Natural resources management for human security in Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

The Tonle Sap Great Lake in Cambodia is significant for its biological and societal diversity, as well as for the fundamental role it plays in the local and national economy. Conflicting natural resources are aggravating population pressures and governance deficits, thereby threatening the ecological and economic viability of the lake and its systems. In response to this, and as part of a broader program of governance reforms, the Cambodian government is beginning to promote integrated, systems-wide natural resources management for the Tonle Sap. A key feature of this strategy is the designation of the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve as part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.     

Ecological and social aspects of biodiversity conservation on private lands

In recent decades, the growing need for biodiversity conservation and the different means of achieving it have been defined in international and national procedures regulated by governments and parliaments on the one hand, and in governance processes run by different stakeholders on the other. In local contexts, however, people perceive the abstract phenomenon of biodiversity conservation through the environment in which they live and through their social and cultural positions. We examine Finnish forest owners’ experiences and perceptions of biodiversity conservation, and consider the compatibility of these perceptions with national conservation policy. Our work is based on a survey of forest owners and the content analysis of national policy documents. We found that the perceptions of forest owners and the documents of nature conservation policy had elements that both overlapped and contradicted each other, thus reflecting different interpretations of forest ownership and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, the national Forest Biodiversity Program – an outcome of a multilateral governance process – was more successful in combining conservation policy with various perspectives of forest owners than was the authoritatively formulated Nature Conservation Act and Decree. This result indicates that governance processes can address conflicts of interest in the use of natural resources.     

西藏森林生态系统服务价值

森林生态系统作为可再生的自然资源,具有公共物品的属性,随着环境污染和资源危机的加剧,具有可持续意义的森林生态服务价值受到人类的重视。论文采用产量-价格法、直接市场法、影子工程法、机会成本法等主要研究方法,核算了西藏森林生态系统价值,结果表明:西藏森林生态系统服务价值中碳库、木材和生物多样性存量价值为44543.5×10⁸元,其中生态价值是直接经济价值的2.24倍;在流量中,年流量价值1738.3×10⁸元,其中年生态价值为1565.9×10⁸元,是直接经济价值172.4×10⁸元的9倍,社会价值只有9.5×10⁸元。论文旨在强调森林的生态功能,为西藏的生态补偿、绿色GDP核算奠定良好的基础。     

四川省森林资源动态变化及其影响因素分析

四川省森林资源在长江上游生态屏障建设和长江经济带发展中具有举足轻重的地位,其动态变化特征及其影响因素对区域生态文明建设乃至全国生态安全格局具有重要的理论和现实意义.针对四川省近20 a森林资源动态变化,选取森林面积、人均森林面积、森林蓄积量、活立木蓄积量、人工造林面积5个森林资源指标,GDP、人均GDP、年末常住人口、...     

我国森林资源及其产品流动特征分析

论文运用物流分析的基本思想,基于我国森林资源产品的产量、贸易量统计资料,采用统一的“原木当量(m³)”单位,沿森林资源采伐→资源产品加工→资源产品消费链,研究了我国“九五”期间主要森林资源产品的流动状况。结果表明,我国“九五”期间年均消耗森林资源16962×10⁴m³,其中48.3%来自国外;本国森林资源主要流向原木、锯材、人造板加工制造行业,仅有9.3%用于制浆造纸;而纸类产品所用的森林资源主要依赖于进口;终端消费中75%的森林资源产品用于建筑装修、家具生产和包装3个主要消费项。因此,认为我国必须提高森林资源利用效率、增加纸类产品中的森林资源用量,以提高我国森林资源流动的经济效益;资源战略上既要充分利用国外森林资源,又要提高我国资源供给的保障能力。     

