Sensitivity of amounts and distribution of tropical forest carbon credits depending on baseline rules

One of the largest sources of global greenhouse gas emissions can be addressed through conservation of tropical forests by channeling funds to developing countries at a cost-savings for developed countries. However, questions remain to be resolved in negotiating a system for including reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in a post-Kyoto climate treaty. The approach to determine national baselines, or reference levels, for quantifying REDD has emerged as central to negotiations over a REDD mechanism in a post-Kyoto policy framework. The baseline approach is critical to the success of a REDD mechanism because it affects the quantity, credibility, and equity of credits generated from efforts to reduce forest carbon emissions. We compared outcomes of seven proposed baseline approaches as a function of country circumstances, using a retrospective analysis of FAO-FRA data on forest carbon emissions from deforestation. Depending upon the baseline approach used, the total credited emissions avoided ranged over two orders of magnitude for the same quantity of actual emissions reductions. There was also a wide range in the relative distribution of credits generated among the five country types we identified. Outcomes were especially variable for countries with high remaining forest and low rates of deforestation (HFLD). We suggest that the most credible approaches measure emissions avoided with respect to a business-as-usual baseline scenario linked to historic emissions data, and allow limited adjustments based on forest carbon stocks.     

Land-use change in Australia and the Kyoto Protocol

In the dying hours of the Kyoto Climate Change Conference, the negotiators agreed to the insertion of the `Australia clause' in Article 3.7. The clause permits countries for which land-use change and forestry are a net source of greenhouse gas emissions to include net emissions from land-use change in their 1990 base year for the purpose of calculating assigned amounts or targets for the commitment period 2008–2010.This clause applies effectively to Australia alone amongst industrialised (Annex 1) countries, but it may have major implications for the negotiated targets of developing countries.This paper uses the official inventories to describe the comprehensive emissions situation for Australia. In the process it discusses the various methodological and data uncertainties associated with measuring emissions from land-use change.It is shown that emissions from land-use change in the 1990 base year were 89.8 Mt or 18.9% of Australia's total comprehensive emissions. By 1996 this had declined to 62.8 Mt, probably as a result of the falling profitability of land clearing for cattle grazing.The paper then considers the likely path of emissions from land use change through to the commitment period 2008–2012 and how this affects allowable emissions from the energy and other sectors. Two scenarios are described. Scenario 1 assumes that the rate of land clearing does not change from the rate in 1996, while scenario 2 assumes that the Australian Government implements its announced plan to cut land clearing by 20,000 ha/a starting in the year 2000. Under scenario 1, Australia's fossil energy (and other non-land-use) emissions can increase by 20%, while under scenario 2, fossil emissions will be able to increase by 26% by 2008–2010.     

西安高新区多情景碳达峰预测及减排路径分析

第十三届全国人民代表大会第五次会议提出要致力于推进碳达峰碳中和工作,促进经济社会向全面绿色低碳转型,实现高质量发展.西安高新区作为陕西省重要的科技创新和产业聚集区,经济发展在很大程度上依赖于能源消耗,碳减排的任务就显得尤为艰巨.以西安高新区为研究对象,首先通过系统核算园区内碳排放,对不同能源种类和不同行业企业碳排放现状进行分析;然后利用Kaya模型设定多种独立的碳达峰情景,预测不同情景下的碳排放总量值及碳达峰时间;最后结合西安高新区发展特点科学甄选相应的碳减排路径,给出合理的减排建议.结果表明,目前电力消耗碳排放占比最多且份额呈逐年上升趋势,工业碳排量始终占主导地位且第三产业发展日益蓬勃;碳排放因子情景、能源强度情景和经济水平情景这3种情景下可于2030年达到碳达峰,其中经济发展水平对西安高新区未来碳达峰的峰值和时间影响最大,产业结构情景、能源结构情景和人口规模情景在2030年前没有出现峰值;未来减排路径主要从电力部门脱碳、经济稳健高质量发展、能源及产业结构绿色升级和构建绿色交通体系入手,可为实现碳中和预留更多的准备时间,也为我国工业园区低碳发展提供决策参考.     

Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Scenarios: Sensitivity to Social and Technological Factors in Three Regions

Carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2100 AD are decomposed into the product of four factors: population size, affluence (measured here as GDP per capita), energy intensity (energy use per unit GDP) and carbon intensity (carbon dioxide emissions per unit energy). These emissions factors are further subdivided into three regions: more developed countries (MDCs), China, and the remaining less developed countries (LDCs). Departures from a baseline scenario (based on IPCC, 1992a — the so-called ‘business-as-usual’ scenario) are calculated for a variety of alternative assumptions concerning the four emissions factors in the three regions. Although the IPCC scenario is called a ‘non-intervention’ scenario, it is shown, for example, that large decreases in energy intensity in China or carbon intensity in MDCs are built into the ‘business as usual’ case — and such large changes vary considerably from region to region. We show what CO₂ emissions would look like if each of these four emissions factors projected in the baseline case somehow remained constant at 1990 levels. Certain factors like energy intensity improvements and long-term population growth in LDCs, or GDP growth and carbon intensity improvements in MDCs, are shown to have a big contribution to cumulative global emissions to 2100 AD, and consequently, changes in these projected factors will lead to significant deviations from baseline emissions. None of the scenarios examined in this analysis seems to indicate that any one global factor is clearly dominant, but cultural, economic, and political costs or opportunities of altering each factor may differ greatly from country to country.     

Climate impact from peat utilisation in Sweden

The climate impact from the useof peat for energy production in Sweden hasbeen evaluated in terms of contribution toatmospheric radiative forcing. This wasdone by attempting to answer the question`What will be the climate impact if onewould use 1 m<sup>2</sup> of mire for peatextraction during 20 years?'. Two differentmethods of after-treatment were studied:afforestation and restoration of wetland.The climate impact from a peatland –wetland scenario and a peatland –forestation – bioenergy scenario wascompared to the climate impact from coal,natural gas and forest residues.Sensitivity analyses were performed toevaluate which parameters that areimportant to take into consideration inorder to minimize the climate impact frompeat utilisation. In a `multiple generationscenario' we investigate the climate impactif 1 Mega Joule (MJ) of energy is produced every yearfor 300 years from peat compared to otherenergy sources.The main conclusions from the study are:?The accumulated radiative forcing from the peatland – forestation – bioenergy scenario over a long time perspective (300 years) is estimated to be 1.35 mJ/m²/m² extraction area assuming a medium-high forest growth rate and medium original methane emissions from the virgin mire. This is below the corresponding values for coal 3.13 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area and natural gas, 1.71 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area, but higher than the value for forest residues, 0.42 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area. A `best-best-case' scenario, i.e. with high forest growth rate combined with high `avoided' methane (CH₄) emissions, will generate accumulated radiative forcing comparable to using forest residues for energy production. A `worst-worst-case' scenario, with low growth rate and low `avoided' CH₄ emissions, will generate radiative forcing somewhere in between natural gas and coal.?The accumulated radiative forcing from the peatland – wetland scenario over a 300-year perspective is estimated to be 0.73 –1.80 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area depending on the assumed carbon (C) uptake rates for the wetland and assuming a medium-high methane emissions from a restored wetland. The corresponding values for coal is 1.88 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area, for natural gas 1.06 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area and for forest residues 0.10 mJ/ m²/ m² extraction area. A `best-best-case' scenario (i.e. with high carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub>-uptake combined with high `avoided' CH₄ emissions and low methane emissions from the restored wetland) will generate accumulated radiative forcing that decreases and reaches zero after 240 years. A `worst-worst-case' (i.e. with low CO<sub>2</sub>-uptake combined with low `avoided' CH₄ emissions and high methane emissions from the restored wetland) will generate radiative forcing higher than coal over the entire time period.?The accumulated radiative forcing in the `multiple generations' – scenarios over a 300-year perspective producing 1 MJ/year is estimated to be 0.089 mJ/ m<sup>2</sup> for the scenario `Peat forestation – bioenergy', 0.097 mJ/ m² for the scenario `Peat wetland with high CO<sub>2</sub>-uptake' and 0.140 mJ/ m<sup>2</sup> for the scenario `Peat wetland with low CO₂-uptake'. Corresponding values for coal is 0.160 mJ/ m², for natural gas 0.083 mJ/ m² and for forest residues 0.015 mJ/ m². Using a longer time perspective than 300 years will result in lower accumulated radiative forcing from the scenario `Peat wetland with high CO₂-uptake'. This is due to the negative instantaneous forcing that occurs after 200 years for each added generation.?It is important to consider CH₄ emissions from the virgin mire when choosing mires for utilization. Low original methane emissions give significantly higher total climate impact than high original emissions do.?Afforestation on areas previously used for peat extraction should be performed in a way that gives a high forest growth rate, both for the extraction area and the surrounding area. A high forest growth rate gives lower climate impact than a low forest growth rate.?There are great uncertainties related to the data used for emissions and uptake of greenhouse gases in restored wetlands. The mechanisms affecting these emissions and uptake should be studied further.     

Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Scenarios: Sensitivity to Social and Technological Factors in Three Regions

Carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2100 AD are decomposed into the product of four factors: population size, affluence (measured here as GDP per capita), energy intensity (energy use per unit GDP) and carbon intensity (carbon dioxide emissions per unit energy). These emissions factors are further subdivided into three regions: more developed countries (MDCs), China, and the remaining less developed countries (LDCs). Departures from a baseline scenario (based on IPCC, 1992a — the so-called ‘business-as-usual’ scenario) are calculated for a variety of alternative assumptions concerning the four emissions factors in the three regions. Although the IPCC scenario is called a ‘non-intervention’ scenario, it is shown, for example, that large decreases in energy intensity in China or carbon intensity in MDCs are built into the ‘business as usual’ case — and such large changes vary considerably from region to region. We show what CO₂ emissions would look like if each of these four emissions factors projected in the baseline case somehow remained constant at 1990 levels. Certain factors like energy intensity improvements and long-term population growth in LDCs, or GDP growth and carbon intensity improvements in MDCs, are shown to have a big contribution to cumulative global emissions to 2100 AD, and consequently, changes in these projected factors will lead to significant deviations from baseline emissions. None of the scenarios examined in this analysis seems to indicate that any one global factor is clearly dominant, but cultural, economic, and political costs or opportunities of altering each factor may differ greatly from country to country.     

Negotiating future climates for public policy: a critical assessment of the development of climate scenarios for the UK

Climate scenarios serve a number of functions in helping society manage climate change—pedagogic, motivational or practical (for example, in engineering design, spatial planning and policy development). A variety of methodologies for scenario construction have been experimented with, all of them to a greater or lesser extent depending on the use of climate models. Yet the development of climate scenarios involves much more than climate modelling. The process of scenario development is one of negotiation between relevant stakeholders—funding agencies, policy communities, scientists, social actors and decision-makers in a variety of sectors. This process of negotiation is illustrated through an analysis of four generations of UK climate scenarios—published in 1991, 1996, 1998 and 2002. Using ideas from science and technology studies and the sociology of scientific knowledge to guide our analysis, we reveal complex relationships between the interests of UK science, policy and society. Negotiating climate scenarios involves compromise between the needs of policy, science and decision-maker in relation to, for example, the selection of the development pathway(s) and emissions scenario(s), the choice of climate model(s), the assessment and communication of uncertainty and the presentational devices used. These insights have a significant bearing on the way in which climate scenarios should be viewed and used in public discourse, strategic planning and policy development.     

