溴氟丙烯/13X沸石复合粉体抑制汽油火的试验研究

为提高粉体灭火介质的灭火性能,基于粉体灭火剂在火灾防治领域的重要性,通过减压吸附的方法,将洁净高效的气体灭火剂溴氟丙烯负载在13X沸石的孔洞之中,形成气-固复合粉体灭火剂。采用X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等对复合粉体的结构和组分进行表征。通过模拟试验研究溴氟丙烯含量不同的复合粉体对汽油油池火的灭火效果,并和普通的干粉灭火剂进行对比。结果证明,溴氟丙烯和13X沸石所形成的气-固复合粉体灭火剂针对汽油油池火具有很好的灭火性能,在同样的试验条件下,其灭火时间和灭火剂用量远少于普通的干粉灭火剂,且随着复合粉体中溴氟丙烯的含量增加,复合粉体的灭火性能逐渐提高。     

细化粉基介质抑制熄灭油池火的模拟实验研究

利用行星式球磨机细化加工普通BC干粉灭火材料,并通过扫描电子显微镜对细化前后粉体颗粒的粒径分布和表面形态进行了比较分析;随后在小型粉体灭火装置内,比较了普通BC干粉和细化后粉体的灭火效率。实验发现:细化粉体的灭火效果好于同等实验条件下的普通BC干粉,侧面施加粉体的灭火方式好于底部施加;粉体熄灭煤油火较熄灭酒精火容易。最后,简要讨论了粉体的灭火机制以及细化后粉体灭火性能得到提高的原因。     

气-固复合粉体在高原地区灭火性能的试验研究

为满足高原地区低压低氧环境对火灾防治的特殊需求,在拉萨进行模拟试验,研究由溴氟丙烯和13X沸石所组成的气-固复合粉体灭火剂对汽油火的灭火性能,并与平原地区的合肥的灭火效果进行对比。试验结果表明,在拉萨低压低氧的环境下,复合粉体灭火剂对汽油火具有很好的灭火性能。在同样的试验条件下,其灭火时间和灭火剂用量比合肥减少20%以上,说明该复合粉体灭火剂在高原地区有很好的适用性。     

改性超细粉体灭火性能模拟实验研究

针对新一代超细高效粉体灭火剂的要求,构建了一套小型固定式粉体灭火装置,对3种粉体的灭火性能进行对比研究,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察粉体颗粒的粒径分布和表面形态,研究了粒径等因素影响粉体灭火性能的规律,指出了改性前后粉体灭火时间不同的原因.实验结果表明,与普通干粉相比,经改性细化的粉体的灭火时间缩短了1/2,灭火性能显著提高.     

油类火灾灭火剂及其研究进展

为实现科学高效地扑灭油类火灾,本文基于油类火灾危险性高、发展迅速、扑救困难等特点,综述各类灭火剂如干粉、细水雾、泡沫和干水灭火剂的基本性能和灭火机理;阐述国内外各类灭火剂应用于油类火灾的研究现状.对各类灭火剂灭油类火灾的优势和不足进行分析:干粉灭火剂灭火效能较好,但是冷却效果差,易复燃;细水雾灭火性能优异,但是射程有限,造价也高;泡沫灭火剂是油类火灾的主要灭火剂,灭火效能高,但是也存在着环境污染、泡沫易被破坏等问题;干水灭火剂是一种新型灭火剂,目前应用效果仍不成熟,需要进一步研究.研发灭火效能高、环境友好、成本低廉、使用方便的油类火灾灭火剂是今后的重要研究工作.     

复合干粉中氢氧化铝的最佳质量分数研究

为开发高效干粉灭火剂,以超细ABC干粉为基料、氢氧化铝为添加剂,制备一种新型复合干粉灭火剂。通过灭火试验,测定含有不同质量分数氢氧化铝的复合超细干粉的灭火效能和对火焰烟气中有毒气体的抑制效能。结果显示,随着复合超细干粉中氢氧化铝质量分数从0%增加到10%,火焰温度下降速率和火焰高度下降率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而灭火剂最小灭火浓度(MEC)和灭火时间则先减小后增大;当氢氧化铝质量分数为4%时,灭火效能和抑烟性能最佳。热重(TG)分析结果表明:氢氧化铝可以加快复合超细干粉的热分解速率峰值,从而提升灭火效能。     

干粉灭火剂研究及应用进展

干粉类灭火剂是目前消防行业广泛使用的灭火剂类型。综述了普通BC干粉灭火剂、ABC干粉灭火剂及超细干粉灭火剂的研究进展及应用状况。在此基础上,详细分析了3种干粉灭火剂的特点、存在的主要问题及应用前景,提出以碳酸氢钠为基料的BC干粉灭火剂已进入产业发展后期,需要更先进的新配方灭火剂出现;以磷酸铵盐为基料的ABC干粉灭火剂正处于产业鼎盛期,仍有相当的发展空间;超细干粉灭火剂应在灭火机理、配方优化、适用范围等方面开展进一步的研究。还对超细干粉先进、环保,可以替代普通干粉的观点提出了质疑,并提出超细干粉对火焰自由基的消耗主要是物理吸附而非化学反应的观点。     

