办公室内颗粒物载带溴系阻燃剂的人体呼吸暴露

通过对封闭房间、通风房间和室外环境中大气颗粒物分级采样,分析了大气颗粒相上溴系阻燃剂(BFRs)的负荷水平,并对目标污染物在颗粒相的粒径分布特征及其控制因素进行研究.以此为基础,采用人体呼吸暴露数值模型,估算了大气颗粒相载带BFRs在人体呼吸道各部位的暴露量.研究表明,在室内外大气颗粒相样品中,多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)以BDE-209为主,而六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)则以α-HBCD为主;整体上,室内大气颗粒物中BFRs高于室外的相应浓度,其浓度水平与电子垃圾处理厂周边大气颗粒相目标物浓度近似,高于中国其它地区室内外大气颗粒相载带BFRs浓度.粒径分布分析结果显示,PBDEs在封闭房间中主要分布在0.4~0.7μm和5.8~9.0μm的粒径上,呈现双峰形式,而在通风和室外环境中则主要分布在4.7~10.0μm的大颗粒上;HBCDs则主要分布在大颗粒上.呼吸暴露估算结果表明,在封闭状态下的办公室内,呼吸道各部位经由呼吸摄入的总PBDEs和HBCDs暴露量分别为22.56~1 503 pg·(h·kg)-1和0.09~9.25 pg·(h·kg)-1;而在自然通风状态下的办公室内,上述暴露量则分别为13.89~601.1 pg·(h·kg)-1和0.07~1.75 pg·(h·kg)-1.显然,自然通风有利于室内污染物向室外扩散,从而减小了室内呼吸暴露风险.通过比较,可以看出呼吸摄入BFRs暴露量小于灰尘摄入的暴露量,呼吸不是BFRs室内人体暴露的主要途径.     

上海大气颗粒物中无机离子的粒径分布及其季节变化

为深入理解上海大气颗粒物的污染特征和来源,于2016年8月—2017年4月使用微孔撞击式采样器(MOUDI)采集了上海市不同季节18μm以下11个不同粒径段的大气颗粒物样品44套,采用双通道离子色谱对颗粒物中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等无机离子组分进行了定量分析,研究了主要离子的浓度、粒径分布及其季节变化特征.结果表明,1.8μm的细颗粒中离子总浓度平均值在春、夏、秋、冬季采样期间分别为13.46、4.97、6.72和16.54μg·m-3,存在显著的季节变化,1.8μm的粗颗粒中离子总浓度平均值分别为4.65、3.78、5.90和4.14μg·m-3,季节变化不明显.上海大气颗粒物中SO2-4和NH+4呈单峰型粒径分布,峰值粒径由夏季的0.32～0.56μm逐渐转变为冬季的0.56～1.0μm,说明夏季时SO2-4的形成方式以气相/非均相反应为主,而冬季时以云过程为主;冬、春季时NO-3以细颗粒态为主,而夏、秋季时在3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒出现峰值,夏、秋季较高的大气温度使得硝酸铵的气-粒平衡更偏向于气态,细颗粒态硝酸铵的浓度较低,硝酸气体与碳酸盐或海盐反应生成的粗颗粒态硝酸盐的比例因而大幅增加; K+主要存在于细颗粒中,峰值粒径为0.32～0.56μm,夏、秋季时3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒中有较高浓度; Cl-以粗颗粒态为主,而冬、春季时在0.32～0.56μm和0.56～1.0μm的颗粒物中出现峰值,燃煤等人为过程为其主要来源.阴、阳离子平衡分析表明,除夏季外,上海的大气颗粒物呈现微弱的酸性,但0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中阴离子有明显的缺失,未定量的有机酸及浓度过低时离子色谱响应的非线性可能是导致0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中离子平衡发生显著改变的原因.研究结果可为上海大气颗粒物来源及形成机理研究提供重要的信息.     

