我国外来生物入侵的现状及对策

外来生物在丰富了区域生物物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成很大危害。我国外来生物入侵现象越来越严重,入侵生物种类多、来源广泛,外来生物入侵问题越来越受到重视。本文对外来生物入侵提出了一些防范措施。     

我国外来生物入侵的现状及对策

外来生物在丰富了区域生物物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成很大危害。我国外来生物入侵现象越来越严重,入侵生物种类多、来源广泛,外来生物入侵问题越来越受到重视。本文对外来生物入侵提出了一些防范措施。     

生物入侵中入侵种与土著种的相互作用

在全球范围内,生物入侵已经成为一个非常严重的环境问题,并产生了生态问题和经济问题。本文阐述了生物入侵中入侵种自身的变化及对土著种的影响,并讨论了生物入侵过程中入侵种与土著种的快速进化问题。     

生物入侵对我国生态安全的影响及防治建议

论述生物入侵对社会，经济和生态安全的影响。并提出加强对生物入侵的防治建议。     

论外来生物入侵预警机制

外来生物入侵给世界各国的生态环境、社会经济等诸方面都带来了极大危害,成为引人关注的全球性问题。如何应对和解决该问题是一个值得思考的课题。循着预防优于治理的思路,分析了构建外来生物入侵预警机制的必要性,提出了构建外来生物入侵预警机制的原则,并在此基础上架构了该预警机制体系的内容。     

狙击外来生物入侵!北京准备好了吗?

当前,“生物入侵”这一术语对于公众来说已不再是生疏的名词了,因为它不仅仅是科学工作者研究的一个问题,也越来越引起世界公众与媒体的注意,其原因在于生物入侵已经给人类带来了巨大的经济损失。     

客观看待外来物种入侵

正何为外来生物入侵?一般而言,主动引进加以培养、种植养殖,不归类为生物入侵。而不是主动引进,对本土农业、生态环境和人畜健康产生不利影响,甚至造成重大经济损失的才能称为外来生物入侵。据专家介绍,在国际自然保护联盟公布的全球100种最具威胁的外来物种中,入侵中国的就有50余种。入侵生物危害严重,给农林业生产构成了巨大的威胁。据初步估计,松材线虫等13种主要农林入侵物种每年对我国造成574亿元的直接经济损失。同时,     

外来赤潮生物入侵现状及对赤潮灾害的影响研究

外来赤潮生物入侵加剧了我国近海海域的赤潮灾害。根据2004—2013年的数据统计,分别从赤潮生物优势种、频率、海域分布和赤潮面积4个方面分析了外来赤潮生物对我国近海赤潮灾害的影响,并着重从外来赤潮生物入侵早期预警系统建设、压舱水排放管理和赤潮灾害防治技术3个方面提出应对措施。     

遏制开发中的生态破坏行为胜于事后修复

生物多样性的价值,可以从生存环境、生态平衡和生活需要三个方面去理解。生物多样性完善与复杂的地区,可以有效抵御生物入侵。当前生物多样性保护的首要任务在于遏制大规模开发中造成的生态破坏,其次才是生态修复。     

生物安全,别说与你无关!

当转基因还在"高科技福音"与"健康与环境隐患"的激辩中徘徊,转基因食品已经走出实验室,被抛向市场,抛向生态。当人们在餐桌大食牛蛙,在家中饲养巴西龟时,生物入侵的幽灵已经在身边徘徊……生物安全已经成为生态保护中一个越来越引人关注的问题。本期我们邀请了来自政府、学界、媒体和公众的代表,一起来探讨生物安全这个看似遥远却和我们息息相关话题。     

辽宁省外来物种入侵防控对策与建议

外来物种入侵已经成为国内面临的重要环境问题。外来物种入侵不仅会破坏本地的生态系统,威胁生物群落多样性,还会对农业、林业等造成严重威胁,带来巨大的生态风险和经济损失。辽宁省地处陆海边境,是外来物种进入国内的重要通道,为防范外来物种入侵,提出应加强对于本地物种的选育使用、建立外来物种潜在风险调查机制、制定外来入侵物种名录、规范引进许可制度、加强政策宣传和口岸违法处罚力度等对策建议。     

风险预防背景下的外来物种入侵法律规制

随着世界经济贸易的发展,外来物种入侵成为威胁生物多样性、公众健康,甚至生态安全和国家安全的重大问题。我国目前在外来物种入侵相关立法方面存在立法理念滞后、调整范围欠充分、监管碎片化、法律制度缺失且责任追究机制单一等问题,无法有效回应高风险社会对外来物种入侵的防范。在国内外相关制度经验总结的基础上,我国防治外来物种入侵的相关法律法规应在《生物安全法》的指导下,确立整体生态安全理念,采取风险预防原则,健全外来物种风险评估、引种许可证、全过程跟踪监测、公众参与和法律责任制度,优化外来物种风险管理机制,促进生物安全治理体系进一步完善。     

A Social Analysis of the Bioinvasions of Dreissena polymorpha in Spain and Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala

Human agency plays a key role in the processes of biological invasions. This comprises not only the human role in the configuration of driving forces or in the perception of the impacts, but also the conceptualization of alien species themselves as an environmental problem. This paper examines different stakeholders' positions in bioinvasion processes at different scales, and it looks at their relevance for the management of invasive species. It compares two cases: the invasion process of Dreissena polymorpha in the Ebro River in Spain and the case of Hydrilla verticillata in Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Our results are structured according to impacts and to management options. The discussion focuses on the relevance of incorporating the different stakeholders' interests and values in the analysis and management of biological invasions. Although social analysis of stakeholders' positions is necessary in order to foster management actions, it also reveals conflicts on the relevant criteria and on the very definition of invasive species.     