科层制度视角下旅游地水资源治理的演变研究——以哈尼梯田为例

旅游业的可持续依赖于各项环境资源的投入及其科学有效的治理,而旅游地公共池塘资源治理问题仍有待深入。水资源作为一类典型的公共池塘资源,是目的地可持续发展的关键。以哈尼梯田核心区为案例,以水权科层概念模型为分析框架,通过半结构访谈、参与式观察等质性研究方法,探讨大众旅游发展前后目的地水权结构的演变历程。研究发现：（1）政体变动和大众旅游业的发展是促成目的地水权结构演变的主要动力,从赋权体系和分配方式两方面影响用户的水资源利用实践;（2）旅游情境下,目的地用户主体的异质性增强,水资源稀缺性提高,商品化趋势明显;（3）科层结构下,集体层级的决策实体作为连接国家层级决策实体和用户层级的中间层,只有充分发挥其监督管理的治理职能才能促进资源的公平利用与可持续发展。现阶段案例地水资源治理以市场力量为主导,而政府管理存在一定缺位,面临可持续发展的挑战。     

Analyzing REDD+ as an experiment of transformative climate governance: Insights from Indonesia

This paper contributes to an emerging body of literature on policy experimentation and governance transformation processes. We use the example of REDD+ as consisting of policy experiments in an emerging domestic policy domain to understand obstacles to transformations in forest and climate governance. We ask two interlinked questions: to what extent did the establishment of the REDD+ Agency challenge ‘business as usual’ in Indonesia’s forest and climate policy arena?; and what does this mean for a transformation away from policies and governance that enable deforestation and forest degradation? We draw on the transformation literature to better understand the role of REDD+ to achieve a transformative shift in climate governance. As an experiment of transformative climate governance, the study of REDD+ provides important insights for other forest or climate programs. Our analysis shows that the REDD+ Agency was successful in some extend in introducing an alternative governance mechanism and in shaking the governance structures but we also note that some of the key actors thought that greater ownership was achieved when the REDD+ Agency was dissolved and the mandate was returned to the ministries. We conclude that policy experimenting is a process, and while the creation of novel policies and their experimentation is important, also their assimilation may lead to new opportunities.     

中国森林碳汇的空间溢出效应与影响因素——基于大陆31个省（市、区）森林资源清查数据的空间计量分析

科学估算各地区森林碳汇量并探讨其空间关联性特征是制定差异化碳汇发展政策的重要基础。根据1988—2013年中国大陆31个省（市、区）的6次森林资源清查数据,论文利用森林蓄积量扩展法测算了各地区的森林碳汇量,进而检测和比较了省域间碳汇总量空间关联性的方向和强弱,最后运用空间计量模型分析了碳汇的溢出效应与影响因素。结果表明：1）我国的森林碳汇量整体呈上升态势,各地区间碳汇量差异明显,其中西藏、黑龙江等地区碳汇量丰富,而上海、北京等地则碳汇增长率较快;2）研究期内的Moran’s I指数整体表现为倒“S”型的波动变化特征,全国森林碳汇在省域空间分布上的差异性并不是随机的,而是具备一定关联性;3）我国森林碳汇存在显著的近邻空间溢出效应,森林资源采伐、森林受灾程度和降水量等因素对森林碳汇水平的影响显著。因此,研究认为：我国在发挥森林生态功能时,应当考虑省份间的地理区位因素,合理制定兼具差异化和协调性的森林碳汇发展政策。     

中国新时代自然资源治理体系的理论构想

基于生态文明、高质量发展和国家治理新时代的战略需求,以及国内外自然资源治理发展趋势,对中国新时代自然资源治理的指导思想、基本理念、理论体系、基本原则和目标体系等进行系统解析,对包括调查勘查评估、统计监测核算、开发利用治理、保护修复治理、保障储备治理、市场交易治理、安全预警治理和国际合作治理等在内的中国新时代自然资源治理框架体系进行系统刻画,对包括公平正义制度、资产产权制度、节约集约制度、有偿使用制度、保护修复制度、市场交易制度、统计核算制度、多元储备制度、国际合作制度和治理监督制度在内的中国特色自然资源治理制度体系进行系统解构。研究结论与观点对于提高中国自然资源治理体系与能力现代化建设水平具有重要参考价值。     