海洋-大气过程对南海气溶胶数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2012年8月28日至10月13日期间走航观测的气溶胶数据,分析了南海气溶胶数浓度时空分布和粒径谱分布特征,以及海洋-大气过程的影响.结果表明,南海气溶胶数浓度的时空分布和粒径谱分布受海洋和陆地源以及当地气象条件如风速、风向、相对湿度、云量、温度等的共同影响.陆地气团影响下的海域气溶胶数浓度较大,达2 300个·cm~(-3);受陆地影响较小的海域大气较为洁净,气溶胶数浓度在1 200个·cm~(-3)以下.观测得到的气溶胶粒径谱包括积聚模态和粗模态,峰值分别位于0.08~0.2μm和0.5~2μm附近.出现频率较高的谱型有3种:陆地型,海洋背景1型和海洋背景2型.陆地型与海洋2型的谱分布形状基本一致,但后者次微米粒子数浓度非常小,是洁净海洋背景下最常见的谱型;海洋1型在0.05~0.1μm粒径段数浓度显著高于海洋2型,并且在大于0.5μm的粗粒子段,海洋1型的气溶胶数浓度超过陆地型气溶胶数浓度,暗示了海洋源对这两个粒径段的粒子数浓度的贡献.0.05~0.12μm的积聚模态粒子数浓度与低云量有明显的正相关关系,且当相对湿度达90%~95%时,0.08μm附近的粒子数浓度增加显著.0.5~6μm的粗模态海洋气溶胶对风速的依赖性较强,相关性达0.7;0.05~0.12μm气溶胶数浓度与风速呈现弱正相关;0.12~0.5μm粒子数浓度与风速呈负相关.随着相对湿度的增大,0.08~0.12μm的粒子数浓度降低,而0.05~0.08μm和0.5~6μm的粒子数浓度增大.降水过程中,各粒径段粒子数浓度逐渐降低,但在降水初期,相对湿度达到90%~95%,0.05~0.12μm和0.5~6μm的粒子数浓度显著增大,随后逐渐减小.     

霾与非霾期间汞在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征

在我国高速经济增长过程中,霾污染日趋突出,同时大气汞污染也十分严重,而颗粒汞对于汞在大气中的循环演化意义重大.为了探讨霾污染期间汞在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特征,采用Nano-moudi 12级(6.2~9.9μm、3.1~6.2μm,1.8~3.1μm、1.0~1.8μm、0.56~1.0μm、0.32~0.56μm、0.18~0.32μm、0.10~0.18μm,0.056~0.10μm、0.032~0.056μm、0.018~0.032μm、0.010~0.018μm)大气颗粒物采样器,对上海霾与非霾期间不同粒径大气颗粒物中的汞进行分析.结果表明,颗粒态汞含量与颗粒物含量正相关;采样期间霾天颗粒态汞平均浓度0.31 ng·m-3是非霾天颗粒态汞平均浓度0.11 ng·m-3的2~3倍;霾和非霾天颗粒态汞浓度以及颗粒物质量浓度随粒径分布呈双峰型,霾期间峰值分别出现在0.56~1.0μm粒径段和3.1~6.2μm粒径段,而非霾期峰值分别出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.1~6.2μm粒径段;霾天较非霾天颗粒态汞和颗粒物的粒径分布均出现了向大粒径方向偏移;颗粒态汞主要分布在粒径≤1μm粒子上,能够长时间停留和长距离输送;非霾期间颗粒态汞在颗粒物中的平均含量为0.029 ng·μg-1,而霾期间为0.015 ng·μg-1;霾污染过程中其他污染物迅速成长,而汞成长较慢;霾天积聚核模态粒子中颗粒态汞质量浓度为2.06 ng·m-3,而非霾天为0.55 ng·m-3,积聚态颗粒物的大幅增加,是灰霾形成的主要原因.本地源燃煤等的排放以及风沙扬尘的增加和外地源的输送是导致霾天污染严重的重要原因.     

