The rains are disappointing us: dynamic vulnerability and adaptation to multiple stressors in the Afram Plains, Ghana

This paper builds on work on the dynamics of vulnerability and multiple stressors through a case study in the Afram Plains of the Eastern region in Ghana. A vulnerability framework is applied in the community of Mimkyemfre to identify and explain the multiple underlying political, socioeconomic and environmental forces that influence the ways in which people are exposed and sensitive to climate, and their capacities to adapt to changing conditions. The results of the study indicate that the community experiences a range of biophysical and socioeconomic conditions that contribute to its vulnerability. Vulnerability was found to change over time and in some cases was cyclical, in that certain actions taken for the purposes of adaptation were found to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities. Processes of vulnerability were also found to occur at several scales and were experienced unevenly at the community level. The findings of this assessment have important implications for the design and implementation of successful adaptation initiatives, both in Africa and elsewhere. In particular, they demonstrate the need to understand the social, economic and institutional challenges to development as a basis for any contemplation of adaptation to climate change.     

青木关岩溶槽谷地下水含水层固有脆弱性评价

摘要：岩溶地下水脆弱性评价是基于保护岩溶含水层从而有效地管理和利用地下水提出的有效方法和手段。我国西南岩溶区大多数地区缺少应有的地下水保护带,地下水比较容易受到污染。基于“起源一路径一目标”模型,考虑三个因子：覆盖层（0）、径流特征（c）、降雨条件（P）,对重庆市青木关岩溶槽谷地下水含水层固有脆弱性进行了定量评价。结果...     

区域洪水灾害易损性评价

基于洪水灾害系统特征,提出了区域洪水灾害易损性概念,认为洪水灾害易损性是指在一定社会经济条件下,特定区域各类承灾体在遭受不同强度洪水后可能造成的损失程度;建立了包括致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体属性和社会救灾能力在内的洪水灾害易损性评价指标体系;基于层次分析法,构建了目标层为区域洪水易损性,准则层为致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和社会救灾能力,指标层为降水、地形、植被、生命、环境与经济等要素的区域洪水灾害易损性评价模型与评价方法。为便于决策,将易损性分为1～10共10个等级,等级越大,表明区域洪水易损性越高。      

Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Architecture of Entitlements

The objective of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of vulnerability to climate change as the first step in appraising and understanding the social and economic processes which facilitate and constrain adaptation. Vulnerability as defined here pertains to individuals and social groups. It is the state of individuals, of groups, of communities defined in terms of their ability to cope with and adapt to any external stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being. This proposed approach puts the social and economic well-being of society at the centre of the analysis, thereby reversing the central focus of approaches to climate impact assessment based on impacts on and the adaptability of natural resources or ecosystems and which only subsequently address consequences for human well-being. The vulnerability or security of any group is determined by the availability of resources and, crucially, by the entitlement of individuals and groups to call on these resources. This perspective extends the concept of entitlements developed within neo-classical and institutional economics. Within this conceptual framework, vulnerability can be seen as a socially-constructed phenomenon influenced by institutional and economic dynamics. The study develops proxy indicators of vulnerability related to the structure of economic relations and the entitlements which govern them, and shows how these can be applied to a District in coastal lowland Vietnam. This paper outlines the lessons of such an approach to social vulnerability for the assessment of climate change at the global scale. We argue that the socio-economic and biophysical processes that determine vulnerability are manifest at the local, national, regional and global level but that the state of vulnerability itself is associated with a specific population. Aggregation from one level to another is therefore not appropriate and global-scale analysis is meaningful only in so far as it deals with the vulnerability of the global community itself.     

