包头市南海湿地水质现状分析与评价

南海湖是包头市唯一的天然湖泊,为了解包头市南海湿地的水质现状,根据南海湿地进出水特点于2015年4—11月合理布点采样,通过检测pH、DO、TN、TP、DP、NO_3-N、NO_2-N、NH_3-N、CODCr、Chl(a)等指标,对湿地水质现状进行分析,并采用污染指数法和营养状态指数法对湿地水体进行评价.结果表明,南海湿地水体达到严重污染级别,根据污染负荷分担率Ki值可知化学需氧量(22.93—45.98)、总氮(27.69—38.10)、总磷(5.93—28.03)对水体的污染最为显著,均超过地表水Ⅴ类标准,监测期间各点位TSI(chla)值均大于53,可知南海湖现已处于富营养状态.     

水生植被恢复对东莞生态工业园区水质改善的影响研究

为促进工业园区水生态环境建设,以东莞生态产业园区水生态系统恢复为研究对象,研究了其建园初期水生植被恢复对重污染水体水质修复的影响,并应用因子分析法对水质与主要生态因子之间的相互关系进行了研究,探讨了水体修复效果与水生植被覆盖率的关系.结果表明：水生植被恢复可使园区生态岛群与月湖主要水质指标（总氮、总磷、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数）从建设初期（2011 年5 月）的劣V 类改善为II-III 类（2012 年）,透明度提高约1 倍,而下沙与大圳埔湿地也从劣V类（2011 年5 月）改善为IV-V 类（2012 年）,透明度提高约50%.10 项水质指标的因子分析表明,园区水质成因可归为综合营养因子（氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素、透明度、总磷和总氮）、温度因子（温度、电导率、硝态氮）和光合作用因子（溶解氧和pH）,其中主导指标为氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a、透明度和总磷等.三类因子分别客观反映了修复水体的水质变化特点：氮磷及有机物的含量越低则水体透明度越高,水质越优;温度升高有利于水质改善;藻类光合作用减弱,则水质变优.生态岛群、月湖、下沙、大圳埔湿地的水生植被覆盖率分别为43.8%、22%、4.3%、9.1%,此差异与水质修复效果相关.回归分析显示水质指标与水生植被覆盖率呈极显著的二项式关系（p〈0.01）,根据拟合方程计算得出污染物浓度最低、透明度最高、综合水质最优时的水生植被覆盖率变动范围为30%~35%.因此,生态岛群与月湖的水质改善效果优于大圳埔湿地,大圳埔湿地则又优于下沙湿地;下沙与大圳埔湿地可通过适当增加浮、挺水植物的面积比例,提高水体修复能力.文中所得最适水生植被覆盖率范围可为华南地区工业园区水生态初期修复提供一定的参考价值.     

江苏省不同营养状况湖泊底栖动物群落结构与多样性比较

为了解江苏省湖泊底栖动物群落结构和多样性并研究其对水环境质量变化的响应,于2012年春秋两季对江苏省16个湖泊51个采样点湖泊底栖动物群落结构与多样性以及湖泊综合营养状态指数进行调查,分析水质指标与底栖动物指数间Pearson相关关系。结果表明,江苏省16个湖泊营养状态指数范围为35.5~66.4,其中约81.2%的湖泊处于轻度-中度富营养状态,表明水质从好到中度污染;湖泊底栖动物优势种为寡毛类的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),优势度为13.0%;香浓多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener diversity index)范围为0.00~2.20,级别范围由极贫乏到较丰富状态,表明水质污染程度从重度到轻度污染。从全省尺度看,水质评价结果与生物学(香浓多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Biotic Index(BI)指数)评价结果存在一定差异。与历史数据相比,江苏省湖泊底栖动物清洁敏感物种减少甚至消失,总体群落结构趋于小型化。16个湖泊水体总氮和总磷与底栖动物密度呈显著负相关,而综合营养状态指数与底栖动物指数(香浓多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和BI指数)间关系不显著。上述研究结果表明综合营养状态指数无法完全客观反映湖泊水生态健康状况,因此需要综合水质、水文、水生生物、生境状况等因素发展新的评价指标体系。     