粤闽浙沿海重点城市道路交通节能减排路径

随着社会和经济的高速发展,能源消耗量快速增加,随之而来的污染问题也日益加剧.目前的研究主要集中于单一城市或长三角、珠三角和京津冀等中国三大经济圈的道路交通节能减排,缺乏对东南沿海经济圈的相关研究.粤闽浙三省位于我国东南沿海经济发展的核心地带,在其经济发展的同时不可避免地带来了能耗及排放问题.基于长期能源替代规划系统模型,构建了2015~2035年粤闽浙沿海重点城市道路交通基准情景（BAU）以及现有政策情景（EPS）和改进政策情景（MPS）,其中,EPS和MPS均设置了车辆结构优化情景（VSO）、提高燃油经济性情景（IFE）和年均行驶里程减少情景（RDM）.基于情景模拟,评估在各项政策和措施的作用下,粤闽浙沿海重点城市的道路交通节能减排潜力.结果表明,在一级情景中,改进政策情景对于节约能耗、碳减排以及污染物减排效果最好,相比于基准情景2035年其节能力度达75%,且对CO₂、CO、NO_x、PM_2.5和SO₂的排放削减力度分别达68%、59%、66%、70%和64%;在二级情景中,提升燃油经济性的改进情景对于节约能耗（削减30%）效果显著;车辆结构调整的改进情景（削减36%、30%、36%、26%和40%）和年均行驶里程减少的改进情景（削减37%、37%、36%、37%和36%）对于CO₂、CO、NO_x、PM_2.5和SO₂减排效果显著.     

Brazil's Electric Power Choices and Their Corresponding Carbon Emissions Implications

This study analyzes the options for meeting power demand in the Brazilianpower sector through the year 2015. Three policy cases are constructedto test economic and environmental policy measures against a baseline:advanced technologies scenario, environmental control scenario and carbon(C) elimination scenario. Least-cost modeling simulated these scenarios throughchanges in emissions fees and caps, costs for advanced technologies,demand side efficiency, and clean energy supplies. Results show that, in theabsence of alternative policies, new additions to Brazil's electric powersector will shift rapidly from hydroelectricity to combined-cycle natural gasplants. When the cost of environmental impacts are incorporated in theprice of power, the least-cost mix of electric power generation technologycould change in other ways. In all scenarios, energy efficiency andcogeneration play an important role in the least-cost power solution. Savingelectricity through increased efficiency offsets the needs for new supply andhas enormous potential in Brazil's industrial sector. Efficiency also reducesthe environmental burden associated with electricity production andtransmission, without compromising the quality of the services demandedby end users. Interesting enough, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions will remainrelatively low under almost every conceivable scenario.     

Potential carbon sequestration in China’s forests

Forests are believed to be a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. There are 158.94 million hectares (Mha) of forests in China, accounting for 16.5% of its land area. These extensive forests may play a vital role in the global carbon (C) cycle as well as making a large contribution to the country’s economic and environmental well-being. Currently there is a trend towards increased development in the forests. Hence, accounting for the role and potential of the forests in the global carbon budget is very important.In this paper, we attempt to estimate the carbon emissions and sequestration by Chinese forests in 1990 and make projections for the following 60 years based on three scenarios, i.e. “baseline”, “trend” and “planning”. A computer model F-CARBON 1.0, which takes into account the different biomass density and growth rates for the forests in different age classes, the life time for biomass oxidation and decomposition, and the change in soil carbon between harvesting and reforestation, was developed by the authors and used to make the calculations and projections. Climate change is not modelled in this exercise.We calculate that forests in China annually accumulate 118.1 Mt C in growth of trees and 18.4 Mt in forest soils, and release 38.9 Mt, resulting in a net sequestration of 97.6 Mt C, corresponding to 16.8% of the national CO₂ emissions in 1990. From 1990 to 2050, soil carbon accumulation was projected to increase slightly while carbon emissions increases by 73, 77 and 84%, and net carbon sequestration increases by −21, 52 and 90% for baseline, trend and planning scenarios, respectively. Carbon sequestration by China’s forests under the planning scenario in 2000, 2010, 2030 and 2050 is approximately 20, 48, 111 and 142% higher than projected by the baseline scenario, and 8, 18, 34 and 26% higher than by the trend scenario, respectively. Over 9 Gt C is projected to accumulate in China’s forests from 1990 to 2050 under the planning scenario, and this is 73 and 23% larger than projected for the baseline and trend scenarios, respectively. During the period 2008–2012, Chinese forests are likely to have a net uptake of 667, 565 and 452 Mt C, respectively, for the planning, trend and baseline scenarios. We conclude that China’s forests have a large potential for carbon sequestration through forest development. Sensitivity analysis showed that the biggest uncertainty in the projection by the F-CARBON model came from the release coefficient of soil carbon between periods after harvesting and before reforestation.     

