Counting biodiversity waste in industrial eco-efficiency: fisheries case study

The foundation for the creation of eco-efficiency metrics for industrial impacts on biodiversity is considered. Because biodiversity is the essence of life itself, these metrics are essential for effectiveness in the theory and practice of eco-efficiency, particularly in the case of primary natural resource extraction industries such as fishing and forestry. The case of fishing is examined, with particular attention to by-catch, lost nets, and habitat damage caused by mobile fishing gears. It is appropriate to examine fishing because industrial era impacts on marine biodiversity have been severe and are driving large and deleterious changes in marine ecosystems. For discarded by-catch, it is proposed that an eco-efficient metric for the value per unit mass of discarded fish can be set to be equivalent to that of the market value of the utilized catch. In estimating the eco-efficient value of the catch, the value of the discarded fish is then subtracted from the market value of the catch. Fish killed in lost nets can be treated similarly. It is more difficult to address marine habitat damage by mobile fishing gear, which has the highest potential for ecological injury.By using the approach proposed, negative eco-efficiencies are obtained under circumstances in which the collateral damage to biodiversity exceeds the economic benefit obtained. This is a logical outcome given the long-term effects of biodiversity decline. A metric is also proposed for assessing whether avoidance of harm to biodiversity, in the form of switching fishing gear, is required. Lastly it is proposed that metrics might be developed to provide eco-efficiency credit for companies taking effective actions to improve, or actively participate in, ecosystem-based fisheries management.     

我国森林环境服务市场构建与私人参与的选择

分析了我国出现森林资源环境服务市场构建态势及存在问题、对策等,回顾了现有市场构建的政策与制度,把森林资源环境服务与产品界定为公共产品,分析了私人部门参与的可能性、必要性。其次,对流域管理、生物多样性保护、景观价值、碳储存等生态服务的市场构建状况进行分析,最后分析市场创建机制所面临的主要挑战,并提出了相应的政策建议,以促进私人部门参与森林环境服务。     

Biodiversity conservation incentive programs for privately owned forests

In many countries, a large proportion of forest biodiversity exists on private land. Legal restrictions are often inadequate to prevent loss of habitat and encourage forest owners to manage areas for biodiversity, especially when these management actions require time, money, and other resources. Environmental programs encouraging these actions through economic incentives can be used instead of additional legal restrictions, although to be efficient and successful, an incentive program must be thoughtfully developed and its conservation goals must be clear. In addition to being economically efficient, programs must be acceptable to landowners and ecologically appropriate, especially with respect to the case-specific objectives and the ecosystems in question. We introduce a sample of voluntary incentive programs for private forests in Europe and North America. We briefly describe the economic, social, and ecological characteristics of the programs and the forests they aim to conserve, and evaluate the success of these programs with respect to their explicitly stated goals and the ecological status of the forests in that country or state. Important factors contributing to program success include an allowance for some economic productivity in enrolled forests, a long period since time of program inception, and little interference from other incentive programs.     

High-risk ecosystems as foci for considering biodiversity and ecological integrity in ecological risk assessments

Ecological risk management historically focused on risks to human health and the immediate human environment. Increasingly, societal interest in biodiversity and ecological integrity demands that risk assessors and managers take a broader view of the environment and include non-human species and ecosystems within their realm of concern. The greatest threats to biodiversity in the USA and much of the world are habitat alteration (including conversion, degradation, and fragmentation) and exotic species invasions. This paper reviews and integrates the results of several recent studies (e.g. by The Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund, Defenders of Wildlife, and the National Biological Service) that have identified regions and ecosystems that are highly distinct biologically, are rare or declining, contain high numbers of imperiled species, face immediate threats, and stand to lose considerable biodiversity in the near future. These studies converge on a set of regions that warrant urgent attention from risk managers. Focal species and functional groups of species can be selected within these regions to characterize ecological effects and track recovery of ecosystems along the same axes (e.g. habitat structure, disturbance frequency) that led to biotic impoverishment. The most fruitful approach to risk management ultimately will be one that addresses the most urgent threats at several levels of biological organization, from focal species to communities to ecoregions.     