整体性治理视域下防治外来物种入侵法治研究

外来物种入侵是威胁国家生物多样性、生态安全和公众健康的重大安全问题。《生物安全法》的通过为防治外来物种入侵提供了综合性的制度规范。我国防治外来物种入侵法治实践长期以行政规制为主导,较少关注司法机关、企事业单位、社会组织和公众等法律主体在治理中的作用。行政规制治理中执法机构及其职能与管理手段的碎片化,亦无法回应高风险社会防治外来物种入侵的需要。我国防治外来物种入侵法治建设应当坚持整体性治理理念,以整体安全观为指导,坚持风险预防、防治结合,明确综合管理程序及责任法律制度和一体化协同执法机制,健全防治外来物种入侵行政规制体系;引入公众参与,形成政府、企事业单位、社会组织和公众协同治理外来物种入侵,鼓励外来物种入侵公益诉讼等,完善防治外来物种入侵的多元共治体系,共促国家生物安全治理体系。     

云南省生物多样性与生态安全形势研究

云南省以其得天独厚的自然条件孕育了丰富而又脆弱的生物多样性资源，然而外来物种入侵破坏了云南的生物多样性，威胁到国家的生态安全。分析了外来物种入侵、生物多样性及生态安全三者之间的关系，提出生物多样性资源是我国的核心竞争力所在，要将维护生态安全提升到国家战略高度予以重视，同时采取多种措施防范外来物种入侵。     

黄山植物资源的永续利用

黄山是一座驰名中外的旅游名山,被联合国列入世界文化和自然遗产.黄山的生物资源十分丰富,有高等植物222科827属1800余种,其中中国特有属种植物22个、珍稀濒危及国家保护植物25种、以黄山命名的植物8种、以黄山称谓的植物20余种以及众多的古树名木.对黄山生物资源的永续利用提出了几点建议.     

The recent occurrence of exotic freshwater fishes in the tributaries of river Ganga basin: abundance, distribution, risk, and conservation issues

We record here the recent occurrence, abundance and distribution of six exotic fish species, viz. Oreochromis mossambicus, Cyprinus carpio, Hypopthalmicthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Clarias gariepinus, and Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (a new exotic in India) distributed through the four important tributaries of river Ganga basin in India. From the total catch, the abundance index of all exotic species in different rivers ranged from 1.1 to 14.5?% with highest value in River Gomti. The relative abundance of the exotic species in all the four tributaries demonstrated that a single species C. carpio contributed a considerable abundance (43.3?C83?%) than that of the remaining exotic fishes. The Common Carp, C. carpio, was ubiquitous in all the four tributaries of Ganges basin studied and had the highest local distribution (52.63?%). Smaller size groups of endangered (Chagunius chagunio, Chitala chitala, and Tor tor) and migratory species (Bagarius bagarius, Ompok pabda, Wallago attu, and Sperata aor) in the four tributaries were recorded, and the increasing appearance of Common Carp and other exotic fishes is signaling biological invasion. Possible threats to the indigenous fish fauna, as a result of the invasion and proliferation of these exotics, are discussed.     

Alien plant invasions--incorporating emerging invaders in regional prioritization: a pragmatic approach for Southern Africa

Plant invasions are a serious threat to natural and semi-natural ecosystems worldwide. Most management-orientated research on invasions focuses on invaders that are already widespread and often have major impacts. This paper deals with "emerging" invaders-those alien species with the potential to become important problems without timely intervention. A climate matching procedure was developed to define areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland that could be invaded by 28 plant species that had previously been classified as emerging invaders. Information on the location of populations of these species in the study area was combined with information on their distributions (as native or alien) in parts of Australia and the United States of America. These two countries had the best available distribution data for this study. They also share many invasive alien plant species with South Africa. Climatic data obtained for weather stations near points of known occurrence in these countries were used to define the climatically suitable areas for each species in the study area. Almost 80% of the remaining natural environment in southern Africa was found to be vulnerable to invasion by at least one of these species, 50% by six or more and 24% by 16 or more species. The most vulnerable areas are the highveld grasslands and the eastern escarpment. The emerging invaders with the greatest potential range included Acacia podalyriifolia and Cortaderia selloana. The globally important invaders Ulex europaeus and Lythrum salicaria had a more limited invasion potential but could still become major invaders. There was no relationship between the extent of the climatically suitable areas for the different species and an expert ranking of their invasion potential, emphasising the uncertainties inherent in making expert assessments based on very little information. The methods used in this analysis establish a protocol for future modelling exercises to assess the invasion potential of other emerging invaders.     

外来物种入侵及其环境法律调控准则

随着世界经济、贸易和交通高度发达的影响，外来物种入侵活动且益加剧，已尼成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一，对我国的一些地区造成了巨大的生态和经济损失。有关外来入侵物种管理的立法应贯彻风险预防原则。