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1.
Schipper L. J. Haas R. Sheinbaum C. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1996,1(2):167-196
In the late 1970s and for most of the 1980s, residential energy use in the OECD underwent significant changes. Many of these changes were a result of more efficient energy use in response to higher energy prices, energy efficiency programs, and the appearance of new technologies for saving energy. This study analyzes these changes and the impact of energy use on carbon emissions in the residential sector for nine OECD countries for the period from 1973 to 1992. The major findings of this analysis are:
- CO2 emissions per capita were lower in 1992 in almost all of the countries we studied;
- The two primary changes were improvements in energy efficiency and a decrease in the share of fossil fuels used for electricity and district heating production;
- The main source of growth in emissions from residential energy use was increased ownership of electric appliances, where, in spite of important improvements in energy efficiency, ownership grew so rapidly that electricity use (and subsequent emissions) increased;
- Changes in fuel mix, including both the changes in the share of fuels used in households and the share of fuels used to generate electricity and district heating, led to a decrease in emissions in the nine countries;
- Increasing the efficiency of electric appliances and further reductions in the intensity of space heating are probably the key elements in a strategy to improve efficiency as a means to lowering CO2 emissions.
2.
Temporary Carbon Sequestration Cannot Prevent Climate Change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Miko U. F. Kirschbaum 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(5-6):1151-1164
Storing carbon in biosphere sinks can reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the short term. However, this lowers the concentration gradient between the atmosphere and the oceans and other potential carbon reservoirs, and consequently reduces the rate of CO2 removal from the atmosphere. If carbon is released again from that temporary storage, subsequent atmospheric CO2 concentrations will, therefore, be higher than without temporary carbon storage. It is thus important to analyse whether temporary carbon storage in biosphere sinks can mitigate climate-change impacts. To analyse that, climate-change impacts need to be quantified explicitly. Impacts can be quantified:
- as the instantaneous effect of increased temperature
- through the rate of temperature increase
- as the cumulative effect of increased temperatures.
3.
《Journal of Cleaner Production》2008,16(6):665-672
In this paper, a brief history is presented of the development of pollution prevention (P2) programs and policies in both the states and by the federal government in the United States. Current trends are then discussed including the evolution of these programs, difficulties maintaining public support and prospects for the future. The 13 papers in this issue are then briefly described. They are grouped in the following four categories:
- •Government initiatives to increase use of P2 strategies and technologies
- •Purchasing initiatives
- •Sector initiatives
- •Program evaluation and measurement
4.
In an analysis of North Sea eutrophication science and policies, focusing on the period 1980–2005, it was investigated how scientific information was used in policy-making. The analysis focused on the central assumptions of the rational policy-making model, i.e. that scientific information can be used to formulate decisions, based upon objective scientific information (rational decision-making), and secondly, can support implementing these decisions (rational management). In general terms, the following was concluded:
- •More knowledge has increased rather than reduced uncertainty;
- •In order to handle the problem of dealing with complexity and uncertainty at the political level, a simplification of facts has occurred, in this case focusing on nutrients as the main cause of the problem, at the same time excluding other possible causes;
- •Both the limited scientific view (i.e. the nutrient view) and the exaggeration of the seriousness of the problem (impacts, scope) have been used as an authoritative basis for the justification of political decisions. Both were not supported by the majority of the scientific community;
- •New scientific knowledge, not in support of existing policies, has been excluded from the policy process;
- •The science–policy interface, mainly consisting of “civil-servant scientists”, that emerged and increased its influence over the period of investigation, has been the central element in the simplification and exclusion process.
5.
《Journal of Cleaner Production》2006,14(2):152-162
Corporate sustainable development (CSD) can help to force the life sciences industry (LSI) to move from responsibility towards accountability.In terms of sustainability issues, which currently affect and occupy the LSI and their stakeholders, one could speak of 4 generations:
- •The local side-effects of operations, production, distribution and use.
- •The effects and risks of the used and applied technologies and methods.
- •The affordability and access to essential available treatments and products.
- •The necessity and need for new essential products or treatments for neglected diseases.
6.