REDD+ policy strategy in Cameroon: Actors,institutions and governance

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is receiving increasing political and scientific attention as a climate change mitigation approach. The government of Cameroon has expressed an interest in participating in REDD+, and national deliberation on a policy strategy has attracted interest from different actors in the forest sector. This paper analyses the challenges of designing a governance structure for a REDD+ strategy in Cameroon. Theoretically, the paper builds on the literature on governance structures for resource management, focusing analytically on the interactions between actor constellations (state and non-state) and institutions (formal and informal) to produce policy outcomes. The paper draws on documentation of REDD+ policy events, policy texts and 23 in-depth interviews with members from government, civil society, research organizations, development partners and the private sector. It argues that although the actors involved in REDD+ are, to an extent, polarized around different issues and priorities, they are nonetheless increasingly distributing roles and responsibilities among themselves. The institutional arrangements within the policy process include: (1) rule-making systems for engagement; (2) expanding existing coordination mechanisms; (3) national safeguard standards; and (4) building on existing forest governance initiatives. The paper concludes that the multiple benefits promised by REDD+, such as poverty alleviation, biodiversity conservation and economic development, are critical for the legitimacy of the mechanism.     

生态环境多中心治理路径探析

生态环境是人类赖以生产和生活不可或缺的一部分,生态资源的开发和使用促进了人类社会的发展,然而伴随人类的开发和使用,生态环境消耗已经超出其自身恢复能力,生态环境治理成为世界各国不容忽视的重要问题。我国生态环境治理取得了一定成果,但总体而言生态环境恶化趋势并未改变,探索生态环境多中心治理路径十分必要。本文从我国生态环境治理现状出发,阐述了以市场为中心和以政府为中心两种传统生态环境治理模式及其局限性,并在此基础上提出构建生态环境多中心治理模式,探析生态环境多中心治理路径。     

Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro, Tanzania

This article examines farmers’ livelihood responses and vulnerability to climate variability and other stressors in Morogoro, Tanzania, to understand their implications for adaptation to climate change by agricultural households in developing world more generally. In Morogoro, agricultural households have extended cultivation, intensified agriculture, diversified livelihoods and migrated to gain access to land, markets and employment as a response to climatic and other stressors. Some of these responses have depleted and degraded natural resources such as forest, soil and water resources, which will complicate their living with climate change in the future. This will be particularly problematic to vulnerable groups such as women, children and pastoralists who have limited access to employment, markets and public services. In this light, fair adaptation to climate change by agricultural households in Morogoro and elsewhere in developing countries requires several complementary responses. Adaptation efforts should involve effective governance of natural resources because they function as safety nets to vulnerable groups. In addition, strengthening of national markets by infrastructure investments and institutional reforms is needed to give incentives to intensification and diversification in agriculture. Market participation also demands enhancement of human capital by public programs on health, education and wellbeing.     

黑龙江大兴安岭森林绿色核算研究

在对国内外森林绿色核算研究综述的基础上,对黑龙江大兴安岭1997-2003年森林资源的实物量、价值量和森林绿色GDP等进行了核算。核算结果表明:黑龙江大兴安岭森林的eaGDP(environmentallyadjustedGDP)1997年为38.19×108元,2003年为57.34×108元,年均增长7.01%;森林的eaNDP(environmentallyadjustedNDP)1997年为25.70×108元,2003年为43.96×108元,年均增长9.36%。在森林绿色GDP核算的基础上,进行了资产负债和财富核算。结果表明,1997-2003年,黑龙江大兴安岭林地、林木存量价值呈减少的趋势;森林环境效益呈增加的趋势,反映在社会经济发展中对林地、林木存量的过度开发和利用。森林绿色GDP占GDP的比重和森林资源占国民财富的比重也呈下降的趋势,说明黑龙江大兴安岭虽然在天然林保护工程后,全面禁止天然林采伐,森林的生长量大于消耗量,表现为流量价值有所增加,反映森林是可持续的经营,但从存量上看对国民经济发展的支撑力是下降的。最后,研究指出,应加强生态补偿政策的研究,积极落实森林可持续经营对策和建议加强绿色财富政策的制定,以保证黑龙江大兴安岭森林的可持续发展和绿色财富的增长。     

Institutional design in transformation: A comparative study of local irrigation governance in Uzbekistan

