A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.     

The evaluation of some photochemical smog reaction mechanisms—II. Initial addition of alkanes and alkenes

New experimental results from the CSIRO outdoor smog chambers are used to evaluate four widely-used photochemical reaction mechanisms. When alkanes are added to a smog chamber base loading of synthetic exhaust, increasing the initial ppmC content by 57%, it is found that the concentration of smog produced (SP) is reduced during the light-limited regime typically by 17–28%. All four models predict that SP concentrations under these conditions will increase (by 1–20%, depending on the model and the alkane used). It is argued that the inclusion of recently verified mechanisms for alkyl nitrate formation will improve model predictive ability. Alkane addition to gasoline increases both the rate of formation of SP and the maximum value and this is reflected in the model predictions.The effect of alkene addition to the synthetic exhaust base loading is to increase sharply the rate of SP formation. Final SP values, however, are limited by the available NO_x levels in the latter stages of the experiments. Addition of an extra amount of synthetic exhaust to the synthetic exhaust base loading increases both the rate of formation of SP and the maximum value.Overall the reaction mechanisms' performance is good to excellent. The CB-II and Caltech models performed better generally that the CB-XR and CB-IV models for the 16 experiments examined.     

亚热带地区潜流人工湿地木本植物筛选与净化潜力评价

为了解决亚热带地区人工湿地植物的冬季草本植物地上部分枯死的问题,本研究引入16种木本植物到潜流人工湿地中进行净化潜力筛选与评价,并对木本植物的适应形态特性、生理特性、氮磷积累量指标进行了聚类分析.结果表明,测试木本植物的成活率、株高增幅、根长增幅、根系活力、叶绿素含量、超氧化歧化酶、丙二醛、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶、生长量、氮磷平均浓度、氮磷的积累量都存在很大差异.采用建立的净化潜力评价体系将测试植物聚类分为3大类,较强的有夹竹桃、木槿,中等的有:棕榈、小叶迎春、栀子花、六月雪、龟甲冬青,较弱的有:大叶冬青、常春藤、金森女贞、金叶女贞、金边七里香、七里香、桂花、十大功劳、红叶石楠.     

Enhanced metronidazole removal by binary-species photoelectrogenic biofilm of microaglae and anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

High efficient removal of antibiotics during nutriments recovery for biomass production poses a major technical challenge for photosynthetic microbial biofilm-based wastewater treatment since antibiotics are always co-exist with nutriments in wastewater and resist biodegradation due to their strong biotoxicity and recalcitrance. In this study, we make a first attempt to enhance metronidazole (MNZ) removal from wastewater using electrochemistry-activated binary-species photosynthetic biofilm of Rhodopseudomonas Palustris (R. Palustris) and Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) by cultivating them under different applied potentials. The results showed that application of external potentials of -0.3, 0 and 0.2 V led to 11, 33 and 26-fold acceleration in MNZ removal, respectively, as compared to that of potential free. The extent of enhancement in MNZ removal was positively correlated to the intensities of photosynthetic current produced under different externally applied potentials. The binary-species photoelectrogenic biofilm exhibited 18 and 6-fold higher MNZ removal rate than that of single-species of C. vulgaris and R. Palustris, respectively, due to the enhanced metabolic interaction between them. Application of an external potential of 0V significantly promoted the accumulation of tryptophan and tyrosine-like compounds as well as humic acid in extracellular polymeric substance, whose concentrations were 7.4, 7.1 and 2.0-fold higher than those produced at potential free, contributing to accelerated adsorption and reductive and photosensitive degradation of MNZ.     

利用三维荧光技术分析太湖水体溶解性有机质的分布特征及来源

利用三维荧光光谱法研究了太湖125个样点表层(0.5m)和底层(1.5m)水体溶解性有机质(DOM)的组成和分布特征,并对不同湖区DOM的来源进行了分析.结果表明,太湖大部分湖区水体DOM以类蛋白物质为主,其中,竺山湾DOM中的腐殖质和类蛋白物质含量均较其它湖区高.太湖水体DOM的分布存在区域差异性,即:竺山湾湖区西部湖区梅梁湾湖心区贡湖湾南部湖区.分析认为,太湖DOM的来源具有陆源输入与内源微生物降解的双重特征,但竺山湾和西部湖区以陆源输入为主,而梅梁湾、贡湖、南部湖区及湖心区以内源微生物降解为主.分析各类荧光峰强度与水质参数的相关性发现,太湖水体DOM4类荧光峰之间呈显著正相关关系,DOM的4类荧光峰均与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝酸根离子(NO3-)、铵根离子(NH4+)呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),DOM的各类荧光峰强度和溶解氧呈显著负相关(p0.01),这可能是由于水体DOM含量升高后,微生物比较活跃,消耗大量的溶解氧所致;DOM的各类荧光峰强度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)之间的相关性不显著,可能与不同湖区样品中一些非荧光物质在DOM中的比例不同有关.     

