海绵体上具有抗肿瘤活性的细菌B2817的分离与鉴定

建立了镰刀菌-细胞毒组合筛选模型,并运用该模型对232株从海绵体上分离出的细菌进行筛选,得到4株抗肿瘤活性较好的细菌.经活性检测,发现菌株B2817的发酵液在稀释100倍时对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721、人鼻咽癌细胞CNE和小鼠肉瘤细胞S180的抑制率分别为92%、90%和95%,而对正常的人肝细胞的抑制率仅为8%.经多相分类学鉴定,发现B2817是弧菌属中一个种,与弧菌属中的产气弧菌Vibriogazogenes亲缘关系最近,但两者在形态、生理生化特征、分子遗传等方面存在很大差异,故认为B2817可能是弧菌属的一株未被认识的新种.图1表3参9     

两头尖总苷的抗肿瘤活性研究

采用水解和溶剂萃取的方法从中药两头尖中提取制备了待测总皂苷,并研究了总皂苷的体外和体内的抑瘤活性.总皂苷的主要成分是银莲花素A,占总苷的20%.体外试验选用4种人癌细胞KB、HCT-8、MCF-7/WT和MCF-7/ADR,用MTT法测定总皂苷的抑制率,测得IC50分别为7.68、18.52、17.34和19.43μg/mL,并且对表阿霉素无交叉耐药性.体内试验选取小鼠肉瘤S180、小鼠肝癌H22和艾氏腹水癌EAC测试总皂苷的抑瘤率,采用灌胃的方式,总苷在1g/kg时对S180、H22和EAC的平均抑瘤率分别可达到68.1%、62.5%和69.3%.对总苷的急性毒性也进行了测定.通过灌胃给药和腹腔注射,测得LD50分别为5.7 g/kg和106 mg/kg.上述结果说明,采用本方法制备的两头尖总苷具有较好的抑制肿瘤生长的活性,是一个有潜力的抗癌药物.表7参12     

气孔运动机理研究进展

本综述讨论了Ｋ＋在气孔运动中的作用、有机代谢物对气孔运动的影响、渗透调节物质的转动机理、内源和外源信号对气孔运动的影响等方面的研究进展，并结合作者的工作，首次提出微管、微丝在气孔运动中可能具有重要调控作用的设想．     

没食子酸丙酯对K562细胞的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用

观察没食子酸丙酯(Propyl gallate,PG)对人慢性髓系白血病K562细胞株的增殖抑制及诱导凋亡作用.采用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态及数目的变化,乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放检测细胞活性,流式细胞术PI染色法及DNA倍体分析检测细胞凋亡作用.结果表明,没食子酸丙酯能有效地抑制K562细胞增殖,药物处理24 h时细胞形态发生变化,细胞数目减少;细胞培养液中LDH活性分析显示,20~300μg/mL没食子酸丙酯处理24 h对细胞毒性作用不明显;但处理时间达48 h时,没食子酸丙酯对细胞毒性明显增加;亚二倍体峰(凋亡峰)的出现及DNA片段化分析表明,200μg/mL PG处理细胞24 h时,能引起K562细胞凋亡.结果表明,PG具有明显的体外抗肿瘤活性,其抗癌活性与其抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡有关.图5参18     

白眉蝮蛇（Agkistrodon halys ussuriensis）蛇毒精氨酸酯酶对小鼠的生殖毒性及F1子代的影响

研究了白眉蝮蛇蛇毒中分离的纯精氨酸酯酶对小鼠的一般生殖毒性及对F1代小鼠的影响 .0 .36U/kg剂量使雄性F0 小鼠体重增长缓慢 ,并使睾丸系数增大 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但病理学检验睾丸和附睾正常 ;该剂量处理孕鼠 ,减轻了胎鼠和新生F1代小鼠的体重 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但对F0 雌性小鼠的生殖功能及F1代小鼠的一般体征、中枢神经系统发育及生殖机能均无影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) .纯精氨酸酯酶对小鼠生殖无毒剂量为 0 .18U/kg .表 2参 9     