2022 年 1 期目录

为摸清全球气候变化背景下,我国海岸带蓝碳应对气候变化的发展状况,发掘我国海岸带蓝碳减缓与适应气候变化的潜力,分析了我国海岸带蓝碳生态系统的基本状况及保护恢复情况,阐述了海岸带蓝碳对气候变化的影响及响应机制,论述了我国海岸带蓝碳发展面临的形势及管理需求。最后,提出了我国海岸带蓝碳应对气候变化的发展建议,即推进海岸带蓝碳管理政策的制定和实施,实现我国海岸带蓝碳的系统性监测,积极开展受损蓝碳生态系统修复案例的研究,加强海岸带蓝碳保护与修复的公众参与度,增强国际合作。     

海岸带蓝碳生态系统碳库规模与投融资机制

气候变化已成为当前各国面临的严峻挑战之一,通过“碳减排”和“碳增汇”实现碳中和是我国应对气候变化的关键途径。红树林、盐沼和海草床等海岸带蓝碳生态系统具有巨大的、长期可持续的碳汇功能,因而,保护和修复海岸带生态系统是具有可操作性的生态增汇途径之一。本文探究了中国红树林、盐沼和海草床等典型海岸带蓝碳生态系统碳库规模及其经济价值,并对浙江省霓屿红树林湿地和上海市鹦鹉洲盐沼湿地两个海岸带滨海湿地恢复区的碳汇能力开展调查和评估。结果表明,通过海岸带生态修复扩增蓝碳是实现碳中和的有效途径。研究结果可为面向碳中和的海岸带生态系统恢复及蓝碳交易体系的建立提供理论基础和数据支撑。     

Ecosystem mapping for the implementation of the European Biodiversity Strategy at the national level: The case of Italy

Several international initiatives, including the European Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, promote the identification and mapping of ecosystems as basic tools for the conservation of biodiversity and related services. On coarse scales, the spatial representation of ecosystems is usually based on broad land cover categories that largely overlook important ecological and biogeographic features of the biotic communities they are meant to exemplify. This paper presents a nationwide ecosystem mapping approach that promotes a degree of thematic detail, which is more suited than that found in the continental maps to meeting biodiversity conservation targets in Italy. The approach is based on the rationale that current and potential vegetation cover are valuable proxies for outlining ecosystems. The resulting Ecosystem Map of Italy includes 43 types of forest ecosystems instead of the 5 woodland, forest and other wooded land types recognized at the European level. We outline the expected advantages of this enhanced thematic detail for a number of conservation purposes and highlight how the resulting maps may help to meet biodiversity conservation targets at the national level. In particular, we refer to the assessment of conservation status, the definition of restoration priorities, the planning of green infrastructure and the identification of collapse risks for the ecosystems identified. Comprehensively, the definition, characterization and assessment of ecosystem types represent the carrying structure of the recently launched national system of natural capital accounting.     

生产力与生物多样性关系的研究进展

生产力和生物多样性是生态系统两个基本属性。然而,几十年来,人们一直在争论它们之间的相互关系及其潜在机制。论文综述过去有关两者关系的控制实验、meta分析、多点观测研究和潜在机制,发现两者关系主要表现为单峰关系、正相关关系、负相关关系、无关系、“U”型关系,并且关于它们关系的潜在机制也没有普遍共识。同时,两者关系及其潜在机制均对尺度具有很强依赖性。分析其原因,可能生产力与生物多样性的关系不是简单或直接因果关系,而是由相互关联的、多变量过程共同控制。因此,应放弃固定化二元模式,开展多元化驱动因素的生物多样性研究,加强人类对复杂生态系统过程的理解,提供更具意义的生物多样性保护和管理指导。     