Vulnerability to the health effects of climate variability in rural southwestern Uganda

Vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change will be shaped by the existing burden of ill- health and is expected to be highest in poor and socio-economically marginalized populations. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is considered a highly vulnerable region. This paper analyses the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of rural Bakiga communities in southwestern Uganda to climate-sensitive health risks. The objectives were threefold: i) identify key climate-sensitive, community-identified health priorities; ii) describe and characterize determinants of sensitivity to these health priorities at the individual, community and regional levels; and iii) assess the adaptive capacity of Bakiga. Data collection employed a combination of individual and key informant interviews, biographies, future storylines, and Photovoice. Three key health risks were identified by the study communities (malaria, food insecurity, and gastrointestinal illnesses) – all affected by local climatic and environmental conditions, livelihoods, land use changes, and socio-economic conditions. Adaptation within these communities is dependent on their capacity to reduce sensitivities to identified health challenges among the potential of increasing exposures. Crop diversification, reducing deforestation, expanding of livestock rearing, transfer of traditional knowledge, and access to affordable health services are among potential strategies identified. We demonstrate significant existing vulnerabilities to present day climate-related health risks and highlight the importance of non-climatic processes and local conditions in creating sensitivity to health risks. Our place-based understanding is useful to inform interventions or policies aimed to reduce exposure and sensitivity and support adaptive capacity as the conditions these communities face are consistent with many other sub-Saharan African countries.     

阿什河流域地下水脆弱性分区

为识别阿什河流域地下水易污区,基于DRASTIC模型,结合研究区水文地质特点和地下水源地特质,舍弃土壤类型和水力传导系数指标,新增抽水井群影响范围评价指标,得到适用于阿什河流域的DRATIE脆弱性评价体系.借助OpenGeoSys(OGS)软件,模拟研究区抽水与不抽水时的地下水流场,圈划出抽水时流场的变化区域,划分抽水井群影响范围.运用DRATIE模型对研究区进行脆弱性评价,绘制研究区地下水脆弱性分区图,并根据用水趋势进行脆弱性情景分析.结果表明:研究区地下水脆弱性主要为较低、中、较高3个级别;河漫滩和阶地区域较易受到污染,抽水井群影响范围内脆弱性为中等,1号井群每口井抽水量不宜超过3.23×10-2 m3/s,2号井群每口井抽水量不宜超过4.00×10-2 m3/s;其余地区较不易受到污染.研究显示,应严格控制水源地抽水量,以防阿什河水体倒灌;合理分配1、2号井群抽水量,可减小水源地脆弱性范围和等级.      

基于变权模型的唐山城市脆弱性演变预警分析

城市脆弱性评价预警是城市脆弱性研究的重要内容。研究以资源型城市唐山作为案例,基于资源、环境、经济和社会框架构建了城市脆弱性预警指标体系,引入惩罚型变权模型对2000—2014年城市脆弱性的警情进行评价测度,结合GM（1,1）模型对2015—2020年城市脆弱性警情进行了预测。结果表明：1）变权模型能够有效满足资源型城市脆弱性预警研究;2）2000—2014年,唐山城市脆弱性预警指数由0.449上升至0.716,警度等级呈下降态势,从“重警”演变为“轻警”,警情指示灯由“橙灯”演变为“蓝灯”;3）2015—2020年唐山城市脆弱性预警等级预测结果为“轻警”变为“无警”,警情指示灯为“蓝灯”变为“绿灯”。研究结果可为城市脆弱性评价提供方法基础和科学依据,为改善唐山脆弱状况提供决策支持。     

Policy misfits,climate change and cross-scale vulnerability in coastal Africa: how development projects undermine resilience

Coastal social ecological systems in eastern Africa are subject to a range of environmental, social and economic changes. They are already vulnerable to these multiple stressors, and the impacts of climate change are likely to further exacerbate their vulnerabilities. Some of these impacts may be observed and experienced already. The analysis presented in this paper is based on mixed methods empirical research exploring local perceptions of recent changes at four sites in coastal Tanzania and Mozambique. People recognise and rank a number of climate and non-climate stressors which have contributed towards more risky and less diverse livelihoods. Importantly, regional and international policy initiatives – in the form of river basin management in Mozambique and South Africa, and development of a Marine Protected Area in Tanzania – are perceived to further erode resilience and exacerbate vulnerabilities. We suggest this is a form of policy misfit, where policies developed to address a specific issue do not take account of cross-scale dynamics of change, the interactions between multiple stressors, nor longer term climate change. This policy misfit may be remedied by a move towards adaptive forms of governance, and necessitates an explicit focus on building the adaptive capacity of the poor and most vulnerable in society.     