利用空心微球和介电泳去除水中Pb~(2+)

利用空心微球吸附水中的重金属Pb2+,将悬浮液注入装有微电极阵列芯片的微介电泳池中,施加交流电压,用介电泳捕获悬浮液中的空心微球.同时,研究了空心微球吸附铅离子前后的介电迁移规律.结果表明,吸附了Pb2+的空心微球发生了正介电泳现象.此方法可以将吸附了重金属离子的空心微球捕集到一定的区域中,为工业废水中重金属离子的治理提出一种可能的方法.     

Comparison of soil N availability and leaching potential,crop yields and weeds in organic,low-input and conventional farming systems in northern California

Increasing dependence on off-farm inputs including, fertilizers, pesticides and energy for food and fiber production in the United States and elsewhere is of questionable sustainability resulting in environmental degradation and human health risks. The organic (no synthetic fertilizer or pesticide use), and low-input (reduced amount of synthetic fertilizer and pesticide use), farming systems are considered to be an alternative to conventional farming systems, to enhance agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. Soil N availability and leaching potential, crop yields and weeds are important factors related to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality, yet information on long-term farming system effects on these factors, especially in the organic and low-input farming systems is limited. Four farming systems: organic, low-input, conventional (synthetic fertilizer and pesticides applied at recommended rates) 4-year rotation (conv-4) and a conventional 2-year rotation (conv-2) were evaluated for soil mineral N, potentially mineralizable N (PMN), crop yields and weed biomass in irrigated processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) from 1994 to 1998 in California’s Sacramento Valley. Soil mineral N levels during the cropping season varied by crop, farming system, and the amount and source of N fertilization. The organic and low-input systems showed 112 and 36% greater PMN pools than the conventional systems, respectively. However, N mineralization rates of the conventional systems were 100% greater than in the organic and 28% greater than in the low-input system. Average tomato fruit yield for the 5-year period (1994–1998) was 71.0 Mg ha⁻¹ and average corn grain yield was 11.6 Mg ha⁻¹ and both were not significantly different among farming systems. The organic system had a greater aboveground weed biomass at harvest compared to other systems. The lower potential risk of N leaching from lower N mineralization rates in the organic and low-input farming systems appear to improve agricultural sustainability and environmental quality while maintaining similar crop yields.     

The lumisphere,a new model of pre-biotic evolution

Lyophilization of the amber-colored, fluorescent oils obtained via thermolysis of amino acid mixtures (Lys, Ala, Gly) leads to a cellular-structured material—with an average cell diameter of 50 μm. The cellular aggregates show a resemblance to epithel tissues. Single cellular entities find their analogs in Fox microspheres as well as in the microfossilsIsuasphaera. Short-wave UV (254 nm) irradiation of the aqueous suspensions destroys the cells, whereas suspension in saline solutions (NaCl) offers protection against dissolution by UV light. The fluorescence spectrum of the microscopic preparations containing the highly fluorescent cellular material (“lumispheres”) was registered.     

TiO2@酵母复合微球固定床吸附荧光增白剂-VBL的研究

研究了Ti O2@酵母复合微球在固定床中吸附阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)的特性,考察了溶液p H(2.0~8.0)、床层高度(1~3 cm)、进水浓度(20~80 mg·L-1)和进水流速(5~11 m L·min-1)等因素对固定床吸附特性的影响.结果表明在溶液p H为2.0,床层高度为1 cm,进水浓度为80 mg·L-1和进水流速为5 m L·min-1时,吸附剂的最大吸附量为223.80 mg·g-1.BDST、Thomas和Yoon-Nelson模型均能很好地描述不同条件下动态吸附行为,相关系数均大于0.980.同时,Ti O2@酵母复合微球具有很好的再生性能,可以重复利用4次.     

新型改性壳聚糖微球的制备及其对氯酚的吸附研究

采用反相悬浮法制备交联壳聚糖微球,再与庚醛反应生成Schiff's碱,最后与NaBH4还原制得N-烷基化改性壳聚糖微球,用红外光谱和光学显微镜进行表征,并用于吸附2,4-二氯酚的研究.试验考察了微球的溶解性能,以及吸附时间、溶液pH值、氯化钠含量和2,4-二氯酚浓度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,庚醛改性交联壳聚糖微球不溶于水、酸和碱,对2,4-二氯酚有良好的吸附性能;在pH为6的条件下,3h吸附量达492.2 mg·g-1,吸附数据符合Freundlich等温方程.     