四川省森林生态系统对野生珍稀濒危动物的保护价值计量研究

论文以异地保护成本替代法计算森林生态系统对濒危野生动物的保护价值。栖息于四川省森林生境的濒危野生动物需要生存下去所必需的食物、水、居住环境等一切生存条件完全由人为提供、人为创造和维持的成本就是四川省森林生态系统保护这些野生动物的价值。论文以动物园饲养动物的基本成本作为濒危野生动物异地保护的核算依据,得到四川省森林生态系统对野生珍稀濒危动物的保护价值为15.45×10⁸元/a。     

昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区海上范围与功能调整研究

为缓解昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区与北戴河新区开发建设的矛盾,实现自然保护与区域经济协调发展,本文以近12 a来昌黎保护区内生境和生物多样性变动状况,以及主要保护对象文昌鱼种群的变动和分布特征为调整依据;以适度扩大文昌鱼栖息地保护范围,逐渐恢复文昌鱼种群及其栖息环境,加强生物多样性保护,维持海洋生态系统健康为调整目标;以实事求是、依法执行和利于管理兼顾开发为调整原则,开展了保护区海洋环境与资源调查及海域范围调整论证研究工作。调整后的海域保护区总面积为224 km2,比调整前增加了7%。其中,海域核心区面积为95 km2,较调整前扩大了36%;海域缓冲区面积为129 km2,相比调整前减少了7%。保护区海上范围调整后,将进一步提升保护区管理效能,有助于区内生态系统和保护对象的保护与恢复。     

微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响

土壤微生物群落在生态系统过程中发挥着重要的作用,而关于土壤微生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响无一致结论.为了研究微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响,将稀释10~(-1)、10~(-3)和10~(-5)倍(D1、D3和D5)的庞泉沟阔叶混交林土壤悬浮液接种在灭菌的土样中.通过碱式滴定法和Biolog Eco板等实验方法测定了不同多样性梯度下土壤碳矿化速率和碳代谢利用模式的变化.结果表明培养6周后,D1处理的碳矿化速率、累积碳矿化量、平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)和多样性指数(Shannon、Mc Intosh和丰富度指数)均显著高于D5处理.且相关分析表明,累积碳矿化量和AWCD与丰富度呈显著负相关.对碳源吸光度做主成分分析(PCA)和单因素方差分析发现微生物多样性梯度的土壤碳源利用模式也存在差异.因此,微生物多样性下降影响土壤的碳矿化速率和碳源利用模式,导致陆地生态系统的功能发生改变,在森林土壤管理中,应重视土壤微生物物种多样性变化对生态系统功能的影响.     

Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability

We critically highlight some evidence for the importance of soil biodiversity to sustaining (agro-)ecosystem functioning and explore directions for future research. We first deal with resistance and resilience against abiotic disturbance and stress. There is evidence that soil biodiversity does confer stability to stress and disturbance, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. It appears to depend on the kind of stress and disturbance and on the combination of stress and disturbance effects. Alternatively, community structure may play a role. Both possible explanations will guide further research. We then discuss biotic stress. There is evidence that soil microbial diversity confers protection against soil-borne disease, but crop and soil type and management also play a role. Their relative importance as well as the role of biodiversity in multitrophic interactions warrant further study. Henceforth, we focus on the effects of plant and soil biodiversity on nutrient and water use efficiencies as important ecological functions in agroecosystems. The available evidence suggests that mycorrhizal diversity positively contributes to nutrient and, possibly, water use efficiency. Soil fauna effects on nutrient and water use efficiencies are also apparent, but diversity effects may be indirect, through effects on soil structure. We present a conceptual diagram relating plant and soil biodiversity with soil structure and water and nutrient use efficiencies as a framework for future studies. We then consider how cropping systems design and management are interrelated and how management options might be interfaced with farmers’ knowledge in taking management decisions. Finally, we attempt to express some economic benefits of soil biodiversity to society as part of a wider strategy of conserving and using agrobiodiversity.     

Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans,climate, the atmosphere,and ecosystems

Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200–500 Mha burnt annually, fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation, and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore, fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles. By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7–4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions, and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change. Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies. The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose contribute to vulnerability. The first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests of northern America and African savannahs.     