济南地区春季大气中细颗粒物分布状况及形态的透射电镜实验研究

利用透射电镜观察分析了济南地区春季大气中细颗粒物显微形态及粒径分布状况,利用统计回归分析方法绘制了细颗粒物粒径与数量分布状况关系曲线及相应的柱状图.每例样品的采样时间为24小时,连续十天采样,统计分析结果表明:大气中细颗粒物粒径主要分布在0 μm～1μm范围之间,其次为1μm～2μm之间,实验结果对于研究大气中PM2.5及大气污染状况具有一定的参考价值,实验方法值得推广应用.     

气溶胶中不同类型碳组分粒径分布特征

了解气溶胶碳组分粒径分布特征对于研究区域气溶胶生成转化机制、辐射特性等非常重要,但北京地区针对气溶胶碳组分粒径分布特征的相关研究非常少.本研究利用MOUDI-120采样器在北京地区3个季节开展气溶胶分级样品的采集,并分析其中不同类型的碳组分的含量,进而系统研究不同季节及污染状况下,各碳组分的粒径分布特征、来源及相互关系.结果表明,碳组分主要富集在细粒子中,秋冬季细粒子中碳组分的比重高于夏季.碳组分主要分布在两个模态,即积聚模态和粗模态. OC1和OC2主要分布在积聚模态,在0. 056～0. 56μm范围内有较高比例,OC3+OC4在粗模态的分布较为明显.Soot-EC浓度较低,没有明显的粒径分布特征,在0. 10～0. 18μm粒径段浓度较高,表明高温燃烧排放的EC主要分布在超细粒径段. Char-EC浓度远高于Soot-EC,在EC中占绝大部分比重.各主要碳组分在白天和夜晚的分布形态基本一致.夏季和冬季较有利于SOC的形成,OC/EC比值明显高于秋季. OC/EC值在不同粒径区间中差异很大,由于水溶性有机物(WSOC)主要分布在0. 056～0. 10μm,OC/EC值明显高于其他粒径段.白天及高温有利于气态有机物氧化生成SOC,致使夏季白天的OC/EC比值明显高于夜晚.各碳组分之间,EC1和OC1相关性最强,此外EC1和K+也有很强的相关性.     

青岛大气气溶胶中无机氮组分的粒径分布特征

2005年7月～2006年8月对青岛大气气溶胶进行为期1a的连续观测,分析了气溶胶颗粒以及气溶胶中无机氮组分(NO2-N、NH4-N、NO3-N)的粒径分布。结果表明:颗粒物随粒径分布全年呈现明显的双峰分布,最高峰值出现于0.43～0.65μm的积聚模态,次峰值出现于3.3～4.7μm的粗模态,春季三月沙尘期间的粗模态峰值最为明显。NO3-N的分布略微复杂,夏、春季节与颗粒物类似呈现双峰分布,在粗粒态和细粒态上各出现峰值,而秋冬季节呈现单峰分布,最高峰值均出现在积聚模态;NO2-N性质不稳定,无明显的季节变化规律,但其全年平均却表现出一定的规律,呈现多模态分布;NH4-N的粒径分布的峰值均呈现单峰分布,峰值出现于0.43～0.65μm的积聚模态,无明显的季节变化。另外研究发现,春季沙尘天气和夏季海盐组分都对青岛大气气溶胶颗粒物及其中无机氮组分的粒径分布均有一定影响。     

DOC对燃用调合生物柴油发动机PM排放的影响

为研究氧化催化转化器(DOC)对柴油机燃用不同调合生物柴油(BO、B10、B20)后排气颗粒物粒径分布及组分的影响规律,利用MOUDI对颗粒物进行分级采样,对分级颗粒称重得到质量浓度分布,利用热重分析仪分析颗粒物热重特性及组分变化.结果表明:未加装DOC时,随着生物柴油比例的增加,各粒径级颗粒物质量浓度均降低,B20降幅最大;颗粒物质量浓度峰值范围内的粒径大小处于0.18~0.32μm,SOF质量分数依次升高,无机盐和Soot质量分数依次降低.加装DOC后,颗粒物质量浓度降低,DOC对粒径大于1μm颗粒转化效果不明显,聚集态颗粒质量浓度转化效率明显高于粗粒子态颗粒,B20聚集态转化效率最高,可达61.6%.随着转速的升高,转化效率明显降低,颗粒中SOF质量分数降低,H_2O、Soot,无机盐质量分数均增大.     