再生水灌溉土壤人工合成麝香累积模型模拟

人工合成麝香(HHCB/AHTN)是近几年来受关注较多的药品与个人护理品(PPCPs)类新型污染物之一,再生水灌溉是HHCB/AHTN输入土壤的主要途径.本研究结合再生水灌溉土壤的实地检测结果,采用HYDRUS-1D模型,模拟了长期灌溉再生水条件下土壤中HHCB和AHTN的迁移转化和累积趋势.结果表明,尽管土壤中这两种麝香的含量极低,但是再生水灌溉土壤中的含量是自来水灌溉土壤的5倍;再生水灌溉下HHCB/AHTN累积趋势从lgKoc较低为3.44时的指数型增加,到lgKoc较高为4.12和4.86时的线性增加;半衰期的变化对再生水灌溉途径输入土壤的HHCB/AHTN的表层累积影响并不明显;再生水灌溉下土壤中HHCB/AHTN的垂直迁移能力较小,灌溉40 a以后最大迁移距离只有53 cm,且受Koc变化的影响较大;通过灌溉水途径进入土壤的HHCB和AHTN通过生物降解与植物吸收途径消解的比例较低,最高只占输入总量的7.69%,但是随着lgKoc的减小和灌溉时间增加,通过生物降解和根系吸收的消解率增加.本研究结果能够为准确评估再生水灌溉途径引起的土壤中人工合成麝香HHCB/AHTN的生态风险提供依据.     

Chirality determines pheromone activity for flour beetles

Olfactory perception and orientation behaviour of female and male flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum) to single stereoisomers of their aggregation pheromone revealed maximal receptor potentials and optimal attraction in response to 4R,8R-(?)-dimethyldecanal, whereas its optical antipode 4S,8S-(+)-dimethyldecanal was found to be inactive in this respect. Female flour beetles of both species were ≈ 10³ times less attracted to 4R,8S-(+)- and 4S,8R-(?)-dimethyldecanal than to 4R,8R-(?)-dimethyldecanal, while male flour beetles failed to respond to the R,S-(+)- and S,R-(?)-stereoisomers. Pheromone extracts of prothoracic femora from unmated male flour beetles elicited higher receptor potentials in the antennae of females than in those of males. The results suggest that the aggregation pheromone emitted by maleT. castaneum as well as maleT. confusum has the stereochemical structure of 4R,8R-(?)-dimethyl-decanal, which acts as sex attractant for the females and as aggregant for the males of both species.     

Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish

Besides obvious benefits,the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) ecosystem.In order to record organic contamination,to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring,several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method.Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels,mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts.Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013.Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011(165–1653 ng/g),emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area.Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing(150–433 ng/g) and Kaixian(127–590 ng/g) in2013.Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers.However,the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216–636 kg PAH/day(0.2–0.6 mg PAH/(m2·day)),indicating an ecotoxicological risk.PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section,whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section.Furthermore,sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay.Additionally,significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P.vachellii were detected(Chongqing/Kaixian),demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as animportant mode of action in the TGR's fish.PAHs,their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents.     

地表环境汞污染的生物修复技术及展望

汞（Hg）及其化合物是一类重要的全球污染物，环境中高浓度的汞会对生态系统和人类健康造成严重危害。《关于汞的水俣公约》正式生效后，汞生产量、使用量和排放量将得到有效控制。然而历史排放汞导致的污染问题依然会对自然环境造成长期的生态风险，因此在减排的同时也亟需开发、发展有效治理汞污染的方法。本文总结了汞污染生物修复的技术及应用原理，分析了基于生物修复原理运用合成生物学手段改造生物将其运用到汞污染修复的优势和潜力，最后探讨了汞污染合成生物学修复应重点关注的问题和前沿研究方向。     

Effects of rhamnolipid biosurfactant JBR425 and synthetic surfactant Surfynol465 on the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 2-naphthol

The kinetics of the recombinant Coprinus cinereus peroxidase-catalyzed 2-naphthol oxidation was investigated in the presence of rhamnolipid biosurfactant JBR425 and synthetic surfactant Surfynol465 at pH 5.5 and 25℃, with concentrations of (bio)surfactants both less than critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and larger than CMC. It was shown that monomers of JBR425 as well as monomers of Surfynol465 had an enhancing effect on the conversion of 2-naphthol in dose response manner and did not influence the initial rate of 2-naphthol oxidation. The results were accounted by a scheme, which contains a stadium of enzyme inhibition by oligomeric 2-naphthol oxidation products. The action of the biosurfactant's (or synthetic surfactant's) monomers was explained by avoidance of the enzyme active center clothing with oligomers. Similar results have demonstrated the potential of rhamnolipid biosurfactant JBR425 due to its biodegradability. When biosurfactants' concentrations are larger than CMC, (bio)surfactants have an opposite effect on the oxidation of 2-naphthol by peroxidase.     