《Journal of Cleaner Production》2006,14(9-11):797-809
This article is based on an analysis of Lund University that took place during the summer and autumn of 2004 (available for download at www.iiiee.lu.se, click library and publications). The university had experienced a loss of momentum in their progress regarding environmental issues. The purpose of the study was to identify barriers to including sustainability-related content throughout Lund University curricula, and eventually to develop solutions to eliminate/overcome these barriers. The article describes how Meadows' “Places to intervene in a system” [Meadows D. Leverage points: places to intervene in a system. Hartland, VT, USA: Sustainability Institute; 1999] was used as a tool to systematically discover these barriers. The same intervention places are used as a basis for deriving solutions to eliminate/overcome the barriers. The main conclusions of this article are that Meadows list can be a useful tool to
- a.systematically identify and characterise the barriers towards achieving the organisational objective of incorporating SD into courses and curricula;
- b.identify ways to overcome these barriers;
- c.increase chances that these barriers are addressed with sufficient leverage.
7.
《Journal of Cleaner Production》2001,9(4):313-323
“Sustainable tourism destination” is an emerging term used in recognition schemes to promote sustainable development at destinations. This concept, which is still being developed, has the potential to stimulate the implementation of sustainable development through an interdisciplinary, holistic and integrative approach which combines different aspects of existing tools. This article will discuss the following:
- •conceptual definitions for sustainable tourism destinations
- •the need to integrate different approaches and tools for developing sustainable tourism destinations
- •the role which Cleaner Production plays in terms of developing sustainable tourism destinations
8.
This article draws lessons from a seven-year project on conservation and use of remaining coffee forests in the highlands of South-west Ethiopia. The project investigated the genetic diversity of Coffea arabica in its place of origin as well as economic perspectives of quality coffee marketing. With initially broad multidisciplinary natural and social sciences research a basis was laid for a second phase of praxis and implementation-oriented research in the same region.As a key innovative approach an NGO was established to take over all project management and implementation-oriented work in Ethiopia at the beginning of the second phase. This initiative helped decisively to solve the kind of problems identified in RESCUE (2012): ownership of results developed within R&D, the often missing mandate for science to actively contribute to solutions ‘on the ground’, and problems of cultural and social unsuitability and misunderstanding, which often are at the core of the problem when solutions from scientists are expected.The NGO operated as an intermediary between the involved scientists and other stakeholders from the coffee industry as well as from public administration and the Ethiopian polity. Its overall target was to contribute toward establishment of a biosphere reserve following the UNESCO MAB scheme and to use this scheme for the conservation and use of the remaining Ethiopian coffee forests. This target was achieved: the biosphere reserve has been accepted and accredited by UNESCO and is in operation. In addition, quality coffee from the development zones of the biosphere reserve is being sold on local markets in Yayu, SW Ethiopia.There are important lessons for the future of transdisciplinary and transformative sustainability science that can be drawn from this experience. These lessons concern concrete challenges and chances of research and development geared toward sustainable development:
- •Working with implementation-targets as project organizing elements,
- •communication and transfer of responsibility to involved stakeholders,
- •challenges for praxis-oriented syntheses from research results,
- •practical challenges of management and coordination for transdisciplinary projects, as well as.
- •chances for long-term sustainability and use of research and implementation work.
9.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1990,24(11):2707-2714
An attempt has been made to assess factors that indicate how various fuels affect the climate. In these factors emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are weighed together with reference to the direct and indirect effects of these gases on the long wave radiation absorption.The analysis is dependent on the time period that is to be studied. We have carried out calculations both on the basis of the coming 50-year period and on the basis of a period where the greenhouse effect is summed up after the total lifetime of the gases in the atmosphere, i.e. more than 400 years.The analyses show that the results become different according to the time period considered.The uncertainties in the calculations are due to the following:
- •the indirect effects of methane emissions, i.e. ozone formation, are difficult to assess;
- •knowledge about the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide is incomplete;
- •any other secondary effects such as emissions of carbon monoxide and other organic substances, natural and anthropogenic, may be of significance.
10.
《Journal of Cleaner Production》2008,16(11):1203-1217
In this article radical change in the context of sustainable development is seen as a long-term process in which steady progress in the right direction is regarded as more essential than quick success. The author argues that pressing for swift radical changes bears a serious risk of becoming counter productive, because:
- pressing for rapid change is often wasteful and may prevent the best possible ways of exploitation of innovations;
- rapid change over a wide front of applications and sectors is usually impossible;
- pressing for rapid changes usually encounters strong opposition from interest groups, thereby risking to get bogged down in acceptability discourses.
