Insights into properties of activated carbons prepared from different raw precursors by pyrophosphoric acid activation

Low-cost activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from four kinds of solid wastes: petroleum coke, Enteromorpha prolifera, lignin from papermaking black liquid and hair, by pyrophosphoric acid (H₄P₂O₇) activation. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the pyrolysis of H₄P₂O₇-precursor mixtures implied that H₄P₂O₇ had different influences on the pyrolysis behavior of the four raw materials. N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and adsorption capacities for dyes were used to characterize the prepared activated carbons. AC derived from E. prolifera exhibited the highest surface area (1094 m²/g) and maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for malachite green (1250 mg/g). Kinetic studies showed that the experimental data were in agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the adsorption of dye onto the ACs proceeded by monolayers.     

Adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous manganese dioxides

This study focused on the adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous MnO₂(s) (δMnO₂), and investigated the feasibility of employing δMnO₂ for humic acid removal from drinking water. Effects of such parameters as molecular mass of humic acid, kinds of divalent cations on adsorptive behaviors and possible mechanisms involved were investigated. This study indicated that humic acid with higher molecular mass exhibited more tendency of adsorbing onto δMnO₂ than that with lower molecular mass. Ca²⁺ facilitated more humic acid adsorption than Mg²⁺; UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated higher capabilities of Ca²⁺ coordinating with acidic functional groups of humic acid than that of Mg²⁺. Additionally, ζ potential characterization indicated that Ca²⁺ showed higher potential of increasing gz potential of δMnO₂ than Mg²⁺. Ca²⁺ of 1.0 mmol/L increased ζ potential of δMnO₂ from −37 mV (pH 7.9) to +7 mV (pH 7.2), while 1.0 mmol/L Mg²⁺ increased to lower value as −9 mV (pH 6.5), correspondingly. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂, showing the important roles of-COO⁻ functional groups and surface Mn-OH in the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 351–355 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

电化学合成的聚合氯化铝的形态特征

采用电解法合成了聚合氯化铝溶液 ,并采用2 7AlNMR法、透射电镜等方法对其形态特征进行了研究 .2 7AlNMR法表明在电化学制备PAC中主要含有铝单体 ,铝的二聚体及Al13形态 .Al13含量与其溶液的碱化度 (B)有关 .在总铝浓度 (AlT)为 2 .0mol L ,B为 2 .2时Al13含量达到最高 ,占AlT 的 70 .2 % ,并在溶液中较稳定存在 .透射电镜实验结果表明 ,电解制备的PAC的粒度分布均匀 ,无团聚现象产生     

咪唑烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解及其代谢物分析

通过分析咪唑烟酸在4种典型土壤中灭菌和非灭菌条件下的降解动力学差异,初步探讨了土壤中的微生物对其降解的贡献率。结果表明,咪唑烟酸在非灭菌条件下的半衰期为29～44d,在灭菌条件下的半衰期为81～134d,在非灭菌条件下的降解速率比灭菌条件下提高1 3～3 4倍。在小粉土中微生物降解的理论半衰期约为48d,为灭菌条件下的近3倍,充分说明了土壤中的微生物在咪唑烟酸的降解中起着非常重要的作用。运用LC-ESI-MS检测到4种微生物降解产物,它们的分子量分别为219,222,201和149,并由此推断了咪唑烟酸在土壤中降解转化的主要途径为:首先被微生物转化成更为稳定的氨盐产物,然后再进一步脱甲基、羧基和异丙基及咪唑啉酮环的开裂和重排等。      

