污染土壤添加有机物质对黑麦草吸收铜的影响

研究了泥炭和堆肥对铜污染土壤盆栽黑麦草吸收铜状况的影响。结果表明,黑麦草地上、地下部含铜量皆随土壤污染水平提高而增加,地下部的增幅远大于地上部;添加有机物质明显降低了黑麦草地上、地下部的含铜量,平均降幅近30％。泥炭降低黑麦草地上、地下部含铜量的作用随土壤污染水平的提高而逐渐变小,而堆肥的作用至重度污染水平仍较明显;在近400mg/kg铜污染水平上,有机物质表现出最佳降低植株铜吸收量的效果。有机物质的控制作用与土壤pH有关,并在3茬黑麦草的试验期间内得以维持。     

磷灰石等改良剂对土壤-黑麦草系统中铜行为的影响

以黑麦草作为修复植物,开展了石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪等4种改良剂对重金属Cu污染土壤的田间原位修复研究.结果表明,改良剂提高了土壤pH值并促进土壤Cu从可利用态向潜在可利用态和不可利用态转化,以降低对生物和环境的直接毒害作用,促进黑麦草的生长.以黑麦草生物量和Cu富集量作为评价指标,添加改良剂的4种处理修复Cu污染土壤...     

微生物对水-沉积物中苯并[a]芘-镉复合污染修复的研究

从广东汕头贵屿镇的沉积物中分离得到1株对PAHs有较好降解能力且有较强重金属耐受性的菌株（简称B4）,菌种鉴定表明该菌为氧化节杆菌属。以土著微生物、处理方式、沉积物、修复时间等为不同的影响因子对该菌修复水体/沉积物中苯并[a]芘（BaP）-镉（Cd）复合污染进行了初步研究。结果表明：该菌同时具有降解BaP和吸附Cd的性能;土著微生物对BaP有一定的降解能力,并能显著促进B4降解BaP,当体系中BaP质量浓度为1.00 mg.L-1时,降解率达到了68.3%;Cd的吸附却因土著微生物的存在发生一定程度的解吸。振荡培养对BaP的降解效果略优于静止培养修复,而静止修复却更有利于Cd的去除。沉积物促进体系Cd的吸附,却减弱了菌种对BaP的降解。在静止培养修复中,BaP的降解主要发生在7 d以前,降解率保持在35%左右,此时Cd的去除效果亦较好。     

玉米修复芘污染土壤的初步研究

采用60d室内盆栽试验,研究了玉米CT38(ZEAMAYSL.)对多环芳烃芘污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,无论种植玉米土P系列、无植物对照土M系列(无植物且添加叠氮化钠的灭菌土)和对照土W系列(无植物未灭菌土)中芘的可提取浓度都随着时间的推移逐渐减少,种植玉米加快了土壤中可提取态芘浓度的下降.在芘处理浓度为10—100mg.kg-1的污染土壤中,种植玉米CT38的土壤中芘的去除率达81.9%—89.3%,分别比无植物对照土M系列和对照W系列中芘的去除率高67.5%—70.9%和26.2%—47.0%.玉米也可积累少量芘,但积累量所占芘去除量的比例不足0.3%,植物吸收不是芘去除的主要机理.种植玉米增强了土壤中脱氢酶和脲酶等酶活性,从而促进了植物-根圈微生物体系对芘的生物降解.     

苯并[a]芘污染土壤的植物根际修复研究初探

研究了黑麦草(Lolium multiflorumL.)对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复作用。研究结果表明,土壤中苯并[a]芘的可提取态wB[a]P随着时间延长而逐渐减少,黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并[a]芘的减少,提高了苯并[a]P在土壤中的降解率,在1、10、50mg·kg-1苯并[a]芘处理下,黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率分别达90.3%、87.5%、78.6%;而没有黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率则为79.3%、66.4%、55.6%。黑麦草根际增加土壤中微生物碳的含量,从而提高植物对苯并[a]芘的降解率。植物的地上部也可积累少量苯并[a]芘,但植物对苯并[a]芘的吸收不是黑麦草对其修复的主要机制。土壤自身具有修复苯并[a]芘的潜能,种植黑麦草具有强化土壤修复苯并[a]芘污染的作用。     

疏水缔合型有机高分子聚合物对水体中多环芳烃的富集性能

以芘分子为分子荧光探针测定了疏水缔合有机高分子聚合物HAP对多环芳烃类化合物的富集性能.实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对芘具有良好的胶束增溶和富集作用,且随着聚合物浓度增大、疏水嵌段结构分布均匀适度,富集能力逐渐增强.絮凝实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对多环芳烃的富集性能可作为有效的辅助手段,实现对水体中微量有机污染物的去除.     

