Reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of anaerobic digested sludge

The reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of broken anaerobic digested sludge(ADS)is important to ensure the efficiency of sludge treatment or management processes.This study investigated the effect of continuous strong shear(CSS)and multipulse shear(MPS)on the zeta potential,size(median size,d_(50)),mass fractal dimension(D_F),and capillary suction time(CST)of ADS aggregates.Moreover,the self-regrowth(SR)of broken ADS aggregates during slow mixing was also analyzed.The results show that raw ADS with d_(50) of 56.5μm was insensitive to CSS–SR or MPS–SR,though the size slightly decreased after the breakage phase.For conditioned ADS with d_(50) larger than 600μm,the breakage in small-scale surface erosion changed to large-scale fragmentation as the CSS strength increased.In most cases,after CSS or MPS,the broken ADS had a relatively more compact structure than before and d_(50) is at least 200μm.The CST of the broken fragments from optimally dosed ADS increased,whereas that corresponding to overdosed ADS decreased.MPS treatment resulted in larger and more compact broken ADS fragments with a lower CST value than CSS.During the subsequent slow mixing,the broken ADS aggregates did not recover their charge,size,and dewaterability to the initial values before breakage.In addition,less than 15%self-regrowth in terms of percentage of the regrowth factor was observed in broken ADS after CSS at average velocity gradient no less than 1905.6 sec~(-1).     

基于PCR-TGGE技术的餐厨垃圾厌氧消化微生物群落结构解析

为了解不同负荷下单相餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应器内微生物群落结构演替特征,在单相厌氧消化反应器负荷为2.0～8.5kg·m-·3d-1(以VS计)的不同负荷条件下取样,运用16SrDNA的PCR-TGGE技术对反应器内微生物进行动态追踪.同时,运用Dice系统和NMDS软件对PCR-TGGE图谱进行分析.结果表明,负荷为4.0～6.0kg·m-·3d-1时,微生物群落结构变化不大;负荷为6.0～7.0kg·m-·3d-1时,微生物群落结构变化较为明显;负荷分别为7.0～8.0kg·m-·3d-1及8.5kg·m-·3d-1时,微生物群落结构变化最为明显.纵观整个过程,在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应器有机负荷在2.0～8.5kg·m-·3d-1下厌氧反应器内的微生物群落结构存在明显的阶段性演替;负荷为7.0kg·m-·3d-1时微生物群落结构的丰富度最好.     

SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中细菌群落结构的变化

以白洋淀岸边带沉积物为接种污泥,启动了SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器.对反应器启动过程中的进出水水质进行了连续监测,并采用PCRDGGE、定量PCR和基因测序等分子生物学技术研究了系统内总细菌和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌群落结构随培养时间的变化规律.结果表明:在启动过程中,总微生物菌群动态变化水平为26.6%~50.5%;微生物多样性先变小后增大,优势菌种得到重新分布;ANAMMOX细菌的群落结构变得单一化,最后系统的优势ANAMMOX细菌是Brocadia属.富集培养阶段SBR系统中ANAMMOX细菌的最大生物量达到了1.73×109copies·g~(-1)干污泥,而且总氮的去除率最高达到约82%.     

新农药硫肟醚在有机溶剂中的光解

以紫外灯为光源,对硫肟醚在甲醇、丙酮、正己烷和二甲苯等有机溶剂中的光解反应动力学及降解机理进行了初步研究.结果表明,硫肟醚在4种有机溶剂中的紫外光解反应符合一级动力学规律,在4种溶剂中反应速率常数分别为1·14×10-1(正己烷)、8·90×10-2(甲醇)、2·46×10-2(二甲苯)和4·51×10-3min-1(丙酮),硫肟醚的降解半衰期分别为6·08,7·79,28·18和153·86min.通过对硫肟醚光解产物进行分离和LC-MS鉴定,初步推出在紫外光辐射下硫肟醚在有机溶剂中的降解主要涉及到硫肟醚分子的肟醚键(CNOC)断裂、甲硫键(C—S—CH3)光氧化、脱氯反应和光异构化作用等途径.     

稻田土壤反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌的时空分布与群落结构分析

由"Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera"主导发生的以甲烷和亚硝酸盐为底物的反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,n-damo)的发现,将生物地球化学碳循环和氮循环以新的方式结合起来.本研究以夏季和冬季江阴稻田土壤柱状样品为研究对象,对稻田土壤M.oxyfera-like菌的时空分布和群落结构进行了考察.M.oxyfera-like菌16S rRNA基因的定量PCR结果显示M.oxyfera-like菌的丰度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,且无明显季节性差异,60~200 cm深度的稻田土壤是M.oxyfera-like菌的高丰度区域.M.oxyfera-like菌pmo A基因的系统发育分析和生物多样性分析显示M.oxyfera-like菌的群落结构具有一定的时空异质性,且生物多样性随着土壤深度的增加而增加.这些结果都说明江阴稻田深层土壤(60~200 cm)是适宜M.oxyfera-like菌生存的生态环境.     

驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内,以农村户用沼气池污泥为接种污泥,进行了餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化.反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下成功启动,并连续45 d维持性能稳定,表明驯化成功.期间采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了驯化前后系统内的微生物群落结构.结果表明,微生物群落结构与底物密切相关,驯化后细菌及古菌群落都发生明显变化.从细菌群落看,与复杂有机物降解相关的菌类显著下降(如梭菌纲(Clostridia)和(vadin HA17),而易降解碳水化合物发酵菌(如Petrimonas)和脂肪降解菌(如Erysipelotrichia)显著增加.这与餐厨垃圾易降解有机物含量高,且富含淀粉和脂肪相关.丰富的易降解有机物还使得反应器内总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度((2203±174)mg·L-1)远高于种泥水平((222.0±0.3)mg·L-1),这导致了产甲烷菌由乙酸型的甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta,占85.01%)绝对主导转向氢营养型的甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum,占35.35%)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus,占9.89%)与之(46.97%)共同主导的局面.然而,驯化后Methanosaeta在非最优条件下依然保持主导地位,可见接种污泥的群落组成对厌氧消化系统群落结构的塑造也具有重大影响.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,photodegradation kinetics and photocatalytic activity of novel photocatalyst ZnBiYO4

ZnBiYO4 was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method for the first time. The structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnBiYO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance.ZnBiYO4 crystallized with a tetragonal spinel structure with space group I41/A. The lattice parameters for ZnBiYO4 were a = b = 11.176479  and c = 10.014323 . The band gap of ZnBiYO4 was estimated to be 1.58 e V. The photocatalytic activity of ZnBiYO4 was assessed by photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results showed that ZnBiYO4 had higher catalytic activity compared with N-doped Ti O2 under the same experimental conditions using visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with ZnBiYO4 or N-doped Ti O2 as catalyst followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the first-order rate constant was 0.01575 and 0.00416 min-1for ZnBiYO4 and N-doped Ti O2, respectively. After visible light irradiation for 220 min with ZnBiYO4 as catalyst, complete removal and mineralization of methyl orange were observed. The reduction of total organic carbon, formation of inorganic products, SO2-4and NO-3, and evolution of CO2 revealed the continuous mineralization of methyl orange during the photocatalytic process. The intermediate products were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The ZnBiYO4/(visible light) photocatalysis system was found to be suitable for textile industry wastewater treatment and could be used to solve other environmental chemical pollution problems.     

固定化蒽醌对偶氮染料生物降解促进作用研究

采用非水溶性蒽醌固定化技术对偶氮染料生物降解促进作用进行了研究,对比了海藻酸钙,聚乙烯醇-硼酸,聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钙和琼脂4种固定化技术,探讨了溶解氧对脱色过程的影响和固定化蒽醌系统脱色广谱性.研究结果表明,固定化蒽醌可提高多种偶氮染料生物厌氧脱色速度1.5～2倍和降低偶氮染料脱色过程氧化还原电位-10～-15 mV;经4次循环使用后,其加速作用仍保持在90%以上;固定化蒽醌微生物系统具有很强抗氧冲击能力.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化水解机理及动力学模型研究

对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化水解产物溶出规律进行了研究,证实扩散限制作用是导致水解速率出现滞后现象的主要原因.在考虑扩散作用影响的前提下,对餐厨垃圾水解机理作了必要补充阐述,并根据补充后的水解机理建立了餐厨垃圾水解分段动力学模型,并在模型中引入了扩散阻力系数.通过试验求得不同粒径(20mm、40mm、60mm)餐厨垃圾的扩散阻力系数分别为1.42、2.12、2.78.进一步分析表明,扩散阻力系数的变化基本符合指数函数规律,可将分段模型合并为统一的经验动力学模型.模型验证结果表明,预测值与实验值较为接近,能够描述餐厨垃圾的水解过程.     

进水方式对处理分散养猪冲洗废水ABR反应器微生物群落结构的影响

以厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）处理分散养猪冲洗废水,对比平行运行的序批进水和连续进水ABR反应器在不同进水负荷（3个运行阶段）下的微生物群落结构变化及差异。结果表明：主坐标分析（PCoA）和聚类分析均证实,相同进水负荷时,连续进水和序批进水ABR装置的微生物群落结构整体上较接近。进水方式对微生物群落结构的影响主要在ABR的第一格（也是COD的主要去除区域）。第三阶段,连续进水装置丰度排名前5的属为Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1、Norank_f_Anaerolineaceae、Christensenellaceae_R-7_group、Norank_c_Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17和Norank_p_Candidate_division_WS6,其相对丰度分别为9.04%、8.14%、7.08%、5.97%和4.88%;序批进水装置丰度排名前5的属为Norank_c_Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1、Christensenellaceae_R-7_group、Norank_f_Anaerolineaceae和Desulfocapsa,其相对丰度分别为10.03%、7.38%、6.92%、5.58%和4.29%。费舍尔精确检验证实,第三阶段序批进水和连续进水 ABR 反应器的15种丰度较高的微生物中,13种有显著性差异,其中12种P≤0.001。