水生生物群落所揭示的湖泊水环境状况——以东平湖为例

东平湖作为国家南水北调工程东线的调蓄湖和山东省西水东送的水源地,在国家水资源配置战略中起着重要的作用.为了解其水生生物、水环境质量及湖泊富营养状态,在收集、整理和总结前人历年积累的东平湖水生生物等调查研究资料的基础上,并结合表层沉积硅藻和湖泊水质数据,分析东平湖目前的水环境状况及湖泊环境的潜在威胁.2011-2012年东平湖表层沉积物硅藻属种鉴定显示优势属为Aulacoseira、Synedra、Cyclotella、Navicula和Fragilaria,营养型属种居多,表明湖泊整体营养水平较高.由Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielous种类均匀度指数分析得到东平湖硅藻门生物多样性指数为3.30和0.80,处于轻度污染水平.因此,由水生生物群落所揭示的东平湖环境状况为营养状态从富营养化转变为中营养-轻度富营养化状态,水体由中度污染转变为轻度污染甚至部分区域水体良好,整体处于Ⅲ类水标准.     

呼伦湖水体营养状态特征及其主要影响因子研究

呼伦湖地处中高纬度温带半干旱区,属于中温带大陆性草原气候,湖泊冰封期长达6个月,冰封期和非冰封期湖泊水体的营养状态具有显著的差异性。基于2015—2017年冰封期与非冰封期湖泊水质监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数法分析冰封期与非冰封期呼伦湖湖泊水体营养状态的变化特征,同时通过非线性概率Probit模型建立了呼伦湖富营养化影响因子模型并对湖泊水体富营养化主要影响因子讨论分析,研究结果表明呼伦湖总体上呈现轻度富营养化程度,2015—2017年呼伦湖冰封期内水体富营养化程度变化特征为2015—2017富营养化程度逐年增加,而非冰封期内水体富营养化程度的变化特征呈现2016年富营养化程度最大2017年最小,且冰封期内水体富营养状态程度较非冰封期严重;建立的呼伦湖富营养化影响因子的非线性概率Probit模型表明影响水体富营养化的主要水环境因子为总磷(TP)、pH值、盐度(S)、水深(H)、总氮(TN)及溶解氧(DO),其中总磷(TP)因子的响应概率为65.7%,对呼伦湖湖泊水体富营养化程度影响最大,说明磷是呼伦湖水体富营养化的重要限制因子,并且各主要水环境影响因子与综合营养状态指数间具有显著的相关关系,表明呼伦湖水体营养状态的改善可通过调节水体内各水环境因子维持相对平衡,同时加大对湖周围人类活动的管理,加强对禁牧的宣传来实现。     

夏秋季苏州河浮游植物群落特征及其影响因子

为探究苏州河综合整治工程结束4 a后夏秋季浮游植物群落特征及演变规律,了解苏州河不同河段浮游植物群落及水体污染现状,在苏州河共设置5个样点,于2012年6月至11月共进行6次采样调查。调查期间共鉴定浮游植物8门95属259种,整体浮游植物群落结构以绿藻门和硅藻门为主,主要优势种为广缘小环藻(Cyclotella bodanica)、啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomons erosa)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricanda),均为水体有机污染指示种。浮游植物密度在0.46×104~1.91×104L-1之间,最高点出现在6月的武宁路桥,最低点出现在8月的赵屯。苏州河浮游植物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为3.22±0.38和0.75±0.09。从优势种种类、多样性指数和环境因子等方面来看,苏州河总体水质呈中度污染。与2005年同期相比,苏州河优势种类发生明显转变,从重度污染指示种转变为中度污染指示种。苏州河水质时空特点表现为夏秋季调查期间,苏州河干流河道无黑臭现象,下游水质明显劣于上游水质,下游水体总氮质量浓度达4.61 mg·L-1,总磷质量浓度达0.44 mg·L-1,氮磷比达16.48。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与各环境因子数据的相关性分析表明:温度和氮磷比是影响整个苏州河多样性指数的主要环境因子,下游浮游植物多样性指数分别与总氮浓度和氮磷比之间相关显著。对获得的浮游植物优势种密度与环境因子数据进行冗余分析(RDA)的结果表明,除温度以外,氮磷比是影响苏州河浮游植物密度的主要环境因子。     