土壤铜铅锌复合污染对水稻的生态效应

采用４水平３因子正交试验设计，通过盆栽试验，用添加法研究了铜、铅、锌及其复合污染的红壤性水稻土对水稻生长、产量、品质的综合影响。结果表明，当土壤受铜、铅、锌单一污染时，三元素对水稻的危害作用依次为锌〉铜〉铅，当土壤中铜、铅、锌都存在时，三元素之间具有协同危害作用，其危害作用依次为铜－铅〉铅－锌〉铜－锌。为使生态环境中食物链不受污染，提出了铜、铅、锌复合污染情况下红壤性水稻土中铜、铅、锌的临界限值为     

土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应的影响,并探讨了有效态铜、镉的提取剂。结果表明,2.5％醋酸可作为酸性水稻土有效态铜、镉的提取剂,土壤含镉5mg/kg对铜的水稻产量效应未有影响,但糙米含镉量超标。     

玉米根系形态对土壤Cd和芘复合污染的响应

植物根系在逆境胁迫下通过改变其形态及分布来适应不利的生长环境,根系的形态变化是植物适应外界环境（特别是土壤环境）的一个重要机制。采用盆栽模拟试验探讨了Cd＋芘复合污染对两种基因型玉米（Zeamays L.）（白玉米和黑玉米）根系形态学参数（根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径及不同根直径等级分布）的定量化影响。与对照未污染相比,Cd＋芘复合污染显著降低了白玉米和黑玉米茎叶和根的生物量,特别是根的生物量。Cd＋芘复合污染对白玉米生物量的抑制要比对黑玉米要灵敏。与未污染相比,Cd＋芘复合污染下白玉米和黑玉米的根长稍有增长,根表面积、根平均直径和根体积减小,但两处理间差异不显著。白玉米和黑玉米每一级根直径的根长在Cd＋芘复合污染和未污染处理间没有显著差异。白玉米和黑玉米〉0.60mm的根的根表面积在Cd＋芘复合污染下显著降低。此研究结果为重金属-多环芳烃复合污染土壤植物毒理效应和植物修复技术的进一步研究奠定基础。     

Effective remediation of organic-metal co-contaminated soil by enhanced electrokinetic-bioremediation process

• A new EK-BIO technology was developed to decontaminate e-waste contaminated soil. • Adding sodium citrate in electrolyte was a good choice for decontaminating the soil. • The system has good performance with low cost. This work investigates the influence of electrokinetic-bioremediation (EK-BIO) on remediating soil polluted by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals (mainly Cu, Pb and Ni), originated from electronic waste recycling activity. The results demonstrate that most of POPs and metals were removed from the soil. More than 60% of metals and 90% of POPs in the soil were removed after a 30-day EK-BIO remediation assisted by citrate. A citrate sodium concentration of 0.02 g/L was deemed to be suitable because higher citrate did not significantly improve treatment performance whereas increasing dosage consumption. Citrate increased soil electrical current and electroosmotic flow. After remediation, metal residues mainly existed in stable and low-toxic states, which could effectively lower the potential hazard of toxic metals to the surrounding environment and organisms. EK-BIO treatment influenced soil microbial counts, dehydrogenase activity and community structure.     