     

A novel online analyzer for accurate and rapid measurement of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic wastewater treatment

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are largely generated during the anaerobic acidification process, are considered to be reliable indicators of the stable process operation. However, the common methods for monitoring VFAs are offline, and they are typically manual requiring time-consuming, costly and complex instruments. This study aims to develop a novel online analyzer for automatic measuring VFAs, which was based on the 5-pH point titration, embedded with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control system. The results show that it can achieve accurate and rapid monitoring of VFAs ranging between 0-400 mg/L (<9 min/sample) but simultaneously faces the problems of overtitration and interference of complex characteristics of wastewater. In order to improve its accuracy and stability, the effects of three general coefficients (K_I, K_P, and K_D) of PID on the titration were investigated, and the optimal values of K_I, K_P, and K_D were found to be 1.5, 1.0, and -1.0~0.5, respectively. Besides, the initial titration speed was set at 0.06 mL/min, equal to the minimum speed of the peristaltic pump, and the dichotomy approach was integrated into the PID feedback controller. Owing to the above improvements, the relative mean deviation and standard deviation of measuring VFAs in both synthetic and real wastewaters were mostly lower than 5.0% and 5.0 mg/L, proving the online analyzer is rapid, accurate and reliable.     

有氧和厌氧环境下指示微生物的稳定性特征

建立有氧和厌氧水环境模拟反应器,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术探究了猪源拟杆菌标记物、部分指示微生物和潜在致病菌在有氧及厌氧水环境中的变化特征.结果表明,指示微生物 Streptococcaceae、Lactobacillaceae、Carnobacteriaceae、Ruminococcaceae、Lachnos...     

The feasibility of including sustainability in LCA for product development

The feasibility of combining the concept of sustainability principles and the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is examined. The goal is to achieve an operational tool that incorporates sustainability in product development and strategic planning. While the method outlined has the structure of LCA, it emphasises aspects and parameters often omitted from traditional LCA. The analysis and results can be either qualitative or semi-quantitative. Although a qualitative analysis is less time consuming, it can still highlight the important issues. Qualitative information, which is easily lost in a quantitative analysis, can be emphasised. One of the conclusions is that the method is well suited for screening analysis.     

Determination of trace elements,including regional tracers,in Rhode Island precipitation

Sampling and analytical methods have been developed to determine 20–40 trace elements plus sulfate in precipitation. Samples are collected on an event basis in polyethylene bags, and are then freeze-dried and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation. Concentration data are presented for 3 years' precipitation samples from southern Rhode Island. Elemental solubility data are presented for a smaller set of samples. Elemental concentrations vary seasonally: crustal and pollutant elements have maximum concentrations in summer, and marine elements have maxima in the winter. The data were collected for use in receptor modelling studies, and the four elements most useful as tracers for regional pollution sources (Se, As, Sb, and noncrustal V) are all well determined.     

沉积物中有机质及金属水合氧化物对γ-666、p,p′-DDT缺氧生物降解性影响

通过逐级去除辽河流域沉积物中有机质,水合铁、铝、锰氧化物,考察了沉积物中有机质和金属水合氧化物对)γ-666、p,p＇-DDT的缺氧生物降解的影响.结果表明,γ-666、p,p＇-DDT的缺氧生物降解均符合准一级动力学方程.在无外加碳源的原沉积物中准一级动力学常数分别为0.020d～、0.009 d^-.外加碳源后,γ-666、p,p＇-DDT在原沉积物中的准一级动力学常数分别为0.071d^-、0.054 d^-;在去除有机质的沉积物中为0.047d、0.037 d^-;在同时去除有机质和金属水合氧化物的沉积物中为0.067d^-、0.059 d^-.表明沉积物中的有机质促进了γ-666、p,p'-DDT的缺氧生物降解性.而金属水合氧化物对γ-666、p,p'-DDT的生物降解性有一定抑制.     

升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水的工艺特性

研究了升流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）在中温条件下处理含五氯酚（PCP）模拟废水时的工艺特点及PCP降解机理。结果表明,在以处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物（接种量约15gVSS/L）,运行温度为35±1℃,水力停留时间20～24h,进水COD浓度为2500～2800mg/L,进水PCP浓度由1.0mg/L上升至8.0mg/L条件下,120d左右完成启动,COD和PCP去除率分别为86％及94％以上。高效液相色谱仪检测结果分析表明,PCP厌氧降解的途径是首先经间位脱氯生成四氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚,再经邻位和对位脱氯生成2,4-二氯酚和邻氯苯酚,最后矿化为CH₄和CO₂。