红树林放线菌的分离及其抗菌和抗肿瘤细胞活性

从福建漳州红树林保护区采集土壤样品中分离到163株放线菌,用5种指示菌(Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Rhizoctonia solani)测定了它们的抗菌活性,结果表明,其中42.3%的放线菌发酵液具有单一或多种抗菌活性.同时测定了它们的发酵液对肝癌细胞BEL7402、肺癌细胞A549和白血病细胞HL60三种肿瘤细胞的毒性,其中37.4%的放线菌发酵液具有单一或多种抗肿瘤细胞毒活性.对这163株放线菌的16S rDNA序列分析表明,它们分属于链霉菌属(89%)、小单孢菌属(6.1%)、糖单孢菌属(0.6%)、马杜拉放线菌属(3.7%)和拟诺卡氏菌属(0.6%).其中, 3株链霉菌与其亲缘关系最近的菌种的16S rDNA相似性低于97%,可能是3个新种.     

用于水产养殖的微生态制剂的研究和应用进展

随着人们对水产养殖可持续发展的需求不断提高,微生态制剂在其中的应用也越来越广泛.本文综述了近年来国内外应用于水产养殖中的各种微生态制剂的研究及应用情况.从提高水产动物生长性能、改善免疫特性和改善养殖环境等方面总结了微生态制剂中主要益生菌、益生元及合生素等在水产养殖中的应用.同时概述了微生态制剂的安全性问题.对微生态制剂的生产与应用中存在的问题进行了讨论,提出选育优良生产菌株、优化改良生产工艺并加强对水产动物自身肠道菌群、添加剂和环境之间的关系研究有利于促进微生态制剂的生产和应用.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇毒理作用研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是人畜食品中检出率和超标率最高的一种真菌毒素。与核糖体60s亚基的肽基转移酶活性中心结合后会引发核糖体应激反应,诱导细胞凋亡等作用,对肠道、免疫系统造成破坏,并且具有遗传毒性。为今后的研究工作提供参考,笔者将从DON的毒理学机制和对机体的影响角度入手对近几年新的研究成果做综合论述。     

一株抗肿瘤放线菌的鉴定及生物活性

为开发青藏高原沙地生态系统放线菌资源,首次从位于青藏高原东北部的青海湖沙岛土壤样品中选择性分离培养出一株具明显抑菌及抗肿瘤活性放线菌Sd-31.通过生理生化特性、化学分类学以及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定,菌株为砖红链霉菌,命名为Streptomyces lateritius Sd-31;双层琼脂法检测菌株抑菌活性,表明菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)以及枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)有显著抑制作用;通过Hoechst染色荧光显微镜观察及MTT法细胞毒性试验,确定菌株发酵液有明显的诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡活性且与处理浓度成正相关;纸片法研究菌株发酵液活性稳定性,结果表明,20~80℃处理后发酵液抑菌活性稳定,100℃条件处理后发酵液抑菌活性降低;在酸性及中性条件下发酵液活性稳定,碱性条件下随着pH值的增加发酵液抑菌活性降低.以上结果为抗肿瘤药物的研究提供了理论数据.     

苯胺对小鼠成纤维细胞L929的体外毒性评价

探讨不同浓度的苯胺化合物对小鼠成纤维细胞L929的体外毒性作用,为满足危险化学品分类鉴定和风险评估需求、更好地预防环境化合物对人体健康的损害提供理论依据。体外培养L929细胞,分别将不同浓度的苯胺化合物(0、0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10μg·mL~(-1))加入培养基中处理细胞,在不同时间点分别取材,MTT检测细胞增殖率,AO/PI染色检测细胞存活率,Annexin V-PI染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,相关检测试剂盒测定细胞内活性氧(ROS)的含量及总谷胱甘肽的含量。结果表明,高浓度(1、10μg·mL~(-1))的苯胺化合物对L929细胞的生长和增殖具有显著的抑制效应。即使浓度降低至0.1μg·mL~(-1),在处理48 h后,细胞的存活数量显著下降,说明其对细胞增殖具有浓度和时间的累积效应和依赖性。同时,对各组细胞采用流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡,发现低浓度的苯胺对细胞凋亡影响并不明显,但高浓度的苯胺处理后,细胞凋亡和坏死数量显著增加。ROS含量和GSH含量检测结果显示,较低浓度的苯胺对细胞氧化应激反应并无显著影响,但浓度至0.1μg·mL~(-1)时,细胞较对照组出现明显的氧化应激反应,说明细胞已受损,再继续培养将会导致细胞死亡。上述研究结果提示,高浓度苯胺化合物可显著影响L929细胞存活率,且具有时间和浓度累积效应。其毒性机制可能与细胞内活性氧增加、谷胱甘肽耗竭有关。     

Inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on venom acetylcholinesterase

The venom of krait (Bungarus sindanus), an Elapidae snake, contains high level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The effect of arachidonic acid on krait (Bungarus sindanus) venom AChE (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was studied using kinetic methods. This study evaluated for the first time whether arachidonic acid acts as potential AChE inhibitor of krait venom. Kinetic studies, using Line-Weaver Burk and Dixon plots, indicated that the inhibition produced by arachidonic acid was non-competitive, i.e., both k_m and V _max fell with increase in the concentration of arachidonic acid. The concentration of arachidonic acid required to inhibit 50% of enzymatic activity was found to be 1.9?µM while the inhibitory constant (K_i ) was 1.4?µM. The present results suggest that essential fatty acid (arachidonic acid) may also be used as an inhibitor of snake venom AChE.     

制备条件对合成针铁矿的影响

考察了溶液酸碱性、老化条件、老化时间以及矿化剂滴加速度等因素对合成针铁矿的影响,通过粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面（BET）及粒度分布测试,旨在找到合成产物结晶程度好、比表面积较大、结晶较为均一且方便操作的适宜制备条件及方法.结果表明,在实验室,采用迅速混合矿化剂,碱性条件下70℃老化48 h以上,可制得结晶程度好,粒度分布均匀,较为均一的雪花状针铁矿.采用逐滴滴加矿化剂,上述条件下可制得结晶程度好,较均匀分布的条柱状针铁矿.     

微生物制剂EM控制鸡粪堆制过程恶臭的研究

以上海阿妮优美容保健品有限公司提供的微生物制剂──环境有用微生物群（简称ＥＭ）作为添加剂进行鸡粪堆肥腐熟对比试验，结果差异明显。ＥＭ处理的堆肥中ＮＨ－Ｎ含量比对照下降４１．８６％（１０ｄ）～５６．７１％（２０ｄ），ＮＨ－Ｎ散发量明显减少，且在后期有较强酿酒芳香味逸出，除臭效果显著。ＥＭ处理能加速堆肥腐熟，减少氮的气态损失，并可将无害化处理时间缩短到２０ｄ。这些作用是由ＥＭ引入的外源微生物所引起的。     

Rapid liquid chromatographic analysis of flurazepam in pharmaceutical preparation

An accurate and reproducible method for the analysis of flurazepam hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations has been described. A simple and rapid isocratic HPLC elution method was employed which requires about 15 minutes to be performed. The percentage mean recovery of flurazepam hydrochloride in Dalmane capsules was found to be 100.67% + 1.23% of the declared amount     

水稻重金属污染研究进展

从水稻植株和籽实对重金属的吸收富集规律、重金属的分析方法、重金属的赋存形态、受重金属污染后水稻的生理生化效应等四个方面，介绍了水稻中重金属污染的研究进展，并对今后控制水稻受重金属污染的方向提了一些建议。     

外来植物入侵机制研究进展与展望

从植物入侵的内因、外因、驱动力和入侵过程等方面综述了植物入侵机制的研究进展:(1)外来植物由于预适应性较强或由于杂交和多倍体化而具有较强的侵染力:(2)外来植物由于逃脱原生区域的自然天敌,或由于土著种竞争较弱、生物多样性较低、植食动物或疾病较少等导致的生物抵抗力较低,或因良好的资源可获得性及入侵植物的化感作用等造成新栖息地可侵人性的增加;(3)自然或人为引入外来植物及对新栖息地的扰动是植物入侵的驱动力;(4)外来植物可能通过基于事件的入侵、入侵崩溃和协同入侵等人侵过程机制实现其成功入侵,分析了各入侵机制对入侵植物防控、生态学和进化学研究意义以及待解决问题.结果表明,植物入侵机制高度复杂,不同的外来植物种、新柄息地类型及植物入侵的不同阶段,各入侵机制可能单独或共同作用,为针对性地设计植物入侵防控方案提供了理论支撑.最后对植物入侵机制理论及其在植物入侵预测、危险性分区和防控中的应用研究等进行了展望.     

