐市垃圾再生资源开发利用现状、存在问题及有效对策

摘要：本文经过现状调查分析,得出城市垃圾再生资源产业存在的执法力度有待加强、市民对垃圾回收的认识不深等问题。并提出了提供法律与政策保障来完善回收体系、建设示范生态工业园来提高再生资源利用水平、培育发展再生资源利用产业等建议。     

辽东湾海冰晶体结构及其内部叶绿素的初步研究

本文介绍了１９９６年冬季首次辽东湾生态环境调查中的海洋背景条件。扼要地阐述了辽东湾海冰一般概况，分析辽东湾冰样晶体结构、存储条件及其与冰内和冰下海水叶绿素之间的关系。辽东湾冰内叶绿素符合其它结冰海区的一般规律。根据辽东湾冰层底部实测盐度变化规律阐明海冰对冰下海水营养盐的贡献。最后对深入开展结冰海区生态环境调查工作的技术、侧重点和意义做了讨论。     

β-内酰胺类抗生素前处理技术及其残留的研究进展

β-内酰胺类是指在结构中有β-内酰胺环的一大类抗生素,在人类和动物疾病的治疗和预防上有着广泛的应用。抗生素的长期滥用造成药物在各种环境和动物源性食品中的残留,严重威胁环境生态和人体健康,因此各种样品中β-内酰胺类抗生素的分析检测方法成为当下研究热点。介绍了在测定β-内酰胺类抗生素残留时常用的前处理方法,包括液液微萃取技术、固相萃取技术和基质固相分散技术,同时研究了多种样品中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留的研究现状。     

环境样品免疫检测基质效应分析与控制

免疫检测技术以其特异性强、灵敏度高、分析容量大、反应速度快、检测费用低廉等优点,逐渐成为环境样品大规模快速筛查和预警监测的首选技术.由于免疫检测无需样品预处理、能实现对样品的在线检测,因此环境样品中复杂的基质可能对免疫检测产生非常大的干扰和影响.以水环境中微囊藻毒素-LR的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测为基础,系统地考察了环境样品中各种背景基质对ELISA检测的影响,评价了各个基质的影响规律和程度,并研究提出了相应的控制和消除各不利影响的方法,最后统一提出水环境样品免疫检测抗基质效应干扰的控制方案,即采用10×PBS＋1%BSA＋0.5%EDTA作为免疫检测反应的缓冲体系,能有效消除各基质效应对免疫检测的干扰.该方案同样适应于其它不需要对环境样品进行预处理的免疫检测技术.     

污泥中有机磷酸酯检测的预处理优化

基于“富集（加速溶剂萃取）+净化+检测”的步骤，进行污泥取样量、萃取条件、净化柱类型、淋洗液极性和洗脱液极性的优化.确定了0.2g污泥取样量、130℃萃取温度、1：1（V/V）的丙酮/二氯甲烷混合溶液为萃取剂、氨基柱净化、2：5（V/V）的二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶液为淋洗液、二氯甲烷为洗脱液，最后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱对有机磷酸酯进行定性定量检测.结果表明，各物质的基质加标回收率均在60%~120%之间，基质效应也基本控制在±15%.净化方法同样适用于污水样品，用此方法成功测定了北京市某污水处理厂各工艺单元的水相及固相样品，显示出良好的适用性.     

Kinetics study of aqueous sorption of phenanthrene to humic acids and sediments

IntroductionThesorptionofhydrophobicorganiccontaminants(HOCs)onnaturalgeosorbentsplaysasignificantroleintheirtransport,degradationandultimatefateintheaquaticenvironment (Alexander,1995 ;Luthy ,1997;Weber,2 0 0 1) .Sincethelate 1970s,theorganicmatter(OM)ha…     

沉积物和土壤中胶体对氯霉素吸附行为的影响

天然胶体（NCs）在沉积物和土壤中广泛存在,并可影响抗生素等污染物的环境归趋.以氯霉素（CAP）为抗生素代表,选取不同来源的沉积物和土壤样品,结合切向超滤技术、动态光散射、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱等多种纳米分析技术和方法,揭示了沉积物/土壤中不同相对分子质量NCs对CAP的吸附能力及其影响因素.结果表明,相对分子质量小的NCs自生源贡献率大且腐殖化程度高,而相对分子质量大的NCs以陆源来源为主,且芳环上含有更加丰富的羧基、羟基和羰基等官能团.平行因子分析共识别出4个荧光组分,其中类腐殖质组分是主要成分.基于传统批处理实验探究了沉积物/土壤不同组分对CAP的吸附行为,结果表明,线性模型和Freundlich模型能较好地拟合土样不同组分对CAP的吸附.原始样品、去除有/无机碳样品中的NCs对CAP的吸附率均值分别为4.46%、3.93%和6.61%,说明NCs中的有机碳对CAP的吸附行为具有重要影响.CAP更易被相对分子质量小的NCs吸附,这可能是因为相对分子质量小的NCs腐殖化程度高,芳环上取代基以脂肪链为主,且NCs中的色氨酸类蛋白物质会抑制其对CAP的吸附.冗余分析结果表明,沉积物和土壤NCs对CAP的吸附主要与其NCs来源、芳香性、芳环上的有氧官能团、腐殖化程度和类腐殖物质有关.     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的前处理方法比较

采用液-液萃取、索氏提取和基质固相分散3种不同的方法对青椒样品进行前处理，用毛细管气相色谱法对处理后样品中的DDV、甲拌磷、甲基-对硫磷和马拉硫磷等农药残留进行测定，并对不同前处理方法的回收率和精密度进行比较。结果：3种方法的回收率和RSD相当，但基质固相分散操作较为方便简单、溶剂消耗量少。     