生活垃圾分类对固体废弃物和温室气体协同减排的影响研究——以浙江省为例

通过垃圾分类解决垃圾处理问题、促进资源循环利用已成为普遍共识,生活垃圾分类对垃圾处理过程温室气体减排的协同作用日益凸显。废弃物处理是浙江省温室气体排放尚未达峰的领域之一,因此废弃物处理领域特别是生活垃圾处理领域的温室气体减排,对浙江省温室气体排放全面达峰至关重要。本研究基于生活垃圾处理过程温室气体排放核算方法,设定到2022年浙江省未全面推进生活垃圾分类和全面推进生活垃圾分类两个情景,预测和比较两种情景下生活垃圾产生量、分类回收量及处理过程产生的温室气体排放量。结果显示,通过推进生活垃圾分类,生活垃圾处理过程温室气体排放量减少24%,且焚烧处理过程减排效果更明显,可促成生活垃圾处理温室气体排放的提前达峰。基于上述结论,本研究最后针对生活垃圾分类工作及末端处理方式提出了三点建议。     

Sensitivity of future ozone concentrations in the northeast USA to regional climate change

An air quality modeling system was used to simulate the effects on ozone concentration in the northeast USA from climate changes projected through the end of the twenty-first century by the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR’s) parallel climate model, a fully coupled general circulation model, under a higher and a lower scenario of future global changes in concentrations of radiatively active constituents. The air quality calculations were done with both a global chemistry-transport model and a regional air quality model focused on the northeast USA. The air quality simulations assumed no changes in regional anthropogenic emissions of the chemical species primarily involved in the chemical reactions of ozone creation and destruction, but only accounted for changes in the climate. Together, these idealized global and regional model simulations provide insights into the contribution of possible future climate changes on ozone. Over the coming century, summer climate is projected to be warmer and less cloudy for the northeast USA. These changes are considerably larger under the higher scenario as compared with the lower. Higher temperatures also increase biogenic emissions. Both mean daily and 8-h maximum ozone increase from the combination of three factors that tend to favor higher concentrations: (1) higher temperatures change the rates of reactions and photolysis rates important to the ozone chemistry; (2) lower cloudiness (higher solar radiation) increases the photolysis reaction rates; and (3) higher biogenic emissions increase the concentration of reactive species. Regional model simulations with two cumulus parameterizations produce ozone concentration changes that differ by approximately 10%, indicating that there is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude of changes due to uncertainties in how physical processes should be parameterized in the models. However, the overall effect of the climate changes simulated by these models – in the absence of reductions in regional anthropogenic emissions – would be to increase ozone concentrations.     

北京市大气污染减排潜力及居民健康效益评估

北京市能源消费正面临着污染物减排和保障居民健康的双重约束. 针对未来城市能源消费设计BAU(基准情景)和2个分别基于近期和中长期节能环保要求的受控情景(EC1、EC2),模拟预测了3个情景下主要大气污染物(SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5)在目标年(2020年)的排放水平,以确定大气污染减排潜力. 分别采用综合暴露-反应关系模型(IER)和泊松回归模型,评估北京市居民对PM_2.5暴露的健康风险,估算健康损失的经济价值. 结果表明:相较BAU情景,在EC1情景下, SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5减排率分别达到52.95%、49.77%、32.82%、41.41%,可减少PM_2.5暴露下居民死亡和发病219 783例,其中死亡1 295例、住院3 920例、门诊182 558例、患病32 011例,获得健康效益111.87×108元;在EC2情景下,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的减排率分别达到66.61%、63.42%、54.96%、57.44%,可减少PM_2.5暴露下居民死亡和发病519 234例,其中死亡2 930例、住院9 248例、门诊427 070例、患病79 986例,获得健康效益290.10×108元. 相较EC1情景,EC2情景可产生更大的减排潜力和居民健康效益. 从空间分布上来看,北京主城区因能源方案优化获得的健康效益较大,约占总健康经济效益的60%.      