中、缅、印交界地区(东喜马拉雅山-横断山) 生物多样性保护研究

在中、缅、印交界的２９．１万ｋｍ＾２区域内，可区划为６种类型区。为保护生物多样性庆在云南境内扩建和新建一批自然区，在三国交界区域建立中、缅、印国际自然保护区，并在缅甸葡萄城建核心地带管理所，在中国昆明建立东喜马拉雅山－横断山揿样性保护中心。中心对本区域内不同类型生态系统的时空分布进行宏观研究，初步确认具有全球意义的原生态区与生态系统，探索跨国界的区域性生物多样性保护与管理途径。     

The social dimension of biodiversity policy in the European Union: Valuing the benefits to vulnerable communities

This paper uses GIS-based mapping tools and economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services to explore the social dimension of biodiversity policy. We investigate the linkages between biodiversity, ecosystem service values, and socio-economic vulnerability indicators in a spatially explicit framework and at different geographic scales. Our focus is on Europe, where biodiversity and ecosystem benefits have been well studied for many ecosystems, such as forests, coastal ecosystems and freshwater wetlands. The analysis focuses in particular on rural agricultural areas and remote mountainous regions accounting for the differences across various income groups, both at national and regional levels. The results of the study provide useful insights for EU policymakers in designing policy instruments that can promote biodiversity conservation and prevent natural resource degradation, on the one hand, while contributing to social stability and human livelihoods, on the other hand.     

退化湿地生态系统的生态恢复与管理——以美国Hackensack湿地保护区为例

受城市化、工业化和地球温室效应等人类活动与自然因素的影响,美国Hackensack湿地保护区正面临着面积不断减少、景观破碎化、外来物种入侵、河水污染增加、盐碱化程度增加和范围扩大等生态胁迫。稳定湿地面积,重建湿地的复合景观,丰富生物多样性,恢复潮水的正常规律,减少水体污染,控制外来种的入侵与扩张,促进湿地原有植物的定居与扩增及原有植被的恢复是Hackensack湿地恢复的关键,也是恢复工程设计与实施的核心。退化湿地生态恢复的管理则以植被的生长、芦苇的扩散方式及动态、鱼类和蟹类的种群动态、鸟类的种类及其对生境地的利用情况对生态系统功能恢复状况进行生物检验,有效监控退化湿地生态系统的恢复动态,研究其恢复规律,进而采取相应的管理措施,科学调控生态恢复进程。     

Use of hydrodynamic models for the management of the Danube Delta wetlands: The case study of Sontea-Fortuna ecosystem

Due to its high biodiversity the Danube Delta, in Romania, is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Natural Site and it is listed as a RAMSAR wetland. The Danube River variable discharges have a great impact on the habitats and the overall ecological status of the delta. One of its most vulnerable parts, from both hydrodynamic and morphological point of view is the Sontea-Fortuna wetland located in the upstream of the Danube Delta. Sontea-Fortuna wetland is susceptible to both floods and droughts. On a long term, decision makers in the area need to know which measures to implement and how these will impact/improve the environment.This article presents how a 3D hydrodynamic model can be used as support for making sound decisions regarding the management of deltaic ecosystems. In particular, the methodology is applied on the Sontea-Fortuna wetland. The case study is part of a wider research in the area, which was developed within the EnviroGRIDS EU FP7 research project. EnviroGRIDS aimed at building capacity for scientists, decision-makers and the general public in the Black Sea Catchment, through collection and sharing of environmental data and models at the basin scale.     