沈阳市工业固废现状及“十二五”防治对策

通过对沈阳市工业固体废物的现状调研和分析,确定沈阳市典型工业固体废物,并根据对近几年沈阳市工业生产总值与工业固体废物产生量的数据相关性分析,科学预测未来工业固体废物对环境的压力,提出"十二五"期间工业固体废物管理的控制目标和污染防治对策。     

New generation Amberlite XAD resin for the removal of metal ions: A review

The direct determination of toxic metal ions, in environmental samples, is difficult because of the latter's presence in trace concentration in association with complex matrices, thereby leading to insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of the methods used. The simultaneous removal of the matrix and preconcentration of the metal ions, through solid phase extraction, serves as the promising solution. The mechanism involved in solid phase extraction (SPE) depends on the nature of the sorbent and analyte. Thus, SPE is carried out by means of adsorption, ion exchange, chelation, ion pair formation, and so forth. As polymeric supports, the commercially availableAmberlite resins have been found very promising for designing chelating matrices due to its good physical and chemical properties such as porosity, high surface area, durability and purity. This review presents an overview of the various works done on the modification of Amberlite XAD resins with the objective of making it an efficient sorbent. The methods of modifications which are generally based on simple impregnation, sorption as chelates and chemical bonding have been discussed. The reported results, including the preconcentration limit, the detection limit, sorption capacity, preconcentration factors etc., have been reproduced.     

Ultrasound-accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis of solid leather waste

The leather industry is a heavy pollution industry and looking for clean technology. The utilization of enzyme and ultrasound in the industry are potential eco-friendly technologies.Enzymes can degrade the untanned solid leather waste. According to our investigation, ultrasound (40 kHz, 0.64 W/cm²) has little effect on the activity of one alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis. It is the first time to use ultrasound to accelerate the enzymatic hydrolysis of the untanned solid leather waste. With the application of ultrasound, the value of k_A for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the untanned solid leather waste increases 18% and K_M is almost unchanged, compared with that obtained without ultrasound. Ultrasound improves the ultimate conversion ratio from 57.6% to 84.1%. The reason is that ultrasound can facilitate the protease through the pores of skin and impair the integrity of collagen. Amino acid analysis indicated that ultrasound can promote the breakdown of helical regions of collagen which are difficult to attack by proteases.In view of environment protection, the use of enzyme and ultrasound in combination is a promising clean technology for the disposal of the untanned solid leather waste.     

杭州市医院固体废物现状调查与处置对策

通过对抗州城区69家医院1999—2001年固体废物的来源、种类、产生量及处置现状的调查研究，分析了医院固体废物在收集、处置过程中存在的问题，提出了相应的对策。     

多环芳烃大气PM_(2.5)基体标准样品的均匀性检测和稳定性考核研究

参照(JJF1343-2012)《标准物质定值的通用原则及统计学原理》和国家计量技术规范(JJF1059)《测量不确定度评定与表示》,均匀性检验和稳定性考核是标准物质研制过程中不确定度评定的重要工作。现阶段中国还没有大气PM_(2.5)多环芳烃基体标准物质,因此,通过采集大气PM_(2.5),加速溶剂萃取得到PM_(2.5)基体标准样品,利用气相色谱质谱联合法分析标准样品中多环芳烃含量,并对其进行均匀性检验与稳定性考核分析,此项工作的研究为后期PM_(2.5)多环芳烃检测与监测标准物质的研究打下坚实的基础。     

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste

As incineration provides a relatively safe means of disposal, significant reduclaon ot welglat anti volume, ana energy recovery from the waste, it was adopted by many countries. For the experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste( MSW),a lab scale fluldized bed facility was constructed. Many kinds of combustion runs were conducted in this fluidized bed combustion facility. The examined parameters were bed temperature(773 to 1143K), form of fuels ( scrap or whole), moisture of fuels and so on. Concentration of CO2,CO,SO2, O2 and NOx in the flue gas were monitored and recorded every 5 seconds. The temperatttres along the reactor are recorded every 10 seconds. Experimental. results were given and analyzed.     

Intercomparison of photoacoustic and thermal-optical methods for the measurement of atmospheric elemental carbon

Two atmospheric elemental carbon measurement methods based on different analytical principles have been compared using data collected during the summer of 1987 at the Claremont, California site of the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS). An optical absorption method, photoacoustic spectroscopy, measured the visible light absorption (γ = 514.5 nm) of atmospheric elemental carbon in its natural aerosol-state in real time. Elemental carbon concentrations were obtained by applying the appropriate value of the absorption cross-section for elemental carbon to the optical absorption data. The other method was a thermal-optical technique, which measures elemental and organic carbon concentrations on a filte--collected sample by combustion and corrects for the pyrolytic conversion of organic to elemental carbon by measuring the transmittance of laser light through the sample. Aerosol was collected on a filter mounted inside the carbon analyzer and analyzed in place. A 2-h collection and analysis cycle was used. The real-time photoacoustic data integrated over ∼100 min were compared with thermal-optical data. The two methods compare quite well. The linear least squares fit gave a correlation coefficient of R=0.905, and no significant difference was seen between the two data sets at the 95% confidence level.     

改进密切值法在地面水环境质量评价中的应用

密切值法(OsculatingMethod)作为一种多目标优选方法,在水环境质量评价中具有一定的应用。经过改进,将环境标准作为评价样本,参与到地面水环境样本的矩阵中,可以分析出各个监测断面的水质优劣排序,并使其与各级环境标准的关系一目了然。引入层次分析法,对各评价指标的贡献程度加以确定,保证了地面水环境质量评价的科学性。     

Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.