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通过研究海南岛文昌市水泥屋顶和水泥路面上的雨水径流特征,建立了岛屿地区不同硬化集水面的雨水弃流方案和分质收集策略.在降雨初期,水泥路面和水泥屋顶均发生明显的冲刷效应,水泥路面雨水径流污染物浓度远高于水泥屋顶,且不同硬化集水面上前30%雨水中的污染物浓度均高于后70%的雨水.通过与相关水质指标对比得出,水泥屋顶雨水径流可作为饮用水水源,水泥路面雨水径流经处理可作为城市杂用水使用.通过建立雨水径流污染物累积-冲刷经验模型,可计算不同硬化集水面的弃流雨量,并以此为依据制定了弃流方案.以两种典型硬质化集水面径流污染物传输特征、水质特征和弃流方案为基础,分别提出了屋顶雨水收集方案和多种生态方法协同作用的路面雨水收集方案,可为岛屿地区的雨水收集利用方案提供参考依据. 相似文献
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As human history is changing on many fronts, it is appropriate for us to understand the different perspectives of major global challenges, of which, water is a major priority. The water resources in urban areas are either approaching or exceeding the limits of sustainable use at alarming rates. Groundwater table depletion and increasing flood events can be easily realized in rapidly developing urban areas. It is necessary to improve existing water management systems for high-quality water and reduced hydro-meteorological disasters, while preserving our natural/pristine environment in a sustainable manner. This can be achieved through optimal collection, infiltration and storage of stormwater. Stormwater runoff is rainfall that flows over the ground surface; large volumes of water are swiftly transported to local water bodies and can cause flooding, coastal erosion, and can carry many different pollutants that are found on paved surfaces. Sustainable stormwater management is desired, and the optimal capture measure is explored in the paper. This study provides commentary to assist policy makers and researchers in the field of stormwater management planning to understand the significance and role of remote sensing and GIS in designing optimal capture measures under the threat of future extreme events and climate change. Community attitudes, which are influenced by a range of factors, including knowledge of urban water problem, are also considered. In this paper, we present an assessment of stormwater runoff management practices to achieve urban water security. For this purpose, we explored different characteristics of stormwater runoff management policies and strategies adopted by Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. This study analyses the abilities of Japanese, Vietnamese and Thai stormwater runoff management policies and measures to manage water scarcity and achieve water resiliency. This paper presents an overview of stormwater runoff management to guide future optimal stormwater runoff measures and management policies within the governance structure. Additionally, the effects of different onsite facilities, including those for water harvesting, reuse, ponds and infiltration, are explored to establish adaptation strategies that restore water cycle and reduce climate change-induced flood and water scarcity on a catchment scale. 相似文献
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城市绿地降雨径流污染特征对比研究:以澳门与厦门为例 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
在澳门与厦门分别选一分流制管道类型的绿地小流域开展降雨径流监测,以研究城市绿地降雨径流污染特征.结果表明,两城市绿地小流域降雨径流的主要污染物为COD、TP、NO_3~--N,其EMC平均值分别为165.77~60.48 mg/L、 0.96~0.44 mg/L和7.16~1.18 mg/L;两城市绿地的COD、TP、NO_3~--N污染负荷平均值分别为6.53~0.63 kg/hm~2、 0.037 5~0.0047 kg/hm~2 和0.012 2~0.012 8 kg/hm~2;绿地降雨径流污染物浓度峰值出现时间早于径流量峰值;城市绿地降雨径流初始冲刷效应不明显,厦门绿地小流域降雨径流COD、TSS、TP及NO_3~--N的FF_(30)分别为36.26%、 26.13%、 28.13% 和39.03%.基于多元回归分析结果表明,总降雨量和总径流量是影响绿地降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应的主要因素. 相似文献
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澳门城市小流域地表径流污染特征分析 总被引:30,自引:13,他引:17