11.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1990,24(5):1219-1229
A study was conducted to evaluate the emissions of perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) from dry cleaned fabrics to determine: (a) how the introduction of fresh dry cleaning into a home affects the indoor concentration of perchloroethylene, and (b) the effectiveness of ‘airing out’ dry cleaned clothes in reducing perchloroethylene emissions. Small chamber tests were conducted to determine perchloroethylene emission characteristics for three fabrics at several air exchange rates. Test house studies were conducted to determine the indoor concentration of perchloroethylene due to the placement of dry cleaned clothing in the house. Based on the study results, and assuming that test conditions were representative of normal dry cleaning and consumer practices, the following conclusions were reached.
- (1)Emissions from freshly dry cleaned clothing cause elevated levels of perchloroethylene in residences.
- (2)For the three fabrics tested, ‘airing out’ of dry cleaned clothing by consumers for short time periods (4–8 h) will not be effective in reducing perchloroethylene emissions.
- (3)Adsorptive surfaces (i.e. sinks) in residences may have a major impact on consumer exposure to perchloroethylene.
12.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1992,26(3):403-420
Outdoor smog chamber experiments have been performed to determine the aerosol-forming potential of selected C7- and C8-hydrocarbons in sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon-NOχ mixtures. Measured aerosol size distributions were used to determine the rates of gas-to-particle conversion and to study the effects of the addition of SO2 and/or NH3 on aerosol formation and growth. The average aerosol yields by mass for the hydrocarbons studied were (the range of measured values for methylcyclohexane and 1-octene are in parentheses):
- •methylcyclohexane 9.2% (0.12–18.8);
- •1-octene 4.2% (0.17–6.9);
- •toluene 18.6%;
- •n-octane <0.001%.
13.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1990,24(6):1401-1407
The number concentration of aerosol particles dispersed in the urban atmosphere was measured at Kagurazaka in central Tokyo from January 1980 to December 1987.Aitken particle number concentrations were measured with a Pollak condensation nuclei counter and a diffusion battery. The characteristic radius was deduced, using the DeMarcus equation, from the measured concentrations. Mie particle number concentrations ranging from 0.055 to 2.5 μm in radius were measured with two optical particle counters. Slope and intercept of the Junge distribution were calculated for particles > 0.15 μm. The main results are as follows.
- 1.(1) For these 8 yr, there are no long-term trends in the particle number concentrations, characteristic radius, and slope and intercept of the Junge distribution.
- 2.(2) Aitken particle number concentrations show regular seasonal variations, with a maximum during winter and a minimum during summer. They also show regular diurnal variations, with an increase during daytime and a minimum in the early morning. Detailed discussions suggest that these variations are affected by anthropogenic sources and meteorological conditions.
- 3.(3) Mie particle number concentrations show neither a clear seasonal nor diurnal variation. The variations are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions. Our careful analysis shows that wind speed is most important of the meteorological elements. Mie particle number concentrations decrease as wind speed increases, often by as much as two-thirds. This effect was observed for all wind directions.
14.
《Journal of Cleaner Production》2008,16(5):622-631
The tannery industry, as one of most important industrial activities, faced more dilemmas at the fall of communistic era:
- -Can the branch keep a leading position for the exported products at the national level, under a de-centralized system?
- -Can the industry comply with the new, more stringent environmental legislation?
- -How far is this industrial branch from the European BAT/BATNEC?
15.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere》1992,26(2):199-206
As part of a U.K. National Materials Exposure Programme, samples of stone and metals are being exposed at 29 sites for a minimum of 4 years. The sites were chosen to cover a wide range of environmental conditions, climate and topography. Information on meteorological conditions and atmospheric pollutants are being collected from all the sites. Four of the sites also form part of an international programme that is operating concurrently for the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).Results are reported from the exposure test on bare mild steel, galvanized steel, painted steel, copper and aluminium. Rates of corrosion in industrial areas are well below those reported for similar sites in 1930–1960, mainly because of the large fall in sulphur dioxide concentrations, and in many cases the scale is becoming increasingly protective. Rates for aluminium are extremely low.The measured mass losses have been fitted to a variety of simple multivariate correlation functions. Work using continuous corrosion monitors suggests (in agreement with the mass-loss data) that:
- 1.(i) the rate of corrosion of steel is controlled in British conditions mainly by the long-term average sulphur dioxide concentration, and scarcely responds to short-term SO2 episodes;
- 2.(ii) nitrogen oxide concentrations have little effect on the rate of corrosion;
- 3.(iii) the chloride content of rain is not a very important factor for steel corrosion rates except at a few coastal sites.