The irrigation sector constitutes the backbone of Uzbekistan's economy, providing social and economic stability in the region. The sector collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union, due to worsening of infrastructure conditions causing tensions among resource users. Subsequent irrigation management reforms were implemented in a top-down manner. More than a decade after the initial reforms – which established local Water Consumers Association (WCA) and transferred operation and maintenance responsibilities for on-farm irrigation canals – the poor performance of these associations is still apparent, illustrating the heritage of the strong role of state agencies in Uzbek water management that still affects collective irrigation management today. This paper identifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for successfully managing common pool resources (CPRs) and, more specifically, irrigation canal maintenance in the rural Bukhara region of Uzbekistan. Fifteen WCAs were examined regarding conditions that may facilitate successful irrigation canal maintenance. Methods involved focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with the associations concerned. Data gathered was analyzed using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The results indicate that two paths of local factors can lead to well-maintained irrigation canals: (1) the combination of appropriate chairmanship skills with sustainable resource appropriation or (2) the combination of appropriate chairmanship skills with the presence of effective participatory governance. The results also illustrate the role of path-dependence and traditional co-production of irrigation management in Uzbekistan.     

森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望

由于森林的生态效益外部性和公共物品的特性,较大部分难以通过传统的市场实现其经济价值。如何通过适当的措施将森林生态效益外部性内部化,部分或全部地实现森林生态效益的价值,对森林生态效益的提供者进行补偿,吸引全社会参与森林的保护与培育,即如何用经济杠杆解决森林生态效益的外部性和公平性,是急需解决的问题,也是当前国内外生态经济学研究的一个热点和难点问题。通过综合分析相关文献,理清生态效益补偿的概念,对森林生态效益补偿展开研究和探讨。对发达国家的森林生态效益补偿的理论和实践经验进行总结归纳,为我国建立森林生态效益补偿机制提供借鉴。分析国内森林生态效益补偿的具体实践,得出我国森林生态效益补偿制度中需要完善的方面。最后,提出我国今后森林生态效益补偿制度工作的研究方向。     

“国土空间”内涵辨析与国土空间规划编制建议

科学辨析“国土空间”概念内涵是推进国土空间规划编制、完善国土空间规划理论的前提。应根据国土空间治理需求变化和学科理论发展需要,及时更新完善对“国土空间”的理解。本刊邀请15位青年学者研讨“国土空间”的概念内涵及国土空间规划编制建议,主要观点如下：（1）国土空间是复杂的人地耦合系统,具有构成要素多元性、时空尺度嵌套性等特征。需要用山水林田湖草沙是一个生命共同体的思维,进行国土空间的综合开发利用与系统修复保护,提出基于自然的空间治理方案。（2）国土空间是“流”所构建的网络空间,是不同利益主体组成的关系空间和为精细化治理服务的可计算领域。需要通过“流空间”进行国土空间的整合,推动区域之间资源和要素的共享,实现协同发展;也需要重视人地关系和人际关系的重构,协调多元主体的利益诉求,实现和谐发展;还需要完善国土空间开发管控的技术手段,平衡国土空间规划中的灵活性与统一性矛盾。（3）国土空间是有温度的空间。需要充分感知国土空间的风险性、适宜性、约束性、可达性,编制“以人民为中心”的国土空间规划,提升国土空间的人文关怀、生态功能和美学价值。（4）国土空间是国土空间规划和空间治理的对象,是具体的海洋空间、乡村空间、文化空间等,具有载体属性、资产属性、权利属性等,需要在国土空间规划中实现资源资产统一管理,彰显其经济价值、社会价值和生态价值,满足高质量发展和高品质生活对国土空间的多样化需求。     

我国森林资源产品流动及其变化特征分析

论文运用物流分析的基本思想,基于我国森林资源产品产量、贸易量统计资料,采用统一单位“原木当量”(m₃),估算了1981～2000年森林资源采伐和产品加工环节的资源流量,进而分析我国森林资源产品流动的变化特征。结果表明,我国从“六五”(1981～1985年)到“九五”(1996～2000年)期间,消耗森林资源量分别为10230×104、11678×104、13444×104和16962×104m₃/a,呈加速增长趋势。其中,来自国外的资源流量占总流量的比重呈增加趋势,“六五”期间占19.1%,到“九五”期间上升为48.3%。流入资源以原木、木浆、纸及纸板、胶合板为主,它们主要来自北美、东亚、东南亚地区,有来源多地区化的变化趋向。森林资源在“六五”期间主要流向原木锯材类产品加工,随着产品流向结构的逐步改善,更多的资源流向人造板类产品的生产消费;纸类产品生产消费的资源流量增加迅速,但主要来自国外。     

