人工湿地对规模化养猪废水处理效果评价

为了提高人工湿地对养猪废水中污染物去除效果,针对复合人工湿地存在的地下水污染问题,建立与防渗膜连为一体的复合型人工湿地畜禽养殖废水系统,湿地底层铺设PE防渗膜,选用煤渣、砾石、粗砂作为湿地填料,种植美人蕉(Canna indica)、水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani)、水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)湿地植物,考察复合人工湿地运行期间对养猪废水污染物的去除效率,并对温度和系统处理污染物效率的变化进行分析。结果表明:湿地植物在启动初期,对污染物的去除效率较低(NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的去除效率分别为53.6%、61.4%和41.7%),需经过一段时间形成良好的根系结构后,NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的去除能力才会稳定提高;地表流人工湿地植物在气温较高时容易枯死,在高温情况下应设置防晒措施;本研究复合人工湿地处理养猪废水污染物效率在10月达到最高,NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的去除效率分别为98.8%、62.1%和87.1%,湿地后续单元增加曝气能有效处理养猪废水中的NH4+-N;气温变化会影响人工湿地处理NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的效率,气温对NH4+-N和TP去除效果影响明显大于对CODCr去除的影响。该处理系统对养猪废水中的污染物去除效果较好,能够将废水水质提高到理想的水平,可为中小型养猪场构建人工湿地提供理论依据和技术参考。     

不同水生植物配置对河涌污水的净化效果

研究不同配置的挺水植物组合对河涌污水污染物的净化效果,为在河涌污水治理上构建有效的人工湿地植物处理系统提供依据。选择10种净化能力较强的挺水植物,组成6种不同配置的挺水植物组合,采用无土栽培的方式模拟人工湿地的环境进行静态培养试验,测定出不同水生植物组合及在不同污水的停留时间(HRT)下对河涌污水污染物的去除率。6种不同配置的水生植物组合在HRT为5 d时对NH4+-N、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5的去除率(平均去除率分别为98.2%、81.2%、91.3%、71.8%、79.4%)均较高;以组合1:香根草Vetiveria zizanioides+风车草Cyperus alternifolius+美人蕉Canna indica+菖蒲Acorus calamus+再力花Thalia dealbata的处理效果为最佳。不同水生植物系统对污水的净化效率取决于HRT,当HRT从1～5 d时,NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅均逐渐增加,当HRT从5～7 d时,NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅却均迅速下降;说明3种不同配置的水生植物系统对河涌污水NH4+-N、TN、TP的净化效率均以HRT为5 d时...     

梯级河滩湿地模型对受污染河水氮磷和CODCr的净化效果

在贾鲁河畔构建3组并联的梯级河滩湿地模型,引种9种不同类型的湿地植物进行筛选试验,将湿地模型串联运行比较研究3种不同植物配置的梯级湿地对受污染河水的净化效果,在此基础上设定12h和24h等两组不同水力滞留时间,研究延长滞留时间对水质净化效果的影响。试验结果表明：对氮磷和有机物的去除效果挺水植物明显好于沉水植物,其中茭草（Zizania caduciflora）、荆三棱（Scirpus fluviatilis）和狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）去除效果最好;沉水植物和挺水植物对氨氮的去除表现好于浮叶植物;延长水力滞留时间对改善水质净化效果明显,滞留时间由12h延长到24h后,TN、TP、氨氮和CODCr去除率分别提高10.2%、21.7%、30.2%和12.9%,对氨氮的净化效果改善最为明显;挺水植物＋沉水植物＋浮叶植物组合较单纯挺水植物组合在对氨氮和TN去除效果方面表现出较明显的优势,主要是由于不同类型湿地植物所营造的好氧、厌氧环境提高了对氨氮和TN去除效果。研究结果证明在湿地植被组建中,根据进水水质,应灵活选择植物种类,进行合理的植物配置,可提高湿地的净化效果。     

人工湿地与土壤净化槽处理农村生活污水的对比

针对我国生活污水处理现状及要求,对比研究了普遍推广的人工湿地技术与新兴的土壤净化槽技术,发现在进水水质、环境条件均相同的情况下,上行流人工湿地处理效果优于下行流人工湿地;基质按照不同需氧层铺设不同粒径填料的土壤净化槽处理效果优于基质直接分层铺设填料的土壤净化槽;土壤净化槽和人工湿地出水水质都很好,出水CODCr、TN、TP、氨氮分别达到了二级、一级A、一级B、一级A标准;土壤净化槽装置占地面积小,为人工湿地的2/3.土壤净化槽技术是适合我国国情的有发展前景的生活污水处理技术.     

