厌氧条件下剩余污泥中磷及相关指标的释放和变化规律

污水处理过程中产生的剩余污泥富含大量的氮磷元素,从剩余污泥中回收磷是解决磷资源日益缺乏的一种有效途径。探寻出剩余污泥中磷的释放规律是实现剩余污泥中磷回收的首要前提。因此,以实际污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,建立污泥停留时间为5d的中试模型系统。通过系统分析5d停留时间的厌氧条件下污泥中污泥浓度、上清液总磷和氨氮浓度的变化情况,为后续的污泥磷回收提供支撑条件。研究结果表明,在中试系统污泥停留时间5d的厌氧条件下,剩余污泥微生物衰亡自溶或被分解,胞内物质释放,从而使固态物质转化为液态,污泥中磷及相关的氮等物质得到了较大的释放,污泥上清液总磷和氨氮质量浓度可分别达到100和40 mg·L^-1以上。所释放出的氮磷浓度足以满足鸟粪石回收氮磷方法所需的最低经济性要求,为污泥进行厌氧消化后采用鸟粪石的方法回收释放的氮磷提供了重要的基础依据。研究中还发现5d停留时间下, SS和VSS都有不同程度的降低,二者分别减少8.34%和10.14%以上,其中VSS的减少量占SS减少量的65%左右。同时,进入厌氧反应系统的初始污泥浓度对于氮磷的释放有着较大的影响,反应系统的SS在6300~7200 mg·L^-1的条件下,磷和氮的单位质量污泥释放量达到最佳,分别达到单位干污泥0.015和0.006 mg·mg^-1。研究结果为剩余污泥中回收氮磷提供了重要的依据。     

厌氧污泥释放磷的规律及鸟粪石法回收磷的应用研究

城市污水处理厂进行脱氮除磷工艺时,大量的磷从水体转入活性污泥中,如不能回收这部分磷,将造成磷的大量流失,这与磷矿稀缺的现状形成矛盾。通过建立污泥停留时间5 d和10 d的两个厌氧反应系统,对污泥中磷的释放规律进行研究,并采用鸟粪石法对上清液中的磷进行回收。研究结果表明,厌氧污泥上清液中的磷含量高达150 mg.L-1,SRT为5 d和10 d的系统,分别在4 d和2 d后磷的质量浓度由14 mg.L-1上升到100 mg.L-1,且基本上都以正磷酸盐的形式存在。将pH从8.3上升到9.0,磷的回收率可以从60%提升到90%,当pH达到8.8时,磷的回收率即可超过80%,表现出了较好的磷回收效果。研究还发现镁离子和磷酸根的摩尔比对磷的回收率的影响较小,在pH=8.8时,将镁磷比从1.43提升到1.83,磷的回收率仅从79.2%提升到85.5%;在pH=9.0时提高镁磷比对磷的回收基本没有影响。     

活性污泥对水中低浓度无机汞和甲基汞的吸附特性

为研究活性污泥对汞的吸附特性,本研究以焦作市第一污水处理厂活性污泥为原料,制取干污泥作为吸附剂,开展了干污泥对水中低浓度(ng·L~(-1))无机汞和甲基汞的吸附动力学实验和等温吸附实验.吸附动力学实验结果表明,干污泥对无机汞的吸附表现为吸附量在前30 min急剧增加,30 min后缓慢增加直至平衡.干污泥对甲基汞的吸附速率远远快于无机汞,在1 min内基本达到吸附平衡状态.干污泥对无机汞和甲基汞的吸附过程均符合Pseudo-second Order模型,属于化学吸附过程.等温吸附实验结果表明,干污泥对无机汞和甲基汞的吸附量与平衡浓度呈近似线性关系,等温线与Henry方程拟合较好.干污泥对水中无机汞和甲基汞的去除率随着初始汞浓度的增加呈现上升趋势,达到一定浓度后趋于稳定.     

低温生物膜和活性污泥的生物活性比较

通过 (5± 1)℃下生物膜系统 (BF)和活性污泥系统 (AS)处理生活污水长达 8个多月的运行 ,对比研究了两系统的生物活性 .结果表明 ,活性污泥不仅生物活性较高 ,而且具有更有利的传质条件 .在水力停留时间HRT =8h的条件下 ,生物膜和活性污泥胞外分泌物中的还原糖含量分别为 1.75 %及 1.9% ,挥发性污泥组分 (VSS)中的ATP含量分别为 1.0 8mg/ g及 1.4 3mg/g ;电镜检测结果表明 ,生物膜结构致密 ,而活性污泥疏松多孔有利于物质传递 .图 5表 2参 14     