QuEChERS: a sample preparation for extraction of carbaryl from rat feces

Carbamate compounds are an important group of cholinesterase inhibitors. There is a need for creating awareness regarding the risks of the inadequate carbamate use in the residential areas due to potential adverse human effects. Carbaryl is a commonly used pesticide worldwide. A simple, fast, and high-throughput method was developed employing liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector to determine carbaryl residues in rat feces. The extraction was performed by using a rapid, easy, cheap, effective, reliable, and safe (QuEChERS) method, using acetonitrile as the extracting solvent. The parameters for the performance of the extraction method were optimized, such as ratio of mass of sample per volume of extraction solvent, QuEChERS content, and cleanup columns. Linear response was obtained for all calibration curves (solvent and matrix-matched) over the established concentration range (5–500 μg/L) with a correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The achieved recovery was 97.9% with relative standard deviation values of 1.1% (n = 4) at 167 μg/kg fortified concentration level and the limits of detection and quantification were 27.7 and 92.3 µg/kg, respectively.     

Prey-mediated effects of drought on condition and survival of a terrestrial snake

Drought can have severe ecological effects and global climate-change theory predicts that droughts are likely to increase in frequency and severity. Therefore, it is important that we broaden our understanding of how drought affects not only individual species, but also multitrophic interactions. Here we document vegetation and small-mammal abundance and associated patterns of Texas ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta) body condition and survival before, during, and after a drought in central Texas, USA. Vegetation (grass and forbs) height and small-mammal capture rates were two times greater in wet years compared to the drought year. The decline of small mammals (the snakes' principal prey) during the drought was associated with a drop in ratsnake body condition, consistent with reduced food intake. During the drought, snake mortality also increased 24%. Although higher snake mortality was attributable to predation and road mortality rather than being a direct result of starvation, an increase in risk-prone behavior by foraging snakes probably increased their exposure to those other mortality factors. Drought conditions lasted only for 21 months, and vegetation, small-mammal abundance, and snake condition had returned to pre-drought levels within a year. Although estimates of snake population size were not available, it is likely that substantially more than a year was required for the population to return to its previous size.     

A simple and cheap method for preparation of coupled ZrO2/ZnO with high photocatalytic activities

The objective of this study was to prepare a new photocatalyst with high activities for degradation of organic pollutants. Coupled ZrO₂/ZnO photocatalyst was prepared with a simple precipitation method with cheap raw materials zinc acetate and zirconium oxychloride, and was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reactive brilliant red X-3B was used as a model compound to investigate the photocatalytic activity of synthesized catalysts in water under 254 nm UV irradiation. Results show that the optimal calcination temperature and coupling molar ratio of Zr were 350°C And 2.5%, respectively. At the calcination temperature of 350°C, ZrO₂ was dispersed on the surface of hexagonal ZnO in the form of amorphous clusters. The particle size of ZrO₂/ZnO decreased with the decrease of calcination temperature and the increase of Zr coupling amount. ZrO₂/ZnO has better photocatalytic activity for degradation of reactive brilliant red (RBR) X-3B than pure ZnO and P25-TiO₂.     

Effects of incubation temperature on hatchling pine snakes: implications for survival

Incubation temperature in ectothermic vertebrates affects incubation periods, and in some reptiles it affects sex ratios and behavior. I present evidence that incubation temperature affects emergence and post-hatching behavior of pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) that could influence survival in the weeks before hibernation. Hatchlings incubated at low temperatures remained in the nest longer, had fewer alternate nest openings, and fewer underground tunnels to hide in than did hatchlings from warmer temperatures. These conditions could render hatchlings from low-temperature nests more vulnerable to predation because, if a nest is opened, they are not inside tunnels where they would be protected. Hatchlings from nests incubated at low temperatures took longer to find shade during a thermoregulation test, and were less likely to move about in search of other cover than were those from higher-incubation-temperature artificial nests. Similarly, hatchlings from nests with low incubation temperatures were less responsive to a predatory stimulus and had a longer latency to strike than other hatchlings. Taken together, hatchlings from nests with low incubation temperatures might be less able to avoid predators and find shade than those from nests incubated at higher temperatures, and thus could be expected to have lower survival in nature. Received: 21 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 15 February 1998