Global implications of biomass and biofuel use in Germany – Recent trends and future scenarios for domestic and foreign agricultural land use and resulting GHG emissions

The global land area required to meet the German consumption of agricultural products for food and non-food use was quantified, and the related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly those induced by land-use changes in tropical countries, were estimated. Two comprehensive business-as-usual scenarios describe the development corridor of biomass for non-food use in terms of energetic and non-energetic purposes. In terms of land use, Germany was already a net importer of agricultural land in 2004, and the net additional land required by 2030 is estimated to comprise 2.5–3.4 Mha. This is mainly due to biofuel demand driven by current policy targets. Meeting the required biodiesel import demand would result in an additional GWP of 23–37 Tg of CO₂ equivalents through direct and indirect land-use changes. Alternative scenario elements outline the potential options for reducing Germany's land requirement, which reflect future global per capita availability.     

江苏省交通运输业碳排放预测及减排情景分析研究

根据江苏省2005年-2012年交通运输业的碳排放量和碳排放强度,利用GM(1,1)模型预测了2013年-2025年的碳排放,并结合江苏省省情设定了两种碳减排情景.研究表明:2005年-2012年江苏省交通运输业碳排放量一直呈增长趋势;2006 年-2009年碳排放强度一直上升,而2009年-2012年则呈下降趋势.GM(1,1)模型预测结果显示2013年-2025年江苏省交通碳排放量和碳排放强度一直处于上升的状态.而情景分析得出基准情景和低碳情景下的2015年和2025年交通运输业碳排放量都将会大幅减少.     

差异化碳减排目标对区域产业部门经济与碳减排的影响

碳减排目标是实现减排任务的重要保障.为探讨差异化减排目标对区域产业部门经济与碳减排的影响,以在我国具有特定区位条件（“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的重要节点）和经济发展现状（相对较为落后）的广西壮族自治区为主要研究区域,构建包括广西壮族自治区和我国其他地区〔除广西壮族自治区以外的其他省（自治区、直辖市）,但不含港澳台地区,下同〕在内的可计算的一般均衡模型,设定P55C65、P75C65、P65C55、P65C65、P65C75（“P”表示广西壮族自治区,“C”表示我国其他地区,“55”“65”“75”分别表示碳减排目标依次为55%、65%、75%）和基准情景（无减排目标）,研究区域间宏观经济和微观产业部门指标之间的相互影响.结果表明:①无差异情景（P65C65）下,广西壮族自治区农林牧渔业2030年的产值为741.17×108元,比基准情景下降0.19%;我国其他地区电子设备制造业的产值为33 457.49×108元,比基准情景下降2.00%.对广西壮族自治区碳排放贡献较大的产业部门主要为食品制造业、金属冶炼及压延业和服务业,而我国其他地区碳排放主要受电力热力生产的影响.②差异化情景下,这两个区域的金属冶炼及压延部门受减排约束影响均较明显.相比无差异情景,P75C65情景下,广西壮族自治区2030年金属冶炼及压延部门的出口总值和省际输出分别降至17.55×108和186.32×108元,分别下降了6.80%和1.65%;本地供应和产出分别降至358.72×108和562.59×108元,分别下降了1.85%和1.95%;金属冶炼及压延部门碳排放降至4 997×104 t,下降了12.79%.而我国其他地区2030年P75C65情景下,金属冶炼及压延部门的出口总值、省际输出、本地供应和产出则分别上升了0.05%、2.06%、0.06%和0.06%,分别增至1 283.24×108、28.25×108、26 598.95×108和27 910.43×108元,该部门的碳排放上升了0.05%,增至82 927×104 t.尽管碳减排目标能有效降低广西壮族自治区的碳排放,但也会给其产业部门带来一定的经济损失,该区域的出口、省际输出、本地供应和产出不仅受自身减排目标的影响,也受到我国其他地区减排目标的约束.建议在落实各省（自治区、直辖市）减排任务时,也要实施差异化减排目标,发展当地的优势产业.      