无机废水硝化过程中原生动物群落结构特征及其变化规律

研究了处理人工氨氮配水的反应器硝化过程中原生动物种群结构特征及其变化规律.研究发现,来自城市污水厂的接种污泥随着运行时间的延长,原生动物的种群多样性不断降低.在亚硝酸盐积累阶段,表壳虫(Arcella)成为优势种;在硝酸盐成为主要硝化产物时,原生动物的优势种主要为累枝虫(Epistyli)和匣壳虫(Centropyxis);污泥粒径大小是决定匣壳虫成为优势种的主要原因.     

珍珠岩对蚯蚓同步处理污泥-狐尾藻的研究

本研究利用太平二号蚯蚓构建生物反应器,以污水处理厂脱水污泥和粉绿狐尾藻作为研究对象,探究添加不同比例的珍珠岩对蚯蚓动物反应器处理混合物的减量化、无害化和资源化效果.结果表明,添加珍珠岩能够显著提高蚯蚓动物反应器同步处理污泥-狐尾藻的效率,经反应器处理后,混合物减量化效果明显,处理后产物的pH、有机质、碱解氮和重金属含量(Cu、Pb、Cr)均表现为明显下降,电导率(EC)和速效磷显著上升.经反应器处理后,产物品质符合在pH6.5的中性和碱性土壤上的施用标准.结果显示,当珍珠岩添加比例为4%时,对动物反应器的实用性和经济性效果最佳.     

Metabolic microspheres

A systematic review of catalytic activities in thermal proteinoids and microspheres aggregated therefrom yields some new inferences on the origins and evolution of metabolism. Experiments suggest that, instead of being inert, protocells were already biochemically and cytophysically competent. The emergence and refinement of metabolism ab initio is thus partly traced conceptually. When the principle of molecular self-instruction, as of amino acids in peptide synthesis, is taken into account as a concomitant of natural selection, an expanded theory of organismic evolution, including saltations, emerges.     

贵州草海水体溶解性有机物的荧光光谱特征及来源解析

为探明草海水环境污染物分布特征及来源状况,采用三维荧光光谱技术结合平行因子分析法,对草海水体中溶解性有机物组成特征进行剖析,分析有机物组分在枯水期和丰水期的浓度特征及分布差异,并采用多个荧光指数解析水体溶解性有机物的来源.结果表明,草海水体溶解性有机物中包含2种类型的4种组分,即自生源产生的腐殖质类物质C1（360/450）、C2（390/509）、C3（330/400）;陆源输入的蛋白质类物质C4（280/350）,4种组分在具有明显的区域差异性,枯水期自中心向边缘递减,具有同源性表征;丰水期由于受周边村庄、农田外源输入的影响呈自东南部向西北部递减.荧光特征参数分析结果显示,水体DOM的FI>1.4,主要为自生内源产生辅以部分陆源输入的方式,以新近产生的有机物相对浓度高,腐殖化程度低,类腐殖质物质（占95%）相对浓度远大于类蛋白物质（占5%）.4个有机物组分与水中氮、磷、重金属都呈现了不同程度的相关性,枯水期相关性较丰水期尤为显著.研究显示,草海水体物质来源以内源产生为主,外源输入为辅,亦证明草海近年水环境管理措施取得明显成效,今后的污染防治方案应加强内源污染物的治理.     

淀山湖水、沉积物和鱼体中的合成麝香及人体暴露评估

合成麝香是一类"类持久性"有机污染物,研究其在城市近郊湖泊的污染变化,可以更好地了解生活污染源对湖泊水环境的影响特点,为湖泊水环境研究积累更多基础数据.研究了上海近郊淀山湖水体、沉积物和鱼体中合成麝香的污染状况及其人体的暴露状况.结果表明,佳乐麝香(HHCB)是表层水和沉积物中的主要合成麝香类污染物,平均浓度为11.9 ng·L-1和0.98 ng·g-1干重.合成麝香在淀山湖野生鱼体中也有存在,主要污染物HHCB的中值浓度为122 ng·g-1脂重.淀山湖水环境的整体污染水平不高.表层水的合成麝香污染受到采样时间影响较明显,7月丰水期的表层水浓度偏低(Mann-Whitney U检验,p=0.000,p0.05);沉积物浓度随采样时间的变化并不十分明显.淀山湖进水区域采样点的污染程度普遍高于出水区域.淀山湖沉积物的HHCB浓度远小于底栖生物的无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration).经食物摄入(饮食、饮水)途径暴露的合成麝香量仅为0.90 ng·d-1·kg-1体重,显著低于因个人护理用品使用产生的皮肤暴露量.淀山湖水环境已受到合成麝香的影响,但污染水平较低,生态风险和健康影响很小.