矿化垃圾湿地处理畜禽养殖废水的研究

采用序批式进水方式,在m(固)∶V(液)=1∶20及水力负荷1.25 m3.m-2.d-1条件下,研究种植旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、美人蕉(Canna indica)和菖蒲(Acorus calamus)4种植物的矿化垃圾填料湿地对畜禽养殖废水的处理效果。持续运行90 d的结果表明,矿化垃圾填料湿地床对CODCr、SS、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为41.3%～52.5%、55.2%～72.1%4、4.2%～76.7%和40.1%～68.0%。不同植物种类对去除率的影响小,与无植物空白相比约有10百分点的变化,主要被矿化垃圾填料自身特性所掩盖。矿化垃圾填料硝化能力强,导致硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)的累积高达数十mg.L-1,并导致TN去除率偏低,仅为41.6%～45.9%。构建了150 cm高的矿化垃圾填料柱进行反硝化脱氮,在水力负荷0.30 m3.m-2.d-1条件下运行90 d期间内,距柱面120 cm处NO3--N去除率在ρ(NO3--N)约为20和40 mg.L-1的水质条件下均可达97%以上。     

梭鱼草和芦苇人工湿地对重金属和营养的去除率比较

为探讨梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata L.)作为人工湿地植物的应用潜力,通过在室外用瓷盆(上直径80 cm,底直径50 cm,高45 cm)构建单种潜流湿地,比较了梭鱼草与常用的人工湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin.e x S t e u d.)在人工湿地中对营养物质和重金属Cd2+和Pb2+的去除率.结果显示,梭鱼草对总氮(TN)和生化需氧量(BOD5)的去除率显著高于芦苇(P<0.05).两种植物湿地对Cd2+和Pb2+的去除率无显著差异.两种植物体内Cd2+和Pb2+的含量均是根>茎>叶,根部为主要的富集器官.污水停留2 d和停留7 d,两种湿地对营养物质的去除率差别不大,而对重金属的去除率,停留7 d显著高于停留2 d,表明人工湿地对重金属的去除比对营养的去除要慢一些.研究表明,梭鱼草是一种具有良好景观效果和较高去污率的湿地植物,在人工湿地中具有较好的应用潜力.     

人工湿地植物生物质资源能源化利用潜力评估

通过测定不同人工湿地植物的纤维素组分和热值,并采用NaOH–酶解工艺研究不同人工湿地植物水解液组分,对在人工湿地技术体系中起重要作用的湿地植物能源化利用潜力进行系统评估.结果显示,15种人工湿地植物的纤维素含量在19.78%～36.9%之间,半纤维素含量在4.51%～19.67%之间,木质素含量在10.79%～20.47%之间,具有与玉米秸秆相当的热值,其热值在14.002～17.839 MJ/kg之间.在NaOH–酶解工艺条件下,不同人工湿地植物水解液中存在5种糖类组分,主要为葡萄糖和木糖.研究表明,人工湿地植物是一种较好的生物质资源,可通过生物质固体成型燃料技术、沼气技术和燃料乙醇技术加以利用,进而建立人工湿地植物生物质资源能源化藕联利用模式.图2表2参22     

基于不同填料的人工湿地环境经济价值核算及可持续性评价

为科学评价人工湿地的环境经济价值及可持续发展潜力,以3种典型的人工湿地(填料分别为砾石、沸石和陶粒)为研究对象,采用能值分析的方法,在人工湿地概念化设计的基础上分别核算3种人工湿地系统的环境经济价值,评价其可持续性。结果表明,3种人工湿地的环境经济价值相差不大,砾石1.30×10~(18) sej·a~(-1)、沸石1.20×10~(18) sej·a~(-1)和陶粒1.21×10~(18) sej·a~(-1),其中资源价值是其主要部分,分别占环境经济价值的81.54%、79.97%、80.20%;3种人工湿地的成本价值分别为砾石1.63×10~(17)sej·a~(-1)、沸石6.53×10~(16) sej·a~(-1)和陶粒7.87×10~(16) sej·a~(-1),其中建设成本价值所占比重最大,分别占成本价值的94.48%、91.27%和91.86%;3种人工湿地系统的经济效益比较接近,砾石(1.137×10~(18) sej·a~(-1))沸石(1.135×1018 sej·a~(-1))陶粒(1.131×1018sej·a~(-1)),而效益/成本比率呈现较明显差异,沸石(17.38∶1)陶粒(14.37∶1)砾石(6.98∶1);3种人工湿地系统的可持续性均较高,可持续性指数依次为沸石(209.29)陶粒(137.11)砾石(36.11)。环境经济价值中,资源价值占绝对优势,这表明中水作为一种可再生资源可以降低系统对环境的压力并发挥中水回收利用的潜力。沸石填料的人工湿地相对于其他两种类型的人工湿地具有环境经济效益最为显著、环境负载率最小和可持续发展水平高等优势,该研究可为人工湿地的填料选择及建设运行提供参考。     