基于山江海视角与SRP模型的桂西南-北部湾生态环境脆弱性评价

为揭示桂西南喀斯特-北部湾海岸带生态环境脆弱性,本研究基于山江海视角,采用生态敏感度-生态恢复力-生态压力度(SRP)模型、无纲量化模型、层次分析法,结合生态环境脆弱性指数,对该区域进行了生态环境脆弱性的评价,为该区域的生态环境治理和恢复提供科学的理论基础和技术指导.结果表明:(1)2000～2018年三期生态环境脆弱...     

黄土高原地区生态脆弱性时空变化及其驱动因子分析

黄土高原是我国生态系统最脆弱的地区之一,科学评估其生态脆弱性是制定有效环境保护和管理措施的前提.然而,过去研究多关注某一小区域的生态脆弱性,不能反映该地区生态脆弱性的整体特征.基于"暴露-敏感性-适应力"模型框架,结合层次分析、空间主成分分析和地理探测器等方法评估了黄土高原地区2000~2015年生态脆弱性的时空变化特征及其驱动因子.结果表明,黄土高原地区生态脆弱性整体较高,并呈现出从东南到西北递增的趋势,且不同土地利用类型脆弱性差异大;2000~2015年生态脆弱性呈先增后降趋势,整体呈微弱降低趋势,其中约64%地区的脆弱性发生了变化;植被覆盖度和降水是控制生态脆弱性时空变化的主要因子,且所有指标因子间均存在明显的交互作用.说明气候变化和人类活动可能有助于降低黄土高原地区的生态脆弱性,但其作用有限.     

辽宁省沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价

文章以辽宁省沿海六市为研究对象,在广泛借鉴国内外灾害脆弱性评价的指标体系与评价模型的基础上,选取自然、经济、人口和环境设施等评价指标,构建沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系,并运用模糊综合评价法进行脆弱性评价。结果表明:葫芦岛市、锦州市、丹东市为高脆弱区;营口市为中脆弱区;盘锦市和大连市为低脆弱区。本文研究对沿海城市脆弱性防范有一定借鉴意义。     

基于脆弱性的地下水污染监测网多目标优化方法

区域地下水监测井的优化布设对于区域地下水系统管理有很重要的作用.为了以最少的监测费用最大化地获取区域污染风险和污染现状信息,以监测井数量最小、区域污染监测有效性最大、监测到的区域脆弱性分值最大为目标,建立了基于脆弱性评价的地下水污染监测网多目标优化模型.通过地下水脆弱性评价和溶质运移模型计算得到不同点位地下水脆弱性分值和污染物浓度,针对不同脆弱性等级提出区域监测井初设密度,采用改进非劣支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）基于初设监测网求解该多目标优化模型,结合质量误差分析确定监测网优化方案.结果表明,阿什河漫滩区和樊家沟流域地下水硝酸盐氮污染相对较严重;地下水脆弱性高和较高等级区域分别分布在抽水井群影响范围和河漫滩;结合NSGA-Ⅱ Pareto最优解及质量误差分析结果,得到该区域地下水监测井最优数量（12口）及其最优布设位置.研究显示,该优化监测网与初设监测网插值所得污染羽的质量误差小于15%,满足监测精度要求.      

基于AHP法的泰安市生态系统脆弱性模糊评价

采用基于AHP法的模糊评价模型,并通过最大特征根一致性检验、肯达尔一致性检验,全面评价了泰安市2001-2005年生态脆弱度变化情况,结果表明:二级指标中气候因素脆弱度、自然环境因素脆弱度、经济因素脆弱度逐年降低,社会因素脆弱度在较不脆弱的基础上波动,泰安市总生态脆弱度呈现逐年改良趋势;利用线性回归分析,确定自然环境因素是影响泰安市总脆弱度的主导因素,可根据其变化情况为预测泰安市生态脆弱度变化及指导生态建设提供科学依据。     

海平面上升对城市生态环境易损性影响的模拟分析

根据目前全球海平面上升趋势,提出我国沿海城市生态环境遭受破坏的概率和损失程度判断标准,并将二者进行拟合用于构建基于海平面上升的我国沿海城市各区域的生态环境易损性判断模型。且通过实例研究表明,该模型能够准确的判别上海市各区域的生态环境易损性等级,这为未来上海市维持生态环境的可持续发展提供科学、有效的参考依据。     