富营养化对浅水湖泊轮虫种群结构影响研究

石臼湖和固城湖是长江中下游两个浅水湖泊,富营养化问题日益突出。为探索湖泊富营养化对轮虫的影响,于2012年平水期和枯水期对这两个湖泊轮虫种群结构进行了调查,并检测水体理化因子,分析轮虫分布与水环境因子及水体富营养状况的关系。水质检测结果显示,平水期石臼湖除个别点水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）〉50为轻度富营养状态外,大多数站点TLI50,处于轻度-中度富营养化状态。水生生物调查检出轮虫35种,其中石臼湖33种,固城湖27种,平水期种类多于枯水期。出现的轮虫以臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）和异尾轮虫（Trichocerca）居多,优势种主要有螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、广生多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）、疣毛轮虫（Trichocerca sp.）、沟痕泡轮虫（Pompholyx sulcata）、异尾轮虫属和臂尾轮虫属等。轮虫平均密度3023.19 ind·L-1,平均生物量745.72μg·L-1。现存量季节变动明显,大部分站点平水期大于枯水期。轮虫多样性指数也是平水期大于枯水期,石臼湖轮虫多样性大于固城湖。水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）与轮虫种类数和多样性成显著负相关,随着富营养化加剧,轮虫种类减少,多样性降低。典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）表明,影响轮虫种群分布的主要环境因子为NH4＋-N、TN、TP和CODMn。按轮虫丰度分布与水环境因子的关系排序,2次调查的24个站点可大致分成3个组。轮虫种群结构受水体富营养状态影响,每组站点的代表性种类对水体营养状态有较好的指示作用。组1的代表性种类为曲腿龟甲轮虫,指示营养级别O-β;组2代表性种类萼花臂尾轮虫,指示的营养级别为β-α;组3以O营养级种类为主。     

贵州草海高原湿地浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

由于处于食物链的中间位置,浮游动物在水生生态系统中起着至关重要的作用,其群落特征、动态演替等很大程度上受到水体理化因子的性质和相互作用的影响;研究浮游动物群落结构的变化及其与水环境之间关系,对了解水生生态系统的变化、生态过程、水质状况等有着重要意义。为了解贵州草海高原湿地浮游动物群落特征、长期变化以及水质现状,笔者于2014年夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)对草海浮游动物和主要水质指标进行了两次调查采样,分析了浮游动物种类、多样性、空间分布及其水质评价,并通过和以往同季的研究数据进行对比,探讨了30年来草海浮游动物的变化状况。结果表明,草海浮游动物种类丰富,研究共检出浮游动物83属151种,其中原生动物31属60种,轮虫26属55种,桡足类15属18种,枝角类11属18种;优势种有5种,主要的优势种为桡足类的大型中镖水蚤(Sinodiaptomus sarsi);草海浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数较低,年均值分别为1.14和0.47。草海浮游动物群落结构季节变化明显,种类组成上,夏季110种,秋季75种,夏秋共有种有34种,季节更替率达77.5%;数量构成上,夏季丰度为1 505.53 ind·L~(-1),秋季丰度506.66 ind·L~(-1),夏季明显高于秋季。利用综合营养状态指数和浮游动物群落参数对草海水质进行评价,结果显示2014年草海水质处于中营养-中污染水平。与历史时期相比,草海浮游动物种类变幅较小,但浮游动物丰度却大幅度降低了,优势种也发生了较大的改变,这可能与草海水质的剧烈变化有关,但具体的生态过程和驱动机制还需深入研究和长期监测。     