植物对水溶液中乐果的降解及影响因素分析

通过气相色谱分析,建立浓度换算标准曲线,研究了三种水生植物水葱、香蒲和石菖蒲对水溶液中乐果的降解效果,并进一步探讨了水葱对乐果降解的动力学过程和各因素对乐果去除的贡献。结果表明,三种植物对乐果去除能力由大到小依次为:水葱,香蒲,石菖蒲。水葱10天内对乐果的去除率为58%,香蒲和石菖蒲组对乐果的去除率分别为39%和33%。乐果的自然降解和挥发、植物吸收和微生物降解作用对乐果去除的贡献率约为:20%、40%、30%。水体的pH升高能够加速乐果的降解,营养盐质量浓度的下降不利于植物去除乐果。     

铜胁迫对铜锈环棱螺致死率、富集性、CAT和SOD的影响

以浙江省温州市瓯海茶山某河内的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为研究对象,研究了铜胁迫下铜对铜锈环棱螺的致死效应、铜锈环棱螺对铜的富集性、铜对铜锈环棱螺肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,铜锈环棱螺对较低浓度Cu2+(1.0、2.0 mg.L-1)具有一定的抵抗能力,而在较高浓度Cu2+(4.0～8.0 mg.L-1)胁迫下,则出现较高的死亡率。当ρ(Cu2+)为0.2～0.8 mg.L-1时,随着染毒时间的增加和染毒剂量的加大,铜锈环棱螺对铜的富集性也在增强,但当ρ(Cu2+)为1.6 mg.L-1时,铜锈环棱螺对铜的富集量却随染毒时间的增加而呈下降趋势。在铜胁迫下,铜锈环棱螺肝胰腺CAT和SOD活性受到较大影响。     

Influence of soil-applied coal combustion by-products on growth and elemental composition of annual ryegrass

The total annual production of coal combustion by-products in the USA is expected to exceed 150 million Mg by the year 2000. Agricultural utilisation may offer a partial solution to disposal problems, but the benefits and risks associated with using these materials must be assessed. Four coal combustion by-products, bed ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) from a fluidised-bed combustion furnace and stabilised scrubber sludge (SS) and a high gypsum content by-product (G) from flue gas desulphurisation processes were added to two soils at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 80 g kg-1. The growth and elemental composition of Gulf annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) were evaluated in the treated soils. Adding FA, SS and G to both soils at application rates of up to 80 g kg-1 was not detrimental to the growth of ryegrass and resulted in higher yields than controls in some instances. Adding BA created a high alkalinity, high soluble-salt environment that initially inhibited seedling germination and significantly reduced (p<0.05) yields of dry matter, so it will probably need to be restricted to rates of lime requirement. Ryegrass concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr were similar in control and treated soils, but levels of B, Se, As and Mo were raised in treatments. Based on low trace-element concentrations in ryegrass shoots and in soil solution, Se from FA application may be the only potential food-chain risk associated with application of the four coal combustion by-products used in this investigation.     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial activity in a field soil planted with perennial ryegrass

Dissipation and plant uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated agricultural soil planted with perennial ryegrass were investigated in a field experiment. After two seasons of grass cultivation the mean concentration of 12 PAHs in soil decreased by 23.4% compared with the initial soil. The 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs were dissipated by 30.9%, 25.5%, 21.2%, and 16.3% from the soil, respectively. Ryegrass shoots accumulated about 280 μg·kg^-1, shoot dry matter biomass reached 2.48 × 10⁴ kg·ha^-1, and plant uptake accounted for about 0.99% of the decrease in PAHs in the soil. Significantly higher soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity were observed in planted soil than that in the unplanted control. The results suggest that planting ryegrass may promote the dissipation of PAHs in long-term contaminated agricultural soil, and plant-promoted microbial degradation may be a main mechanism of phytoremediation.     

梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)与传统化学方法评估黑麦草吸收Cd的对比

为研究不同方法评估黑麦草吸收Cd的效果,采集了16个不同理化性质实际Cd污染土壤,盆栽试验种植黑麦草,采用梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)测定黑麦草根际土Cd的生物有效性,并与离心法采集土壤溶液、乙酸(HAc)和乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTANa2)3种传统提取方法所提取土壤有效态Cd含量进行比较,研究其与黑麦草地上部和地下部Cd含量的相关关系.结果表明,DGT提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与黑麦草中Cd含量的相关性显著高于化学提取法.运用多元统计分析研究土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标的影响,提取出两种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型.第一主成分与OM和黏粒(clay)之间呈显著相关,定义为土壤中影响重金属生物有效性的"有机指标",第二主成分则与土壤pH和CEC相关程度较高,定义为土壤中影响重金属生物有效性的"无机指标".研究表明,第二主成分显著影响了3种化学方法构建的预测模型,而DGT技术综合了两种主成分对土壤有效态Cd含量的影响,所构建的模型几乎不受土壤基本理化性质的影响,说明DGT分析法是一种预测黑麦草吸收Cd的较好方法.     

