煤矿生产与环境保护

本文对煤矿生产过程中所存在的一些主要环境污染源及其控制技术进行了详细的论述。并对煤矿开采与环境保护的协调发展进行了讨论。     

Evaluating Environmental Sustainability: An Integration of Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making and Fuzzy Logic

While pursuing economic development, countries around the world have become aware of the importance of environmental sustainability; therefore, the evaluation of environmental sustainability has become a significant issue. Traditionally, multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) was widely used as a way of evaluating environmental sustainability, Recently, several researchers have attempted to implement this evaluation with fuzzy logic since they recognized the assessment of environmental sustainability as a subjective judgment Intuition. This paper outlines a new evaluation-framework of environmental sustainability, which integrates fuzzy logic into MCDM. This evaluation-framework consists of 36 structured and 5 unstructured decision-points, wherein MCDM is used to handle the former and fuzzy logic serves for the latter, With the integrated evaluation-framework, the evaluations of environmental sustainability in 146 countries are calculated, ranked and clustered, and the evaluation results are very helpful to these countries, as they identify their obstacles towards environmental sustainability.     

对环境监测实验室实施质量监督的思考

环境监测质量监督是保证环境监测工作质量的重要环节,文章剖析了影响质量监督工作质量的5个因素,提出应从质量监督员的选择、配置和培训、做好文件化规定、提高质量监督工作的计划性、规范质量监督记录、注重质量监督工作效果评价几个方面,强化监督工作的实施,提升质量监督的作用.     

改进的内梅罗污染指数法在集中式饮用水源地环境质量评价中的应用

以《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)为基础,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、CODC r等20项指标作为评价指标,采用内梅罗污染指数法的改进方法对内江市5处饮用水源地进行综合评价,并将评价结果与单因子评价法进行比较。结果表明,内江市5处饮用水源地水质状况较好;内梅罗污染指数法的评价结论比单因子评价法的评价结论更科学、合理和全面的反映综合水质状况。     

一种改进的模糊聚类方法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

一般的模糊聚类分析方法只能解决大气污染状况的顺序问题,或只能得出此地与彼地的大气质量状况的相似程度,而不能同时确定大气质量的具体等级。本文提出的一种改进的模糊聚类分析方法解决了这一问题、该方法的主要改进在于:①以各污染因子的污染程度的分级标准值为聚类中心,待分样本与聚类中心之间的相似系数或待分样本隶属于某一类的隶属函数作为聚类函数;②相似系数设计为几何平均最小型,隶属函数设计为正态分布型。实例计算和比较表明,该方法是大气环境质量评价中的一种较好的方法。     

基于指标规范值的地表水水质的模糊综合评价

传统的模糊综合评价法用于地表水水质评价,当指标数较多时需要设计很多隶属函数,设计和计算工作量皆很大,实际使用不便。在设定指标参照值和规范变换式基础上,将指标按各级标准规范值相近程度进行适当分类,只需分类设计隶属函数即可,大幅减少了计算工作量,使模糊综合评价法应用于地表水水质评价变得简化。     

环境质量评价与预测方法的现状

本文对当前国内外环境质量评价和预测的方法进行了评述,对各种方法的特点进行了分析与比较,指出今后环境质量评价和预测方法的可能发展前景     

An Innovative Index for Evaluating Water Quality in Streams

A water quality index expressed as a single number is developed to describe overall water quality conditions using multiple water quality variables. The index consists of water quality variables: dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity, turbidity, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform. The objectives of this study were to describe the preexisting indices and to define a new water quality index that has advantages over these indices. The new index was applied to the Big Lost River Watershed in Idaho, and the results gave a quantitative picture for the water quality situation. If the new water quality index for the impaired water is less than a certain number, remediation—likely in the form of total maximum daily loads or changing the management practices—may be needed. The index can be used to assess water quality for general beneficial uses. Nevertheless, the index cannot be used in making regulatory decisions, indicate water quality for specific beneficial uses, or indicate contamination from trace metals, organic contaminants, and toxic substances.     

昆山市农产品产地环境质量监测与评价

为研究昆山市农产品产地环境质量,采用采样分析方法,对昆山市农产品产地的代表性土壤、灌溉水、渔业水质量进行了定点取样分析检测,在此基础上依据国家相关环境质量标准进行了单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价。结果表明,该市58.1%的耕层土壤为安全、清洁,36.6%的耕层土壤处于警戒限,为尚清洁,3.8%的耕层土壤为轻污染,1.5%的耕层土壤为中污染;76.0%的灌溉水为安全、清洁,24.0%的灌溉水处于警戒限,为尚清洁;73.5%的渔业水为安全、清洁,23.5%的渔业水处于警戒限,为尚清洁,3%的渔业水为轻污染。     

遂宁市"十五"水环境质量现状暨"十一五"水环境质量趋势分析

依据遂宁市“十五”水环境监测五年的基础数据,结合遂宁市“十一五”经济规划,分析评价了遂宁市“十一五”水环境质量变化趋势,预测出“十一五”末,我市CODcr和氨氮两个主要污染物入河量将有所增加,水环境质量将有恶化趋势。     

An Assessment of Ecosystem Risks in the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway

The information needed for conducting the risk assessment was provided by the participants in a 2-day workshop. The invited participants, who possessed knowledge of the St. Croix ecosystem, identified through a group-consensus process a list of stressors and a list of ecosystem values. They then assigned numerical values to each stressor-ecosystem value pair that reflected the degree to which the given stressor contributes to ecosystem risk as measured by the given ecosystem value. Based on this information, the analytical portion of the methodology was then used to rank the ecosystem risks (stressors) when examined from several different perspectives: immediate impact, time-duration, and management activities. Regardless of the perspective taken, riverway development emerged as the most significant stressor.     