16.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1992,26(4):609-624
The paper assumes Governments are willing and able to reduce national emissions of pollution to protect the environment. Sulphur dioxide is examined as an important example. Although not necessarily true at the present time, it further assumes:
- 1.(i) that the cost of reducing these emissions from different industries (and other source types) are known, and that these costs include the secondary consequences of emission control (for example, possible resulting unemployment);
- 2.(ii) that maximum deposition criteria (mdc) have been established on some appropriate grid (above which undesirable environmental damage will occur) and that in some gridsquares these mdc are currently being exceeded; and
- 3.(iii) that priorities for reducing the deposition may be ascribed for each gridsquare. The highest priority may reflect concern over excessive levels of heavy metals in drinking water drawn from wells used by remote homesteads, for example. Gridsquares where more gradual, and hopefully reversible, damage is taking place would be given a rather lower priority.
17.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1990,24(1):143-146
In this study airborne levels of MMMF were determined in 11 dwellings during and after disturbance of loft insulation. The disturbance was in two stages.
- 1.(a) Minor disturbance. Household items (such as suitcases) stored in the lofts were moved around for about 10 min. The disturbance to the insulation material was kept to a minimum.
- 2.(b) Major disturbance. Insulation wools were physically handled for about 30 min, simulating the disturbance associated with activities such as rewiring or plumbing.
18.
CMK-3 and C-FDU-15 samples were synthesized using hard-templating and evaporationinduced self-assembly(EISA) methods,respectively.The pore structures of CMK-3 and CFDU-15 as well as commercial activated carbon were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and N2 adsorption–desorption.Adsorption of NO was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis,temperature-programmed desorption of NO + O2 相似文献
19.
Zhe Feng Lin Zeng Qingle Zhang Shifeng Ge Xinyue Zhao Hongjun Lin Yiming He 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(1):149-162
A graphite carbon nitride(g-C3N4) modified Bi4O5I2 composite was successfully prepared insitu via the thermal treatment of a g-C3N4/Bi OI precursor at 400°C for 3 hr.The as-prepared g-C3N4/Bi4O5I2 showed high photocatalytic performance in Methyl Orange(MO) degradation under visible light.The best sample presented a degradation rate of 0.164 min-1,which is... 相似文献
20.
The fossil record of Late Cretaceous–Paleogene modern birds in the Southern Hemisphere includes the Maastrichtian Neogaeornis wetzeli from Chile, Polarornis gregorii and Vegavis iaai from Antarctica, and Australornis lovei from the Paleogene of New Zealand. The recent finding of a new and nearly complete Vegavis skeleton constitutes the most informative source for anatomical comparisons among Australornis, Polarornis, and Vegavis. The present contribution includes, for the first time, Vegavis, Polarornis, and Australornis in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. This analysis resulted in the recognition of these taxa as a clade of basal Anseriformes that we call Vegaviidae. Vegaviids share a combination of characters related to diving adaptations, including compact and thickened cortex of hindlimb bones, femur with anteroposteriorly compressed and bowed shaft, deep and wide popliteal fossa delimited by a medial ridge, tibiotarsus showing notably proximally expanded cnemial crests, expanded fibular crest, anteroposterior compression of the tibial shaft, and a tarsometatarsus with a strong transverse compression of the shaft. Isolated bones coming from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of South America, Antarctica, and New Zealand are also referred to here to Vegaviidae and support the view that these basal anseriforms were abundant and diverse at high southern latitudes. Moreover, vegaviids represent the first avian lineage to have definitely crossed the K–Pg boundary, supporting the idea that some avian clades were not affected by the end Mesozoic mass extinction event, countering previous interpretations. Recognition of Vegaviidae indicates that modern birds were diversified in southern continents by the Cretaceous and reinforces the hypothesis indicating the important role of Gondwana for the evolutionary history of Anseriformes and Neornithes as a whole. 相似文献