在澳门半岛选取土地利用为公园绿地和商住混合的2个分流制城市小流域.于2005-08~2005-11借助自动采样器进行流域出口5场降雨地表径流水质水量监测.结果表明,商住混合分流制小流域TN、TP、COD多场降雨平均浓度值分别超出国家地表水环境V类标准4倍以上.公园绿地小流域TN、TP均超出V类水标准2倍多.从降雨-径流过程污染物浓度历时变化看,2个小流域TN和TP呈现一定的初始冲刷现象.TSS与TN、TP的判定系数R2都在0.95以上,地表径流中水土流失与总氮总磷输出显 相似文献
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镇江城市降雨径流营养盐污染特征研究 总被引:15,自引:6,他引:9
城市降雨径流污染是城市水体水质恶化的主要原因之一,为了分析降雨径流的污染特征,从2006-05开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用功能对其降雨径流水质进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征.结果表明,镇江不同功能区中5~40 μm粒径的固体悬浮物体积分数最大;商业区径流污染物浓度很高,其中SS浓度高达978 mg/L,是城市面源污染的主要来源;降雨初期的30 min径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定;溶解态氮、颗粒态磷和固体悬浮物是径流中污染物输出的主要形态;通过分析固体悬浮物与其他污染物的相关性,发现固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的载体,去除固体悬浮物是治理镇江降雨径流污染的有效途径. 相似文献
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武汉汉阳地区城市集水区尺度降雨径流污染过程与排放特征 总被引:33,自引:5,他引:28
2005年4月至8月对武汉市汉阳地区十里铺集水区进行了8次径流污染过程的水量、水质研究.结果表明,城市集水区尺度径流污染过程是降雨径流对整个集水区地表、排水系统中累积污染物的冲刷、携带过程,受集水区累积污染物数量、污染物可冲刷性和降雨径流特征的共同影响.城市降雨径流中初期污染物浓度显著高于后期,污染物浓度的峰值提前于径流的峰值,具有明显的初期冲刷效应.8次监测结果的算术平均值,初期5 mm、10 mm和15 mm降雨径流中TSS的负荷分别占总负荷的48%、68%和78%.初期径流中TSS的负荷与晴天累积天数呈线性正相关关系. 相似文献
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初期雨水污染是雨水径流污染的主要贡献者,掌握初期雨水的污染特征,对于城市雨水处理设施建设尤为重要。以南宁市为例,开展了城市初期雨水径流污染特性分析,旨在为南宁市海绵城市建设以及雨水处理措施提供参考。选取6个采样点的8场降雨,对常规水质指标(COD、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS)进行分析,揭示了降雨过程中污染物的瞬时浓度分布。结果表明:建成区污染物浓度范围和污染物平均水平均明显高于规划区;不同雨型下,雨水初期冲刷效果强弱顺序为暴雨>大雨>中雨>小雨;除小雨外,其他雨型在降雨20 min左右时污染物浓度达到平衡;暴雨情况下,污染物浓度在5 min内降低50%,15 min内70%~80%的污染物随雨水直排或进入城市管网。 相似文献
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广州番禺区不同地类的非点源污染排放特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在广州番禺区建设代表城市、农田、村镇、园地4类典型集水区的径流试验小区,对每个径流小区采集3场有效降雨径流以研究不同土地利用类型的非点源污染负荷输出特征。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的污染物输出浓度差别较大,TSS和COD输出浓度(EMC值)的大小排列顺序为园地>农田>村镇>城市;NH3--N为农田>城市>园地>村镇;NO3--N为城市>农田>村镇>园地;TN为农田>城市>园地>村镇;TP为农田>园地>城市>村镇。对于农田集水区,TSS和COD的输出明显受降雨的影响,而N、P污染物的输出受施肥的影响更为显著;对于城市集水区,晴天累积污染物的数量和降雨情况是决定初期径流中污染负荷的主要因素。污染负荷与径流量之间相关性显著,且颗粒物是携带污染物的重要载体。各径流小区的初始冲刷效应分析结果显示,不透水地面更易发生降雨初期冲刷;降雨强度是影响降雨径流初始冲刷的关键因素。 相似文献
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HUANG Jin-liang DU Peng-fei AO Chi-tan LEI Mui-heong ZHAO Dong-quan HO Man-him WANG Zhi-shi 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(2):148-152
Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration (EMC) for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period (ADWP) produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events. 相似文献
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山地城市地表径流源区水质特征监测研究 总被引:1,自引:5,他引:1
2010年通过对山地城市重庆江北城区10个地表源区5次地表径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究城区地表径流水质特征及其影响因素,以期为地表径流污染源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,山地城市重庆地表径流污染过程具有明显的初期冲刷效应,降雨强度影响地表径流水质的变化,地表径流水质的波动同雨强的变化呈同步趋势,雨强增加,污染物浓度下降,表现出水质变化的随机性.山地城市重庆地表径流COD、TP与TSS具有显著的正相关性.悬浮物是城市地表径流污染的主要污染物,而且是有机物质和磷素的载体.有机物质与磷素主要以颗粒态的形式存在,而氮素以溶解态的氨和硝酸盐为主.山地城市地表径流水质TSS、COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N在各个源区的差异显著,商业区和城市交通主干道TSS、COD和TP的浓度最高,其次为城市支路、居民区道路、停车场和屋顶.不透水地表功能、交通流量、人流量和卫生管理是影响地表径流水质的主要因素.城市商业区、交通干道和人流量高的居民区道路是城市地表径流污染的关键源区. 相似文献
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2次降雨间隔时间对城市地表径流污染负荷的影响 总被引:12,自引:9,他引:12
2003~2005年通过对武汉市十里铺集水区12次降雨径流的水量和水质过程监测,研究了城市降雨径流污染负荷同2次降雨间隔时间的关系,探讨了城市地表状况、排水系统管理以及降雨特征在城市降雨径流污染负荷形成中的作用.结果表明,城市降雨径流污染负荷受2次降雨间隔时间和降雨径流量的共同影响.2次降雨间隔时间与初期降雨径流污染负荷存在显著的正相关关系 (p<0.01).汉阳地区城市地表卫生管理差和雨、污合流制的排水系统是城市径流污染负荷形成的主要原因.可以利用2次降雨间隔时间和降雨径流量预测城市降雨径流污染负荷.加强城市地表卫生管理和排水系统的管理,降低污染物在晴天累积的程度,从源头上减少污染物的数量,是有效控制城市降雨径流污染的首先途径. 相似文献