南京北郊大气颗粒物的粒径分布及其影响因素分析

在南京北郊使用FA-3型9级采样器对2014年1~11月颗粒物的粒径分布进行了采样分析.首先将FA-3与中流量分级采样器(KC-120H)和环境保护局在线监测仪器的同期监测结果进行对比,数据相关系数均在0.95以上,对细粒子FA-3分别偏低13.9%和16.6%,而对PM_(10)偏高15.2%和13.3%,但采样偏差在大气采样可接受范围之内,说明其可以对大气颗粒物进行准确分级和采样.南京北郊颗粒物污染严重,PM_(1.1),PM_(2.1)和PM_(10)的年平均浓度分别为(65.6±37.6)、(91.0±54.7)和(168.0±87.0)μg·m-3,污染以细粒子为主,且大部分在1.1μm以下;颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,峰值位于0.43~0.65μm和9~10μm粒径段;中值粒径为1.83μm,为积聚模态污染.颗粒物粒径分布在冬季细粒径段较高,春季粗粒径段较高,夏季细粒径段降低并不明显,粗粒径段明显低于其他季节;颗粒物浓度的昼夜变化在粗粒径段差异很小,在细粒径段基本表现出夜晚大于白天的特征.除了夏季,降水对各个粒径范围的颗粒物都有清除作用,且在细粒径段表现得更为明显;霾发生时随着霾等级的加重,0.43~2.1μm粒径段颗粒物浓度逐渐增加,该粒径段颗粒物质量浓度与能见度呈显著负相关.以相对湿度70%为界,颗粒物粒径分布发生了明显变化,湿度大于70%后,小于0.43μm粒径段颗粒物质量浓度显著降低,而0.43~2.1μm粒径段明显上升,颗粒物的吸湿增长应是主要原因.南京北郊的气团来源可以分为四类,其中西北方向快速输送的气团最为洁净,细粒径颗粒物浓度明显低于其它方向;本地和周边近距离输送的气团污染最重,粗细粒径颗粒物浓度都较高,其传输距离短,风速小,发生污染的概率最大,达到73.9%,对南京市的空气污染贡献较大.     

铅冶炼厂无组织排放源不同颗粒物中铅含量特征

使用TH 880-F型烟尘测试仪和低压颗粒物冲击仪(low pressure impactor,LPI)对云南某铅锌冶炼厂无组织排放区(1区和2区)烟气颗粒物进行分级采样,并分析各粒径段颗粒物中的铅元素粒径分布特征及含量情况.从铅在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特征来看,无组织1区排放的细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM2.5,粒径小于2.5μm的颗粒)中的铅分别占可吸入颗粒物(particulate matter,PM10,粒径小于10μm的颗粒)和总悬浮物颗粒(total suspended particle,TSP,粒径小于100μm的颗粒)中的66.6%和43.1%,无组织2区相应占比分别为54.1%和38.7%,这表明无组织排放的铅污染物粒径以小粒径颗粒为主.无组织排放颗粒物中铅含量与地面气象资料中风向、风速密切相关,其次是风能密度.铅冶炼区无组织排放颗粒物中铅含量与边界层风向、风速的相关度最高,其次是风能密度w;而渣场无组织排放颗粒物中铅含量与边界层温度垂直分布γ的相关度最高,其次是u、v分量,然后为风能密度w.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.