活性污泥的絮体结构模型

采用Motic数码显微镜观察SRT为3 d和15 d的活性污泥絮体以及它们的LEPS和TEPS絮凝污泥悬浮液形成的生物絮体的结构。结果表明,高SRT（15 d）活性污泥絮体较低SRT（3 d）活性污泥絮体的颜色深且密实;同一活性污泥中,内层的絮体结构较外层的絮体结构密实,细菌细胞与菌胶团之间的结合更为紧密。最后,结合絮体结构图片,从大分子作用力的角度,提出了活性污泥絮体结构模型,以形象地描述不同SRT活性污泥EPS及其表面性质变化对活性污泥絮凝沉降性能的影响。     

活性污泥丝状菌膨胀生物群落及调控研究进展

活性污泥法是中国乃至世界上最常用的处理污水的方法之一,活性污泥中微生物群落结构是保障污水处理效率的一个重要因素.然而污泥膨胀是全球污水处理厂面临的严重问题,通过深入了解膨胀污泥中微生物群落结构有助于污泥恢复,提高污水处理效率.围绕处理不同污水的膨胀污泥,总结分离到引起污泥膨胀的微生物.其中细菌群落主要来自黄杆菌属、丝硫细属、微丝菌属、束缚杆菌属;真菌群落主要来自毛孢子菌属以及青霉菌属等等.而这些菌落大多数属于丝状菌,所以丝状菌过度繁殖是引起污泥膨胀的重要原因.在污泥膨胀的现象中,有90%是由于丝状菌导致的.基于相关文献分析总结发现,活性污泥会因底物浓度较低、营养物质缺乏、溶解氧浓度较低、硫化物浓度过高以及pH不平衡对其中丝状菌的生长繁殖产生有利影响.通过调控活性污泥运行状况抑制丝状菌繁殖,从而改善污泥膨胀,提高活性污泥的性能以及稳定性.最后结合现状提出未来污泥膨胀研究中应该关注的重点：充分利用生物信息技术深入了解膨胀污泥中微生物功能,并且挖掘抑制污泥膨胀的新菌株和基因新资源,以便于加强对活性污泥的调控,为活性污泥稳定运行和科学管理提供理论依据.（图2表3参87）     

藻毒素降解菌CQ5对MC-LR粗提液的降解动力学

针对近年来采用微生物法降解水体中的微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)这一研究热点问题,以本课题组前期从太湖芦苇荡底泥中筛出的耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌CQ5(Lysinibacillus boronitolerans)为考察对象,研究微生物对MC-LR的降解动力学.分别采用Logistic生长方程和Monod动力学方程构建菌株CQ5细胞生长动力学模型和MC-LR降解动力学模型.结果表明,菌株CQ5在以MC-LR粗提液为碳、氮源的无机盐培养基中的生长曲线符合Logistic生长模型,其中菌株生长环境承载量K为1.306,菌株生长平均速率r为0.1685,无量纲参数a为1.688;该菌株在6 d内可使MC-LR的浓度由14.12μg·L~(-1)降至1.57μg·L~(-1),降解率达88.86%,其一级反应速率常数k为0.3698,半衰期t_(1/2)为1.88 d;该降解过程中MC-LR浓度、菌株细胞密度和MC-LR降解速率3者间的偶合关系符合低浓度下的Monod模型,其中υ_max/K_s为0.342;一级反应动力学方程式S=e~(2.648-0.3698t)和Monod模型方程式S=14.12e~(-0.342Nt)(N=1.08)均可模拟预测降解体系中的MC-LR浓度,二者的模拟结果高度一致.本文可为研究微生物降解MC-LR的机理和推动MC-LR降解菌的工程应用提供理论参考.     

寒冷地区城市污水处理厂污泥膨胀及其控制

结合大庆乘风庄污水厂运行 5年来两次污泥膨胀的实例 ,对活性污泥系统发生污泥膨胀的主要原因进行了分析 ,提出在寒冷地区活性污泥系统中 ,除低氧、低负荷外 ,低温也是造成膨胀的原因之一。对此提出采用减小曝气池污泥浓度或单池连续运行以提高负荷和鼓风机进风口空气加热提高曝气池水温的方法 ,可使膨胀得到有效控制。     

建筑小区内致病微生物暴露风险评价

利用数值模拟确定致病微生物浓度的时空分布,建立了基于瞬时浓度判据和积累浓度判据的污染物暴露评价模型,得到了建筑群内瞬时风险区域和人们在污染区域的最大停留时间。结果显示:瞬时风险区域面积基本与微生物生长曲线一致,即在2000s时达到最大,然后逐渐减小,至6000s后基本不变;最大停留时间与微生物的增长率有关,增长率大,最大停留时间变小。     