耕作深度调控秸秆还田对农田土壤呼吸的影响

秸秆还田和耕作深度处理是影响农田土壤呼吸最重要的农业管理措施之一,但二者交互作用影响农田土壤呼吸的机制尚不清楚.基于此,针对中国的旱地农田生态系统,利用已发表的116篇研究论文,借助Meta分析技术,探究秸秆还田和耕作深度处理及其二者交互作用对农田土壤呼吸的影响及其调控因素,为农田生态系统实现“碳中和”提供重要的数据支撑和理论依据.结果表明,免耕导致土壤呼吸减少了8.3%,而浅耕和深耕处理对土壤呼吸的影响不显著,但对土壤呼吸的增加量仍呈现出深耕>浅耕>免耕的趋势.虽然,浅耕和深耕对土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳（SOC）的影响均相对较小,但是免耕导致土壤呼吸减少了8.3%的同时却又导致SOC增加了7.05%,因此实施免耕措施对农田土壤固碳减排具有重要意义.此外,耕作深度会显著调控秸秆还田对土壤呼吸的影响,且土壤呼吸的增加量呈现出深耕秸秆还田>浅耕秸秆还田>免耕秸秆还田的趋势,整体平均增加了14.51%.秸秆还田后不同深度耕作处理下土壤呼吸的增加量与土壤容重、农作物产量、土壤有机碳、以及土壤温度和水分的改变量密切相关,且对土壤呼吸增加量的贡献呈现出土壤容重>农作物产量>土壤有机碳>土壤水分>土壤温度的趋势.虽然SOC在深耕秸秆还田、浅耕秸秆还田和免耕秸秆还田处理下分别增加了29.32%、10.12%和23.94%,但是土壤呼吸在深耕秸秆还田和浅耕秸秆还田处理分别增加了29.32%和18.92%,而在免耕秸秆还田处理下仅增加1.2%.所以,免耕秸秆还田也有利于农田土壤固碳减排.因此,在中国的旱地农田生态系统中,耕作深度会调控秸秆还田对土壤呼吸的影响程度,而这种调控主要与土壤理化性质有关,尤其与土壤容重关系最为紧密,且免耕和免耕秸秆还田均是有利于农田土壤固碳减排的重要农业管理措施.     

Is climate-smart conservation feasible in Europe? Spatial relations of protected areas,soil carbon,and land values

The expectations on protected areas to deliver not only biodiversity conservation but also to provide an array of different ecosystem services rise. Sequestration and storage of carbon are promising services that protected areas may provide. This study integrates spatially explicit data on terrestrial Natura 2000 sites, soil organic carbon, and agricultural land values to estimate the potential for climate-smart conservation planning in the European Union. The objectives of this study are to analyse spatial relations between protected areas soil carbon content, and land values on the European Union's land area as well as to locate and quantify the proportion of land with high carbon and low economic value within and outside protected areas. We apply a unique interdisciplinary framework with methods ranging from analyses based on geographical information systems, agricultural economics to statistics. Findings indicate that there is a significant overlap between Natura 2000 sites and regions with high carbon content across Europe. Statistical analyses show that carbon-rich regions have significantly lower land values than other areas. Our results suggest that biodiversity protection and mitigation of climate change through conservation of soil carbon could be simultaneously achieved in Europe's protected areas and beyond. We conclude that there is a notable potential for climate-smart conservation in Europe that needs further investigation.     

Biodiversity conservation research challenges in the 21st century: A review of publishing trends in 2000 and 2011

The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 recognizes the increasing importance of scientific knowledge to support conservation policies and decision making. In this study, we assessed the tendency of such knowledge in the first decade of the 21st century. We carried out a systematic review of publications in biodiversity conservation, considering the following aspects: type of research, main topic of study, object of study (i.e. biodiversity organizational level, taxonomic groups and ecosystems), pressures and drivers of change, as well as geographical distribution. In total, 966 publications were analyzed within the three journals with higher academic reach in the field under study: Biodiversity & Conservation, Biological Conservation, and Conservation Biology. Our results show that there are several biases in scientific knowledge associated with the object of study, and analyzed drivers of changes, as well as geographical distribution. However, research trends are not uniform along the first decade of 21st century, as there are some differences between 2000 and 2011 regarding the main topic of the study, the spatial scale and geographical region, and the analyzed ecosystems. We finally discuss the implications of current knowledge trends in biodiversity conservation for achieving the targets delineated by the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020.