不同水生植物配置对河涌污水的净化效果

研究不同配置的挺水植物组合对河涌污水污染物的净化效果,为在河涌污水治理上构建有效的人工湿地植物处理系统提供依据。选择10种净化能力较强的挺水植物,组成6种不同配置的挺水植物组合,采用无土栽培的方式模拟人工湿地的环境进行静态培养试验,测定出不同水生植物组合及在不同污水的停留时间（HRT）下对河涌污水污染物的去除率。6种不同配置的水生植物组合在HRT为5 d时对NH4＋-N、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5的去除率（平均去除率分别为98.2%、81.2%、91.3%、71.8%、79.4%）均较高;以组合1：香根草Vetiveria zizanioides＋风车草Cyperus alternifolius＋美人蕉Canna indica＋菖蒲Acorus calamus＋再力花Thalia dealbata的处理效果为最佳。不同水生植物系统对污水的净化效率取决于HRT,当HRT从1～5 d时,NH4＋-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅均逐渐增加,当HRT从5～7 d时,NH4＋-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅却均迅速下降;说明3种不同配置的水生植物系统对河涌污水NH4＋-N、TN、TP的净化效率均以HRT为5 d时最高。     

垂直流-水平潜流复合人工湿地深度处理电镀废水的效果

采用垂直流-水平潜流复合人工湿地对金华清湖电镀厂排放的电镀废水尾水进行深度处理,研究复合人工湿地对电镀废水的深度净化效果,并对复合人工湿地在低(30 cm·d-1)、高(55 cm·d-1)水力负荷条件下的去除效果进行对比试验,探讨水力负荷对复合人工湿地处理能力的影响.复合人工湿地主要由调节池、垂直流人工湿地、水平潜流人工湿地和集水池四部分组成,电镀厂化学沉淀处理后的尾水先经一级垂直流人工湿地的基质和植物根系的过滤、吸附作用,刺激微生物活性,再流入水平潜流人工湿地完成二级处理,依靠植物、微生物、基质三者的联合作用从而使电镀废水得到深度净化.其中,垂直流人工湿地种植凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)、稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)和空心莲子草(Herba Alternantherae)3种水生植物,潜流人工湿地种植藨草(Scirpus triqueter)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)和美人蕉(Canna indica)5种水生植物.结果表明,复合人工湿地对电镀废水的净化效果非常显著,对Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn四种重金属和COD具有很高的去除率,处理后Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn和COD的质量分数分别为15.9%、12.4%、15.2%、28.5%和32.9%.其中,Cu、Mn和COD出水符合<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-1996)一级标准,而Zn、Cr虽有很高的去除率,但并未达到标准.研究同样表明,复合人工湿地对电镀废水的去除效率存在一个最适宜的处理时间,过短和过长的处理时间都不利于污染物的去除.低、高水力负荷对比试验研究表明,水力负荷对COD的去除效果影响较大,对Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn的影响较小;在高水力负荷条件下,复合人工湿地对Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn四种重金属仍然具有很高的去除率,其质量分数分别降到32.3%、27.7%、30.8%、43.2%.     

Influence of pore structure on biologically activated carbon performance and biofilm microbial characteristics

• Pore structure affects biologically activated carbon performance. • Pore structure determines organic matter (OM) removal mechanism. • Microbial community structure is related to pore structure and OM removal. Optimizing the characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC) can improve the performance of biologically activated carbon (BAC) filters, and iodine value has always been the principal index for GAC selection. However, in this study, among three types of GAC treating the same humic acid-contaminated water, one had an iodine value 35% lower than the other two, but the dissolved organic carbon removal efficiency of its BAC was less than 5% away from the others. Iodine value was found to influence the removal of different organic fractions instead of the total removal efficiency. Based on the removal and biological characteristics, two possible mechanisms of organic matter removal during steady-state were suggested. For GAC with poor micropore volume and iodine value, high molecular weight substances (3500–9000 Da) were removed mainly through degradation by microorganisms, and the biodegraded organics (soluble microbial by-products,<3500 Da) were released because of the low adsorption capacity of activated carbon. For GAC with higher micropore volume and iodine value, organics with low molecular weight (<3500 Da) were more easily removed, first being adsorbed by micropores and then biodegraded by the biofilm. The biomass was determined by the pore volume with pore diameters greater than 100 μm, but did not correspond to the removal efficiency. Nevertheless, the microbial community structure was coordinate with both the pore structure and the organic removal characteristics. The findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting GAC for the BAC process based on its pore structure.     