环境质量模糊综合评价及其应用

环境质量评价是环境科学的重要研究课题之一，作者评述了常用指标法的不足，提出用模糊数学中综合模糊评价法评价环境质量，建立了评价模式和计算程序，并用于科学城的环境质量评价，评价计算给出的多层次数据所提供的信息，与监测结果所体现的环境质量状况符合，所建模糊评价程序是适用的。     

水污染指数法在湘江长沙段支流水质评价中的应用分析

以湘江长沙段支流17个常规监测断面2016～2018年水质监测数据为基础,运用水污染指数法对其水质状况进行评价,并与单因子评价法、综合污染指数法的评价结果进行比较分析.结果 表明:水污染指数法能够同时满足水质类别评价和水质定量评价,且评价结果与传统方法基本保持一致,该方法在湘江长沙段主要支流水质评价中具有较好的适用性.     

我国能源消费与环境质量变化的关联分析

本文对我国1990-2004年能源消费与环境质量的变化态势以及二者之间关系的实证分析结果表明：我国能源消费与整体环境质量变化和局部环境质量有着高度的相关性；环境质量的改善不能仅依靠环境保护来实现，还应考虑能源消费的发展变化和影响。     

Constrained Choice and Ethical Dilemmas in Land Management: Environmental Quality and Food Safety in California Agriculture

As environmental and conservation efforts increasingly turn towards agricultural landscapes, it is important to understand how land management decisions are made by agricultural producers. While previous studies have explored producer decision-making, many fail to recognize the importance of external structural influences. This paper uses a case study to explore how consolidated markets and increasing corporate power in the food system can constrain producer choice and create ethical dilemmas over land management. Crop growers in the Central Coast region of California face conflicting demands regarding environmental quality and industry imposed food safety standards. A mail survey and personal interviews were used to explore growers’ perceptions and actions regarding these demands. Results indicate that in many cases growers face serious ethical dilemmas and feel pressured by large processing and retail firms to adopt measures they find environmentally destructive and unethical. Future strategies to address environmental issues on agricultural landscapes should consider the economic constraints producers face and the role of large firms in creating production standards.     

空气质量指数计算方法在Excel中VBA的实现简

空气质量指数计算方法是目前全国各城市空气质量重要信息发布的基础,广泛应用于城市空气自动监测的空气质量评价。依据《HJ 633-2012环境空气质量指数（AQI）技术规定（试行）》发布环境空气质量指数（AQI）计算方法,利用VBA在Excel下编写宏程序,可以轻松实现空气质量日报信息的发布,使用户从手工重复性的填充和插入函数操作方式中彻底解放出来。     

The Use of a Simple Air Quality Index in the Helsinki Area, Finland

2 (1 and 24 h), SO₂ (1 and 24 h), O₃ (1 h) and PM₁₀ (24 h). The AQI is linked to the new air quality guidelines in Finland. The AQI is based on acute health effects, but long-term effects on nature and materials are also taken into consideration. Subindices are calculated hourly for all pollutants and for a given hour the highest subindex becomes the AQI. AQI values are currently calculated for the center of Helsinki and for typical suburban areas.     

基于模糊数学的贡嘎山景区燕子沟景群旅游开发项目环境质量评价

应用模糊综合评价的方法进行环境质量评价,能较传统方法提供更多信息。本文将模糊数学的方法首次应用于贡嘎山景区燕子沟景群区环境质量综合评价,选择线性模糊分布确定隶属函数,并采用标准加权法计算权重因子,以消除评价因子实测浓度的影响。分别采用两类算子模型进行评价,结果均表明评价区总体环境质量属于清洁型。     

河流水质评价中模糊数学评价法的应用与比较

选择2005年6个典型日（1月12日、3月10目、5月10日、7月13日、9月8日和11月10日）的水质,运用两种模糊数学评价法对浙江西苕溪流域港口断面的水质进行评价并作比较。第一种数学评价法采用较为简单的单因素模糊综合评价法,另一种采用多级模糊数学评价法。评价结果表明,1月12日、3月10日和11月10日的水质达到国家Ⅰ类水质标准;而5月10目的水质相对最差。比较两种评价方法,单因素模糊综合评价法对单个因素的影响敏感,特别是超标值对最后的相对隶属度贡献大;而多级模糊评价法综合各个因素来评价现状水质,因而反映出水质的综合情况。结合港口断面的特点分析水质变差的原因,结论是：流域农业劳作带来的面源污染物质进入港口断面使得该断面在农作高峰期水质较差;同时,断面的水资源短缺问题较为严重,导致水环境容量较小,污染物较难稀释扩散。     

Evolutionary or fragmented environmental policy making? coal,power, and agriculture in the Hunter Valley,Australia

Intensified surface mining, power generation, and smelting operations in the Hunter River lowlands, NSW, Australia have posed numerous new environmental management problems. Legislative controls over water, soils, and land use management have been clearly insufficient and remain so. The complex range of environmental changes is challenging government agencies as well as coal developers. While water demands are increasing in the region the proportionally greatest competitors are power generation and irrigation. Comprehensive regional water quality assessment is inadequate and divided between a number of agencies with fragmentary interests. Coal development inquiries signal further controversy over appropriate management solutions and are an ongoing phenomenon in the region. The early 1980s resource boom has been followed by lower rates of economic growth, which have resulted in disparate agency responses to major ongoing environmental questions. While issue attention cycles are often remarkably short in environmental management, matters of water, land, and air quality require intensive and ongoing monitoring and policy development.