硅对镉、锌、铅复合污染土壤中黑麦草生理生化性质的影响

采用正交试验设计L9(34)对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)进行温室盆栽试验,观测Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染条件下,硅(Si)对黑麦草生物量、叶绿素含量以及保护酶系统的影响.结果表明,Cd使黑麦草根系发育受阻导致生物量下降,中等水平的Zn和Pb有利于黑麦草生物量的积累;Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染造成黑麦草叶绿体结构的破坏,使叶绿素含量减少;低水平的Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对黑麦草CAT和POD活性起到激发作用,但随着添加水平提高,两种酶活性受到抑制.Si可以促进黑麦草根系生物量的增加,有利于根系对水分和养分的吸收,保证地上部分的养分供给,使叶片生物量增加;硅化细胞的形成有利于黑麦草叶片对光能的吸收利用,Si也使叶绿素含量增加;Si对CAT和POD有显著激活作用,从而减轻重金属复合污染对黑麦草产生的伤害.     

4种鸢尾属植物对铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的富集特征和修复潜力

通过野外调查和实地修复铅锌矿污染土壤试验,研究了铅锌矿区排污渠污水及底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量和分布特征以及4种鸢尾属植物马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、溪荪（Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.）、花菖蒲（Iris ensata Thunb.）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力和土壤修复效率差异。结果表明,离污染源越近,重金属污染越严重。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属均大部分沉积在排污水渠的底泥中,污水中Pb严重污染,超标达120倍,底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数分别超标1.5倍、1.7倍、1.6倍和1.7倍。排污渠岸土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数也明显超过了国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准1～5倍。种植4种鸢尾属植物后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数有所降低。其中,种植马蔺1个月后土壤Pb、Cu、Cd修复效率分别为8.13%、2.45%和22.3%。黄菖蒲和花菖蒲对Zn的修复效率相对较高。4种鸢尾属植物中马蔺对Pb、Cd的吸收能力最强,马蔺地上部（叶、茎）Pb质量分数达983mg·kg-1,且转运系数大于1,是一种潜在的Pb积累植物,黄菖蒲、溪荪和花菖蒲对Zn的吸收能力较强,且吸收的重金属主要积累在根系。     

Worldwide cases of water pollution by emerging contaminants: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Water contamination by emerging contaminants is increasing in the context of rising urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture production. Emerging...     

Unveiling the interaction mechanisms of key functional microorganisms in the partial denitrification-anammox process induced by COD

● The availability of PD-anammox was investigated with higher NO₃^––N concentration. ● NO₃^––N concentration affects NO₃^––N accumulation during denitrification. ● COD concentration is determinant for N removal pathways in PD-anammox process. ● The synergy/competition mechanisms between denitrifiers and anammox was explored. Partial denitrification-anammox (PD-anammox) is an innovative process to remove nitrate (NO₃^––N) and ammonia (NH₄⁺–N) simultaneously from wastewater. Stable operation of the PD-anammox process relies on the synergy and competition between anammox bacteria and denitrifiers. However, the mechanism of metabolic between the functional bacteria in the PD-anammox system remains unclear, especially in the treatment of high-strength wastewater. The kinetics of nitrite (NO₂^––N) accumulation during denitrification was investigated using the Michaelis-Menten equation, and it was found that low concentrations of NO₃^––N had a more significant effect on the accumulation of NO₂^––N during denitrification. Organic matter was a key factor to regulate the synergy of anammox and denitrification, and altered the nitrogen removal pathways. The competition for NO₂^––N caused by high COD concentration was a crucial factor that affecting the system stability. Illumina sequencing techniques demonstrated that excess organic matter promoted the relative abundance of the Denitratesoma genus and the nitrite reductase gene nirS, causing the denitrifying bacteria Denitratisoma to compete with Cadidatus Kuenenia for NO₂^––N, thereby affecting the stability of the system. Synergistic carbon and nitrogen removal between partial denitrifiers and anammox bacteria can be effectively achieved by controlling the COD and COD/NO₃^––N.