镁盐改性石英砂的制备及其吸附Zn^2＋影响因素

通过改变石英砂表面的物理化学性质,提高滤料的吸附效率,并考察其对废水中Zn2＋的去除效果。以石英砂为载体,用碱性沉积法制备了镁盐改性砂,测定了镁盐改性砂的比表面积,考察了镁盐改性砂对锌的吸附性能及其影响因素。结果表明,镁盐改性砂的比表面积为1.475 m2/g,比石英原砂比表面积提高了6.12倍;在pH值为中性的条件下...     

Die molekulare Diffusion als limitierender Faktor

Molecular diffusion of contaminants in sand and gravel sized aquifer material or in clay and silt layers may cause extended time periods in remediation of polluted soils and aquifers. The decontamination time increases with the square of diffusion distance and linearily with decreasing diffusion coefficient. In microporous sand and gravel the time to remove 90% of the contaminants may exceed the typical residence time in wet mechanical treatment of soils by orders of magnitude. The removal of strongly sorbing compounds may take decades. Even longer periods of time may be necessary in decontamination of silt and clay layers because of long diffusion distances. However, slow diffusion controlled desorption causes low release rates of contaminants which may be considered in risk assessment of groundwater pollution.     

A Biosurfactant-Enhanced Soil Flushing for the Removal of Phenanthrene and Diesel in Sand

In order to examine the potential of biosurfactants in soil remediation, and to investigate the effects of several operating conditions, such as flow rate, biosurfactant concentration and surfactant type, biosurfactant-enhanced soil flushing was conducted. In the biosurfactant-enhanced soil flushing process, the removal efficiency increased as the flow rate decreased. Rhamnolipid showed no effect on the removal efficiency of phenanthrene and diesel from sand in the concentration range 0.3-0.5%. However, rhamnolipid showed higher efficiencies for the removal of phenanthrene and diesel from sand than Tween 80. Based on total recovery, following an equivalent pore volume flush, it was more difficult to remove diesel than phenanthrene. In order to obtain the specific removal efficiency, more pore volumes of surfactant solution may be required in field applications. Under optimum conditions, the biosurfactant removed as much as 70% of the phenanthrene and 60% of the diesel in the sand. These results indicate that the use of biosurfactants in the flushing process is favorable, not only with respect to the environment, but also on removal efficiencies.     

改良多介质土壤层系统对污染河水的脱氮效果

针对多介质土壤层系统（MSL）反硝化不足导致总氮去除效果不明显的问题,采用非水溶性可生物降解多聚物PBS固相碳源,优化MSL系统空间结构（下部空间结构由砖砌改为层铺）,研究改良MSL系统对污染河水的脱氮效果。结果表明,与木屑作碳源的MSL系统相比,PBS颗粒碳源反硝化效果更好,对TN的去除率达64．3％,提高20．6百分点;优化MSL系统下部空间后,TN去除率由43．7％提高至71．7％,且运行期间系统未出现堵塞情况。添加PBS颗粒碳源和优化系统空间结构,对COD、NH3-N和TP去除效果影响不大。     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

菹草生理特性对底质物理性质变化的响应

沉水植物的恢复是水生态修复的关键,但在光照、溶解氧以及水力条件等满足的情况下,不同性质的底质会影响沉水植物的生长。以菹草（Potrmogeton crispus）为研究对象,通过向过适宜营养条件下的底泥中添加原底泥30%、70%、100%体积量的沙,以改变底质的物理性质,在30 d内测定菹草的过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、植物叶绿素、植物干物率、植物根系活力的变化情况。结果表明,几种处理试验组中,掺加原底泥体积70%沙组的CAT活性响应得较慢,在第20天时才达最大;全底泥和掺加原底泥体积30%沙的2个试验组10 d后POD活性持续上升,而掺加原底泥体积70%和100%组对POD的响应则几乎停止;各试验组植物叶绿素整体呈现下降趋势,但掺加原底泥体积100%沙组中植物叶绿素最高。植物干物率在20 d后都呈现下降的趋势。研究表明,若只通过加沙改变河道底质性质,则加原底泥体积70%～100%的沙对菹草的生长相对最有利。     

微波诱导活性炭氧化降解阳离子红GTL废水的特性

采用微波诱导氧化工艺技术,以活性炭为催化剂,对阳离子红GTL染料废水进行氧化处理,考察了活性炭用量、微波功率、反应时间及染料初始质量浓度对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用SEM/EDS、BET表征了反应前后活性炭的结构及组分变化.结果表明:微波和活性炭具有协同效应;在pH=7.0,活性炭用量4 g,阳离子红质量浓度为50 mg·L-1,微波功率300 W,反应时间4 min的条件下,阳离子红GTL去除率达到99.4%;活性炭的结构与组分影响阳离子红GTL的微波处理效果.