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随着工业和农业的快速发展,环境污染日益严重,对生态安全和人体健康形成严重威胁.微生物修复是一种低价、绿色和易操作的技术,但微生物对高浓度污染物耐性低,造成修复效果差和周期长.由于生物炭的孔隙率高、官能团丰富和比表面积大,被认为是一种良好的吸附剂和固定化载体.通过微生物固定化技术将菌群定殖于生物炭上而制备生物炭固定化菌复合材料,结合了二者优势又克服菌群的缺点,展现了巨大的应用前景.通过系统论述生物炭固定化菌复合材料的制备方法和特征,评价生物炭固定化菌复合材料在环境修复中的效能,讨论环境因素对生物炭固定化菌复合材料去除水中污染物和修复污染土壤的效果影响,阐明生物炭固定化菌复合材料对废水处理与土壤修复的作用机制. 相似文献
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基于源区监测的城市地表径流污染空间分异性研究 总被引:15,自引:7,他引:8
通过对汉阳城区14个地表源区4次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究城市地表径流污染空间分异性及其影响因素,以期为地表径流污染的源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,城市地表径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占58%±17%、65%±13%和92%±6%,溶解态TN中NH 4+-N、NO 3--N和DON相当.不透水地表功能、交通流量、土地利用、人口密度以及卫生管理水平是影响城市地表径流水质空间分异的主要因素.土地利用对径流污染程度的影响是旧城居民区一般城区居民区/饮食区交通商业区新建区城市绿地,人口密度高和管理差的旧城区径流污染最重;道路地表径流污染程度与交通流量呈正相关,交通流量越高地表径流污染越重,1级交通干道2级干道支路.加强地表卫生的管理,并对地表径流污染产生的关键源区进行控制是减轻城市地表径流对水环境负面影响的有效途径. 相似文献
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Scullion J 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2006,93(2):51-65
This review focuses on treatment-based remediation of soils and the acquisition of data to support and monitor this remediation.
Only in the last two decades has significant progress been made in regulating for soil pollution, with a parallel development
of methodologies for soil assessment and remediation. However, soil complexity remains a problem for pollutant measurements
relevant to environmental risk and informative to the design or evaluation of remediation technologies. Understanding the
distribution of pollutants between different soil phases and the kinetics of transfer between these pools is fundamental to
prediction for these processes; further progress is needed to characterise less accessible pollutant pools and to develop
guidelines for their analysis. Available remediation options include physical, chemical and biological treatments, and these
options offer potential technical solutions to most soil pollution. However, selecting the most appropriate approach requires
detailed information on how pollutants interact with soil physio-chemical properties. Only general information is available
as to the effectiveness of specific treatment systems for particular soil type–pollutant combinations. Given the high degree
of heterogeneity in physio-chemical characteristics and pollutant distribution of affected soils, prediction of treatment
timescales and levels of residual contamination remains a problem. On sites with a range of organic and inorganic pollutants
present, combinations of different treatment approaches may offer the best prospect for effective remediation. Further work
is needed to provide evidence that residual contamination does not pose significant risk and to evaluate effects of treatments
on general soil function in relation to this contamination. 相似文献
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雨洪管理措施的应用可有效控制雨水径流量及其污染物,系统分析雨洪管理措施对径流及其污染物的影响有助于理解雨洪管理的水环境效应。本文基于Meta方法整理国内已发表的文献案例,通过提取雨洪管理措施的类型、应用尺度、降雨特征及径流量和污染物削减率等信息,综述了雨洪管理措施应用后径流量和污染物的变化。结果表明:(1)不同雨洪管理措施所产生的水环境效应存在差异,样本中屋顶绿化的径流削减能力最强,透水铺装的径流污染物削减效果最佳;(2)雨洪管理措施对水环境的影响具有尺度效应,大尺度区域内雨洪管理措施对径流量削减作用较弱,而小尺度区域内径流污染物削减作用较弱;(3)雨洪管理措施对径流量及其污染物的削减能力随降雨量增加呈下降趋势。结合案例数据,系统分析了雨洪管理措施在径流量及其污染物控制效果上的差异及成因,可为径流调控与污染治理等实践提供理论参考。 相似文献