基于系统动力学的建筑施工安全系统脆弱性仿真分析

为系统分析建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,首先探讨了社会技术系统理论下各子系统影响因素之间的高接触与紧耦合性的特点;然后以脆弱性理论为切入点,建立了建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用三角模糊数和层次分析法确定了模型中各影响因素的权重系数和相关方程参数;最后通过考虑不同子系统的投入方案对建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的暴露度、敏感度和适应度的影响程度进行仿真分析。结果表明:建筑施工安全系统具有脆弱倾向性;个人子系统、技术子系统和组织管理子系统分别对降低安全系统暴露度、敏感度和提高安全系统适应度有显著的作用,在整个仿真周期内各子系统每单位投入产生的变化幅度分别为17.07%、11.13%和15.60%,并围绕起关键作用的子系统提出了针对性建议,以期降低建筑施工安全系统的脆弱性风险,提高工程安全管理水平。     

基于神经网络综合建模的区域城市群发展脆弱性评价——以滇中城市群为例

城市脆弱性是评价城市发展韧性状况的有效测度。目前我国对于城市脆弱性的研究以运用统计学方法评价特殊城市为主,尚未形成对区域城市群具有普遍适用性的科学客观评价方法。以滇中城市群为例,从环境系统、经济系统、社会系统三个方面综合构建城市脆弱性评价体系,采用熵值法和BP神经网络综合建模方法,对2007—2016年10年间滇中城市群的城市脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:滇中城市群的城市脆弱性总体呈现下降趋势,但城市组团之间差异较大,呈现出发展中的不均衡性。评价结果对滇中城市群韧性发展规划具有重要指导意义,为区域城市群发展脆弱性研究提供一种科学评价方法。     

长江中下游区域生态系统对极端降水的脆弱性评估研究

气候变化背景下,极端气候事件对生态系统的影响更甚于气候平均态的变化,对极端气候事件的影响评估及机理研究有更为重要的现实意义。研究以极端降水为例,选择我国旱涝频繁的长江中下游地区为研究对象,基于生态系统过程模型的动态模拟,选择与极端降水显著相关的生态系统功能特征量,根据IPCC脆弱性的定义,以生态系统功能特征量偏离多年平均状况的程度及其变化趋势分别定义系统对极端降水的敏感性和适应性,从而评估其脆弱性。研究表明,长江中下游地区生态系统多年平均脆弱度为轻度脆弱,轻度脆弱及以下地区占区域总面积的大半,约65%,脆弱度较高的区域占20%,主要分布在长江中下游的西北部。极端降水会增加长江中下游区域生态系统的脆弱度,多表现为不脆弱转变为轻度脆弱,中度脆弱及以上的生态系统所占比例变化不大。干旱和洪涝对区域内生态系统脆弱度的分布格局影响不大,但干旱的影响程度高于洪涝。不论是干旱还是洪涝,区域内生态系统的脆弱度在灾害过后的下一个生长季能基本恢复,没有连年灾害的情况下,长江中下游区域的旱涝灾害对生态系统的影响不会持续到下一年度。     

基于DRASTIC的丽水市地下水防污性能评价

地下水防污性能反映地下水系统遭受污染的可能性,可以为土地利用规划、地下水资源保护规划、地下水水质监测等提供科学依据。此论文结合丽水市的水文地质条件,对DRASTIC评价模型进行了改善,建立了符合丽水市的DRAMTIC评价模型。该模型由大气降雨入渗补给量、地下水埋深、包气带介质、水力传导系数、含水层厚度、地下水开采强度、地形坡度等7个因子组成,以乡镇单元等为界线划分不规则评价单元,评分体系由单因子区域分布规律确定,采用主成分—因子分析法分析各因子的权重体系;利用差分法对各因子加权叠加的综合指数进行等级划分,应用GIS技术得到丽水市地下水防污性能评价图。该模型的评价结果客观科学,能有效的为规划部门及地下水资源管理部门服务。     

地下水系统脆弱性评价探讨

主要介绍了国内外关于地下水系统脆弱性评价的最新研究内容．包括地下水系统脆弱性及地下水系统脆弱性图的概念、分类,地下水系统脆弱性评价方法及其应用和发展趋势。