不同水质对沉水植物马来眼子菜主要生理指标的影响研究

沉水植物生理指标能反映其生长的环境条件变化,建立二者的关系对认识沉水植物衰退机理以及湖泊生态系统修复具有重要的意义。采用原位试验,分析了太湖不同营养状态条件下马来眼子菜(Potamogeton wrightii Morong)叶片内叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及游离脯氨酸(PRO)含量的差异,初步探讨了马来眼子菜叶片内主要生理指标对水质的响应机理。结果表明:(1)马来眼子菜分布的不同湖区间水质理化因子、综合营养状态指数(TLI)存在显著的空间差异,马来眼子菜主要生长于中营养水质或富营养状态下;(2)太湖马来眼子菜叶片内主要生理指标存在显著空间差异,其叶绿素、POD与TLI呈显著二次多项式回归关系,中营养水平下,除游离脯氨酸外,其他生理指标均与TLI呈显著相关;(3)中营养水平下,马来眼子菜叶片内各生理指标与水质理化因子之间表现为显著相关性,且与TN、TP及COD_Mn关系最为密切。本试验表明,马来眼子菜比较适合中营养水质条件,水体氮磷浓度、高锰酸盐指数对马来眼子菜的生理影响较大。     

黄河干流甘肃白银-宁夏沙坡头段水体污染现状评价及源解析

为查明黄河干流甘肃白银-宁夏沙坡头段水体污染现状,系统采集代表性水体样品69组,测定As、Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb和Mn浓度,分别采用重金属污染指数、内梅罗综合指数和潜在生态风险评估模型对6种元素污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价,并结合研究区工农业分布现状,基于皮尔逊相关性分析和主成分分析法解析主要污染源。结果表明,研究区水体中Mn超标,As、Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb达Ⅱ类水质标准;在空间分布上,各元素浓度从上游至下游呈逐渐上升趋势,且高浓度点位大都位于入河交汇处及下游邻近河段。重金属污染指数评价结果表明研究区水体属非常轻微污染水平,内梅罗综合指数评价结果表明水体介于尚清洁状态到重度污染状态之间;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,单元素潜在生态风险指数和多元素综合潜在生态风险指数均属于轻微生态风险。As、Cu和Mn主要为工业源和自然源的复合污染源,Cd和Pb主要受农业源和工业源的复合影响,Zn主要来源于交通污染,人类活动是影响研究区水质的关键因素。     

涟江上游表层岩溶泉水污染源解析

为明确涟江上游表层岩溶泉水化学污染特征及其污染来源,选取区域内7个地表饮用泉作为研究对象.测定泉水水温(T)、电导率(EC)、溶解氧(DO)、pH、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4-N)、硝氮(NO₃-N)、高锰酸盐指数(COD)并研究其与泉眼半径200、500、1000 m范围内耕地、住宅用地及交通用地面积的相关性.研究结果表明,依据地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-02)等水质标准,涟江上游7个表层岩溶泉水TN均超标,耕地周围的泉水TP、NH₄-N、NO₃-N也超过标准值,表明该区域表层岩溶泉水总体高N而局部高P的污染特征.主成分分析表明农业活动对泉水TN、TP、NH₄-N、NO₃-N及COD含量产生了一定的影响.泉眼半径200 m范围内耕地面积与TP、NH₄-N显著正相关,表明小范围内农业活动是泉水N、P污染的主要源头;500 m范围内EC与住宅用地面积显著正相关,表明较大规模人类聚居可能造成泉水离子成分偏复杂.从保护地表饮用泉的角度出发,建议泉眼半径200 m内减少农业活动强度及频率,泉眼半径500 m内控制人口密度及日常生活排污量.     

Characteristics of pollutants behavior in a stormwater constructed wetland during dry days

A stormwater wetland treating non-point source pollution (NPS) from a 64 ha agricultural watershed was monitored over a period of five months. The results indicated that pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were increased in the wetland due to the algal growth. The highest total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was observed in the aeration pond due to the resuspension of solids, decreased in the wetland. The respective decreases in total nitrogen (TN) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 15.9% and 28.7% on passing through the wetland. The nitrate and ammonia were increased by 45.4% and decreased by 79.9%, respectively. These variations provided strong evidence for the existence of nitrification. The total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate had respective reductions of 52.3% and 58.2% over the wetland. The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were also decreased. Generally, the TN, TP and phosphate removal efficiencies were positive. These positive removal efficiencies were mainly due to microbial activities, uptake by plants, and chemical precipitation at high pH. Negative removal efficiencies can be caused by continuous rainfall activities, with short antecedent dry days (ADDs) and unstable hydraulic conditions, some other biogeochemical transformations and algal growth also being important parameters.     