污泥转移序批式间歇活性污泥法(SBR)工艺除磷特性

污泥转移序批式间歇活性污泥法(SBR)工艺是由连续运行的生物选择器和数个并联的SBR主反应器构成的,通过污泥回流的方式提高了SBR反应阶段的活性污泥量并削减了沉淀阶段的污泥总量,从而强化其除污能力,并提高其容积利用率.新工艺处理城市生活污水的试验结果表明,污泥转移量对系统除磷影响显著;当污泥转移量为0、15%和30%时系统出水总磷的平均去除率分别为16.5%、74%和93%;生物选择器中厌氧释磷量与污泥中PHB(聚-β-羟基丁酸)含量呈现良好的正相关性.在适宜的运行模式下,SBR充水比45%、污泥龄10 d、污泥转移量30%,系统对总磷的平均去除率能达到93%以上,出水总磷浓度可控制在0.30 mg.L-1以下,且其它出水各项水质指标均能达到国家排放标准的要求.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), which is more economical compared with the traditional method for nitrogen removal, is studied in this paper. In order to find the suitable conditions of this process, a mixed flow activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration is investigated, and some key control parameters are examined for nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater. The results show that SND is accessible when oxygen concentration is 0.3–0.8 mg/L. The nitrogen removal rate can be obtained up to 66.7% with solids retention time (SRT) of 45 d, C/N value of 10, and F/M ratio of 0.1 g COD/(g MLSS·d). Theoretical analysis indicates that SND is a physical phenomenon and governed by oxygen diffusion in flocs.     

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional,continuous flow,completely mixed activated sludge system

Aerobic granules were formed in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS). The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen (DO) of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg·L^-1, respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250 r·min^-1, to ensure good mixing．The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was between 50 and 90 mL·g^-1. The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

臭氧污泥减量过程中混合液各参数的变化

实验用污泥的初始浓度(MLSS)分别限定为4g/L、7g/L和11g/L,用以探讨不同浓度下臭氧氧化过程中COD、N和P浓度的变化。结果表明:臭氧氧化过程中,MLSS和MLVSS基本呈线性下降;臭氧对污泥细胞的溶解可以引起混合液中COD、N和P浓度的升高,升高速率受污泥浓度和臭氧浓度影响较大;TKN和硝态氮是N的主要存在形式,TKN和TN随时间均呈先增加后趋缓的变化规律;臭氧对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮有较强的氧化能力,二者浓度均呈先增大后减小的规律;而硝酸盐氮呈一直增加趋势;臭氧对COD的氧化也很明显,表现为COD的增加速率随氧化时间的增加而不断降低;总磷的浓度基本呈线性增加,单位质量污泥的总磷释放量差异不大;臭氧对MLSS的彻底减量会引起臭氧溶胞利用率的降低,因此应该合理控制臭氧化反应的时间。     

Enhancement of activated sludge performance on ammonium removal by clinoptilolite

This study evaluated the influence of clinoptilolite on the performance of activated sludge system shocked by high concentration of ammonium. The ammonium and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the experimental reactor containing clinoptilolite and from the clinoptilolite-free control reactor was determined. The ammonium and COD removal was approximately 8 and 20% higher in the experimental reactor than in the control reactor, respectively. The removal increased with an increase in clinoptilolite concentration over the tested range up to 50?mg?L^?1. The presence of clinoptilolite resulted in the sludge flocs being more compacted with smoother surfaces and edges. Molecular biological analysis revealed that clinoptilolite increased the DNA diversity, richness, and evenness of sludge microbes. The enhanced-performance activated sludge previously treated with clinoptilolite was less influenced by the shock of ammonium than non-treated sludge in terms of the ammonium and COD removal. These results suggest that clinoptilolite enhanced the performance of activated sludge system in the removal of ammonium and COD. Amendment of activated sludge with natural zeolites may thus improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment.     

Evaluation of factors influencing soluble microbial product in submerged MBR through hybrid ASM model

In this study, a mathematical model was established to predict the formation of the soluble microbial product (SMP) in a submerged membrane bioreactor. The developed model was calibrated under the reference condition. Simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results under the reference condition. The calibrated model was then used in the scenario studies to evaluate the effect of three chosen operating parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). Simulation results revealed that the SMP dominated the soluble organic substances in the supernatant. The scenario studies also revealed that the HRT can be decreased to 1 h without deteriorating the effluent quality; dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor can be kept at 2–3 mg/L to maintain the effluent quality, reduce the content of SMP, and minimize operating costs; the optimal SRT can be controlled to 10–15 d to achieve complete nitrification process, less membrane fouling potential, and acceptable organic removal efficiency.     

A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.