气相色谱法测定水中甲萘威

通过改进预处理方法,采用带氮磷检测器的毛细柱气相色谱仪测定水中甲萘威的含量,得到了较好的精密度和准确度。     

酵母菌吸附重金属铬的生理代谢机理及细胞形貌分析

从细胞的生理代谢及微观形貌方面研究了1株酵母菌富集废水中铬的机理.阳离子运输实验表明:酵母菌在吸附铬的过程中,伴随着K 、Mg2 、Na 、Ca2 等阳离子的大量释放,铬离子和质子的跨膜运输与胞内阳离子释放相耦合;反应30 min,细胞对铬的吸附接近饱和,阳离子与铬的交换达到平衡.同时细胞分泌酰胺和蛋白等有机分子,作为Cr(Ⅵ)的还原性物质及离子主动运输的载体,促进了铬的胞内积累.原子力显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射能谱分析吸附铬前后细胞微观形貌、元素含量变化:细胞表面高毒性铬的沉积、细胞膜通透性的增强、铬与细胞内有机大分子的螯合作用,及胞内大量维持细胞结构的阳离子向体外扩散等行为破坏了细胞的微观结构,致使细胞产生空壳、内陷甚至裂解等现象.     

海水中氯氟烃的气相色谱法测定

应用气相色谱法测定海水中氯氟烃,海水用Niskin采水器采集,将海水转移玻璃注射器中储藏直到分析。把大约30mL海水引入到一个玻璃气提器中,用高纯氮气将溶解在海水中氯氟烃(CFC's)吹扫出来浓缩在冷捕集器中,然后把捕集器加热,用高纯氮气CFC's送入气相色谱分离柱,CFC's由电子捕获检测器(ECD)检测出。结果表明:该方法快速,灵敏度高,分离效果好,适用于分析测定水体中氯氟烃。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中吡啶

建立了用气相色谱法测定环境空气中吡啶的方法。环境空气中吡啶活性炭吸附,二硫化碳解吸,DB-200毛细管柱分离,直接进样分析,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,时间定性,峰面积定量,吡啶回收率为91．5％～103．1％,当采样体积为20L,吡啶最低检出质量浓度分别为0．006mg/m 3。本方法前处理简便,分离度好,分析灵敏度高,满足环境分析要求。     

微波水热合成花球状BiOCl光催化降解甲硝唑

以五水硝酸铋,氯化钾,乙二醇和P123为原料,用微波水热合成法制备出具有花球状的BiOCl.通过优化微波功率,温度和微波保持时间3种因素,发现微波功率为600W,温度为120℃,保持时间为30min时制备的BiOCl在模拟太阳光下对甲硝唑的降解效果最为显著.利用XRD和SEM对制备的BiOCl进行表征,考察了BiOCl的晶体结构和表面特征.同时研究了BiOCl投加量,甲硝唑浓度及pH值对甲硝唑降解的影响.结果表明,当BiOCl的投加量为2g/L,甲硝唑的初始浓度为5mg/L,体系初始pH值为3时,BiOCl对甲硝唑的降解效果达到98.3%.通过自由基捕获剂实验,发现光催化降解甲硝唑反应中的主要活性物种为空穴（h⁺）和过氧自由基（·O₂^-）.     

顶空气相色谱法测定海水中三氯乙醛

三氯乙醛是海水淡化杀生剂副产物,随浓海水排放入海,对海洋生物具有致畸性,建立海水中三氯乙醛检测方法,具有重要意义。本文采用顶空方法对海水样品中的三氯乙醛进行分离富集,建立了气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(μECD)的分析方法。讨论了顶空时间、顶空温度、水样盐度等实验条件对顶空富集效率的影响。方法在0.05~20.0 μg/L范围呈线性关系,相关系数0.9996,方法检出限(3S/N)为0.006 μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)0.51%~1.9%,加标回收率在96.1%~113.9%之间。     

离子色谱法测定水中总硬度

水质硬度的测定方法很多,本研究选用离子色谱法和EDTA络合滴定法对地下水和地表水样品分别进行测定,结果表明离子色谱法相对于传统的EDTA络合滴定法有干扰小,对环境污染少的优点,但水质测定的国标方法中没有该方法,因此建议可用离子色谱法测定水质硬度。