Watershed land use effects on lake water quality in Denmark

Mitigating nutrient losses from anthropogenic nonpoint sources is today of particular importance for improving the water quality of numerous freshwater lakes worldwide. Several empirical relationships between land use and in-lake water quality variables have been developed, but they are often weak, which can in part be attributed to lack of detailed information about land use activities or point sources. We examined a comprehensive data set comprising land use data, point-source information, and in-lake water quality for 414 Danish lakes. By excluding point-source-influenced lakes (n = 210), the strength in relationship (R2) between in-lake total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and the proportion of agricultural land use in the watershed increased markedly, from 10-12% to 39-42% for deep lakes and from 10-12% to 21-23% for shallow lakes, with the highest increase for TN. Relationships between TP and agricultural land use were even stronger for lakes with rivers in their watershed (55%) compared to lakes without (28%), indicating that rivers mediate a stronger linkage between landscape activity and lake water quality by providing a "delivery" mechanism for excess nutrients in the watershed. When examining the effect of different near-freshwater land zones in contrast to the entire watershed, relationships generally improved with size of zone (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 m from the edge of lake and streams) but were by far strongest using the entire watershed. The proportion of agricultural land use in the entire watershed was best in explaining lake water quality, both relative to estimated nutrient surplus at agricultural field level and near-lake land use, which somewhat contrasts typical strategies of management policies that mainly target agricultural nutrient applications and implementation of near-water buffer zones. This study suggests that transport mechanisms within the whole catchment are important for the nutrient export to lakes. Hence, the whole watershed should be considered when managing nutrient loadings to lakes, and future policies should ideally target measures that reduce the proportion of cultivated land in the watershed to successfully improve lake water quality.     

人工湿地处理富营养化水体的效果研究

通过在北京市野生动物救护中心构建表流湿地与潜流湿地相结合的复合人工湿地处理富营养化水体,研究该复合人工湿地对总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）及水体浊度的去除效果。结果表明：人工湿地对TP的去除效果好于对TN的去除效果,经过人工湿地处理的富营养化水体,表流湿地、潜流湿地和复合人工湿地对TP的平均去除率可分别达42%、55%、60%,对TN的平均去除率分别为27%、30%、34%,对水体浊度的平均去除率分别达43%、55%、75%。复合人工湿地对TP、TN以及浊度的去除效果受水体温度和溶解氧（DO）的影响,通过相关性分析发现,TP、TN和浊度的去除量与水体中的DO水平之间存在显著的负相关性,而与水体温度有正相关性,在显著性水平为0.05的条件下,相关系数分别为-0.829、-0.767、-0.765和0.674、0.757、0.774。复合人工湿地对TP、TN及浊度的去除率高于表流湿地和潜流湿地,表明复合人工湿地具有优于表流湿地和潜流湿地的整体性功能,能有效提高人工湿地对TN、TP以及浊度的去除率。     

扎龙河滨湿地水体营养化污染特征及水环境恢复对策

对扎龙湿地水体富营养化污染状况进行调查，指出沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地TN、TP、BOD，等多项水质指标都已严重超标；阐明了营养物年季变化特征；总结了扎龙湿地水体富营养化发展趋势；提出了保障湿地供水、生态工程恢复及控制流域地表水污染的多项管理策略。     

Quantification and Index of Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory.The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

Quantification and index of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake region with GIS

The contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from non-point source pollution (NPS) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through case study and surveying in the town of Xueyan, From experimental results coupled with survey and statistics in the studied area, the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus input to the water body is achieved from four main sources: agricultural land, village, the town center and the poultry factory. The results showed that about 38% of total phosphorus (TP) and 48% of total nitrogen (TN) discharged is from agricultural land, 33% of TP and 40% TN from village residents, 25% of TP and 10% of TN from the town center and 4% of TP and 2% of TN from the poultry factory. The Agricultural Non-point Pollution Potential Index (APPI) system for identifying and ranking critical areas of NPS was established with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based technology. Quantification of the key factors in non-point sources pollution was carried out utilizing the following: Sediment Production Index (SPI), Runoff Index (RI), People and Animal Loading Index (PALI) and Chemical Use Index (CUI). These are the core parts of the model, and the weighting factor of each index was evaluated according the results of quantification. The model was successfully applied for evaluating APPI in Xueyan. Results from the model showed that the critical area identified for NPS control in Xueyan. The model has several advantages including: requiring fewer parameters, easy acquirement of these parameters, friendly interface, and convenience of operation. In addition it is especially useful for identifying critical areas of NPS when the basic data are not fully accessible, which is the present situation in China.     

城市雨水管网降雨径流污染特征及对受纳水体水质的影响

以北京市城区和近郊区选取的2个不同下垫面类型的汇水小流域为代表,在2008—2009年共进行了4场降雨过程的雨水管网出口和下游受纳水体水质同步监测.研究结果表明,分流制雨水管网降雨径流污染严重,其中悬浮物浓度高于城市污水,COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮浓度略低于城市污水,但明显高于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中的Ⅴ类标准,以及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B标准;木樨园小流域由于绿地面积比例小,道路面积比例大,城乡结合部地带环境卫生相对较差,雨水管网降雨径流各污染物的EMC浓度比西蒲小流域高21.4%—246.5%.雨水管网降雨径流存在一定程度的初期冲刷效应;雨水管网降雨径流中COD和总磷与悬浮物之间具有较强的相关性.管网降雨径流使受纳水体污染物浓度升高16.9%—541.7%,其中悬浮物、COD和氨氮升高幅度最大.增加城市绿地可明显降低降雨径流中的悬浮颗粒物及其携带的有机污染物的含量.     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.     

草、藻型湖泊水体生态及理化特性的实验对比

2006年9月,根据营养水平和种植水草的差异设计了6个浅水湖泊模拟系统,实验用水草为菹草(Potamogeton crispusLinn.)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus-Miq).在15个月实验期间,通过多次监测各系统的景观外貌和水质,对草、藻型湖泊生态及理化特性的差异进行研究,得出以下结论:(1)草、藻型系统分别对应清水和浊水2种状态,景观外貌差异很大.(2)水草可使湖泊系统维持在清水状态,在一定条件下,甚至可使富营养化湖泊维持在清水状态;但是水草腐烂分解等也可使水质迅速恶化,甚至引起湖泊草、藻状态的转变;关键在于,对于不断变化的环境条件,系统内水草能否健康生长.(3)由于营养和生产力水平低,贫营养系统的水质指标随时间变化较小,草、藻型系统间的差异不明显,DO变化范围分别为8.1～14.4 mg·L~(-1)、7.5～11.6 mg·L~(-1),pH 8.71～9.89、8.25～9.22,TP 0.006～0.012 mg·L~(-1)、0.006～0.053 mg·L~(-1),TN 0.11～0.71 mg·L~(-1)、0.10～0.83 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 0.01～0.17 mg·L~(-1)、0.01～0.26 mg·L~(-1),PO_4~(3-)-P 0.002～0.012 mg·L~(-1)、0.000～0.008mg·L~(-1).(4)由于水草和藻类的大量生长等,中营养与富营养系统湖水的DO、pH、水温和NH_4~+-N的日变化明显,日变化曲线呈“⌒”形,且具有季节性变化规律;由于水草向底泥中输氧气等原因,与藻型湖泊相比,草型湖泊水中TP、TN和NH_4~+-N的浓度较低,PO_4~(3-)-P浓度较高,草、藻型系统的TP均值分别为0.16、0.51 mg·L~(-1),TN 1.30、8.32 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 0.19、0.43mg·L~(-1),PO_4~(3-)-P 0.07、0.01 mg·L~(-1).