Spot遥感影像照片在森林资源二类调查上的应用

为了提高森林资源二类调查质量,提高工作效率,辽宁省森林资源二类调查改变以往的地形图调绘、实测等传统调绘方法,利用法国Spot5遥感影像照片作为外业调绘的图面资料,结合现地调查,取得较好效果。Spot5遥感影像经PCI软件处理后具有明显特征,根据遥感影像中各地类的色调、形状、阴影、纹理、位置、大小等特征直接沿影像特征的边缘准确勾划出地类界线,即可完成森林资源二类调查野外调绘工作。大大降低了野外调绘人员的劳动强度,省时、省工、省钱。     

Environmental and socio-economic impacts of institutional reforms on the agricultural sector of Vietnam: Land suitability assessment for Robusta coffee in the Dak Gan region

After the reunion of North and South Vietnam in 1975, the area under small-holder, irrigated cultivation of Robusta coffee increased by a factor of 10 in the Central Highlands. The actual coffee acreage in Dak Lak province is estimated to be over 260,000 ha, representing 60% of the national production, with 405,000 t year⁻¹ for the world market. Vietnam is presently the second largest exporter worldwide and expansion is still going on. In cooperation with the National Institute for Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP), a 5-year development project “Land Evaluation for Land Use Planning and Development of Sustainable Agriculture in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam” was set up, with a goal of diagnosing the sustainability of the rapidly expanding Robusta coffee sector in Central Vietnam. This paper describes the reasons for this quick expansion and investigates the consequences in ecological and social terms. This is done based on a large-scale natural resources inventory, land suitability analysis for Robusta coffee and participatory rural appraisal combined with secondary statistical records from Dak Gan commune. It is representative of the Central Highlands in terms of geomorphological and pedological variability, ethnic identity and with regard to trade-offs between forest conservation and coffee expansion at the cost of available water stocks. Local institutional reforms in the eighties have accelerated coffee expansion in three ways: demographic resettlement, socio-economic liberalization and legislation towards land ownership. Interaction between these three factors has induced a second spontaneous migration flow towards the Highlands in the nineties. Forest area declined by 19% and was converted to coffee plantations, encouraged by the high economic return of this cash crop. The results indicate that this has happened in an haphazard manner and led to a mismatch between the present land use pattern and the natural resource base. Unsustainable land use manifests itself at four levels. (i) The areal limits for sustainable coffee production have been exceeded. (ii) As a consequence over 74% of the present coffee stand is situated on sub-optimal land units. (iii) An excessive coffee area in combination with over-irrigation is likely to deplete groundwater resources. (iv) And paradoxically 24.3% of suitable soils for coffee production is still under forest in Dak Gan. In turn this leads to large-scale environmental and socio-economic decline: soil erosion, water scarcity and social inequity resulting in conflicts between migrants and the indigenous tribes. Besides local reforms, world trade liberalization changed the global coffee market in the late nineties from a regulated system to a free trade market. This fostered global oversupply, which in combination with a stagnant coffee demand suppressed the world market price. Since Vietnam became the second world producer of Robusta, prices have declined by a factor of 3, not only affecting the local sector but households worldwide.     

西藏食物保障的自然资源相对优势分析

对西藏食物保障的自然资源相对优势研究表明 ,光能、生物、旅游资源是西藏食物保障的突出相对优势。这些资源具有独特、再生和易于持续开发利用等突出特点 ;水利资源和矿产资源具有明显的开发利用优势 ,但是 ,与经济落后形成了极大的反差 ,目前开发乏力 ,开发利用将带来后续管理与环境保护的沉重负担 ;耕地、草地与森林资源既具有明显的优势 ,又有突出的劣势 ,主要表现为数量的优势与质量的劣势。西藏未来食物保障 ,取决于如何将这些资源的相对优势有效组合、综合管理和合理开发利用。