气候变化对太岳山中部油松单萜烯排放的影响

以全球气候模式NorESM1-M产生的RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0和RCP8.5气候变化情景数据和植物VOCs排放计算模型,模拟分析了气候变化对山西太岳山中部油松叶片单萜烯排放速率的影响.结果显示,未来气候变化影响下山西太岳山中部气温呈上升趋势,降水和辐射强度波动大.在RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景与基准情景下,油松单萜烯日排放速率在1~210d呈上升趋势,在210~365d呈下降趋势;在未来气候变化情景下比基准情景下高约2μg/（g·d）,在RCP8.5情景下最高;油松单萜烯日排放速率在未来气候变化情景与基准情景下差异在1~95d和296~365d较小,在96~295d波动较大.同时,相比基准情景,单萜烯日排放速率增幅在1~190d较高（增加12%~14%以上）,在191~315d较小（增加9%~13%以上）,在316~365d增加12%~18%以上,在RCP8.5情景下增幅最大（增加14%以上）.另外,油松单萜烯年排放速率在未来气候变化情景下比基准情景下平均高约1000μg/（g·a）以上,在RCP8.5情景下增幅最大（约12%）.说明,未来气候变化将使油松单萜烯排放速率增加.     

基于路网车流量的北京城市副中心机动车污染控制情景

应用基于路网车流信息的情景分析方法,对北京城市副中心地区依据不同控制情景,以2015年为基准年建立机动车尾气排放清单.通过计算未来年路网车流信息和各情景下实际路网机动车污染物的排放清单,预测2020年和2025年的污染物排放变化.结果表明,未来10年北京城市副中心路网密度和机动车行驶里程持续增长,与基准情景相比,各控制情景对污染物排放量均有削减,新能源车推广情景对各污染物减排效果显著,且对NOx和PM的减排效果更好.外埠车限行情景对各污染物减排效果均较为显著,淘汰高排放车措施在短时间内削减效果显著,但长期削减效果较弱.综合情景对污染物的削减率达到最佳,机动车污染物CO、NOx、HC和PM排放量分别下降39.0%、58.7%、49.2%和55.5%.     

郑州市公交车队电动化减污降碳环境效益

公交车队电动化是道路交通部门实现减污降碳的重要手段,评估当前公交车队电动化减排成效,对推进大中型城市公交全面电动化具有重要参考意义.基于燃料生命周期法分析了郑州市公交车队电动化前后CO₂和污染物排放特征,并评估了不同电动化情景下的车队排放.结果表明,本轮电动化使公交车队燃料生命周期内CO₂和PM_2.5排放量分别增长32.6%和42.6%,CO、NO_x和VOC排放量下降了28%,34%和25%.优化发电结构对于电动化过程中的CO₂及PM_2.5减排尤为重要,在全面电动化和发电结构优化的最佳情景下,CO₂、CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_2.5减排可达38.7%、80.1%、84.4%、92.2%、30.2%.在全面电动化进程中,应优先对中长里程线路车辆进行电动化替换,此外,插电混动天然气车型的纯电动化替换对减排利弊兼有,同步推进车队替换和电力结构调整进程才能实现减污降碳协同增效.     

多情景视角下京津冀碳排放达峰预测与减排潜力

京津冀地区是中国核心经济区的重要组成部分,也是碳排放重点区域,其碳排放早日达峰对实现国家达峰目标尤为关键。通过分析碳排放及影响因素的关系,构建碳排放系统动力学模型,并设置六种情景方案,模拟预测其对北京、天津和河北碳达峰时间、峰值及减排潜力的影响。结果显示：（1）基准情景下,北京已经实现碳达峰,天津预计2023年碳达峰,而河北则难在2035年前达峰。（2）协调发展情景即综合调控政策,较单一措施情景,各地区碳减排效果最优;其中,北京2020—2030年碳排放较基准情景下降13.52%,天津碳达峰可提前至2021年,河北则可在2030年达到峰值。（3）单一措施情景下,环保情景对北京碳减排作用最显著,而节能减排情景则是实现天津与河北碳达峰的最佳发展模式。