磷酸铁锂电池储能系统典型消防案例

为解决磷酸铁锂电池热失控导致的储能系统火灾安全问题,分析几种常见灭火剂的灭火机制和性能特点,探索实践更为有效的灭火方法。首先,总结磷酸铁锂电池的热失控过程及燃烧特点;然后,分析七氟丙烷、气液复合灭火剂、全氟己酮、气溶胶和细水雾等灭火剂的灭火机制,以及对磷酸铁锂电池火灾事故的灭火和抑制复燃效果;最后,基于实际工作中的预制舱式磷酸铁锂电池储能系统典型消防系统案例,介绍其系统组成和控制逻辑。结果表明：磷酸铁锂电池火灾为A、B、C类综合性火灾;七氟丙烷、气液复合灭火剂、全氟己酮、气溶胶和细水雾等灭火剂在灭火效果、降温效果、抑制复燃以及技术成熟性方面各有优缺点,但任何一种灭火剂均无法同时起到扑灭明火和抑制电池复燃的作用;采用全氟己酮和水消防相结合的灭火方法更有效。     

磷酸铵盐亚纳米粉体灭火性能实验研究

使用溶剂-非溶剂法制备了粒径达到亚纳米量级（300nm-500mm）的磷酸铵盐灭火剂,建立了1．2m×1．2m×1．2m的小尺度灭火实验平台,开展了灭油池火和木垛火的全淹没灭火实验,对磷酸铵盐亚纳米粉体的灭火性能进行了研究,并与普通磷酸铵盐粉体的灭火性能进行了比较。实验结果显示磷酸铵盐亚纳米粉体的灭火性能要明显高于普通粉体,并且在低压下就可以获得很好的灭火果。工作压力的增加会缩短粉体的灭火时间,但是对于磷酸铵盐亚纳米粉体灭木垛火的情况,由于灭火时间相差示大,反而会导致灭火剂用量增加。     

复合式灭火装置在浮顶储罐密封圈的应用研究

结合浮顶储罐密封圈的结构特点,分析了浮盘密封圈火灾的主要特征与扑救难点,总结了当前处置浮顶储罐密封圈火灾的固定式消防系统、移动式消防炮及独立灭火单元的缺点,主要包括灭火速度慢、上罐灭火风险高、灭火剂损失量大、复燃等。针对密封圈火灾快速扑救的目标,提出了适用于浮盘密封圈的复合式灭火系统,利用超细干粉的快速淹没性能、正压高能泡沫的高动能以及抗复燃性,实现密封圈初期火灾的快速扑救。在全尺度浮盘密封圈模拟装置上开展了多次实体火灭火实验,实验结果表明:该灭火装置的灭火时间在30 s以内,具有灭火快、抗复燃的功能。这种独立的复合式灭火装置与储罐现有的火灾报警系统联用,在大型原油罐区可实现密封圈初期火灾的快速扑救,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

三相泡沫流动性能及灭油火实验研究

为研究三相泡沫流动性及灭火性能之间的关系,自主搭建了自流动性及灭火实验台架。利用空心玻璃微珠、2000目云母粉、2000目硅微粉及碳酸钙分别制备三相泡沫,检测其流动及灭火性能。实验结果表明,三相泡沫的流动性与其强施放条件下的灭火性能具有一定的关系。通过对比4种不同类别粉体制备的三相泡沫发现,流动性不足的三相泡沫,其灭火时间较长,但抗复燃能力较强;流动过快的三相泡沫,覆盖油面的能力较强,灭火时间较短,但其存在稳定性较差的缺点,可能会导致油品复燃。     

A comparison between superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial dry powders on fire suppression effectiveness

The effectiveness of superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial dry powder in fire suppression were compared in a laboratory-scale, immovable fire suppression apparatus. The investigation focused on their suppression effectiveness under various pressures. It likewise studied the relationship between the powders’ surface structures and their effectiveness on fire suppression. The microcosmic structure of the powders was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the Thermal Gravity Analysis (TGA) technique was used to analyze the thermal behavior of the superfine magnesium hydroxide powders. By analyzing the results, it could be concluded that the pressure, the particle size, and the microcosmic structure of the powders’ surface mainly decide the capability of the powders to extinguish the fire. Comparing this with commercial dry powders, superfine magnesium hydroxide powders extinguished the fire in less than 10 s.     

Efficiency characterization of fire extinguishing compound superfine powder containing Mg(OH)2

To improve the fire extinguishing efficiency of existing dry powders, a new type of superfine dry powder was prepared using magnesium hydroxide as an additive. In our study, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the thermal decomposition of the synthesized powders. The temperature of thermal decomposition, weight loss, and other thermodynamic parameters of the fire extinguishing powders were analyzed to explain the performance advantages of the compound superfine powder. Through a small-scale fire experiment, the physical parameters of the extinguishing process—such as extinguish time, powder dosage, smoke concentration, and minimum extinguishing concentration—were quantified for the suppression of a diesel fire using the different powders; these parameters were used to evaluate the fire extinguishing capacity and toxic gas suppression ability of the powders. TGA demonstrated that the compound superfine powder decomposed more quickly and its thermal decomposition process was much shorter than those of the other powders. The DSC data indicated that the compound superfine powder could decrease the characteristic temperature at each stage and thus the powder absorbed the flame's heat more quickly and suppressed flame propagation. The fire extinguishing test demonstrated that the consumption of the three types of fire extinguishing powder decreased with an increase in the driving pressure, and the order of powder dosage was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Similarly, the order of minimum extinguishing concentration was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Furthermore, the compound superfine powder exhibited a greater capacity for controlling toxic and harmful gas emissions.     

High efficiency of the NH4H2PO4/Mg(OH)2 composite for guaranteeing safety of wood production

Currently, China's timber industry is in high demand with the development of real estate. However, there is a certain fire hazard in the production process of wood manufacturing. Once a fire occurs, the fire is violent and the spread is rapid. Therefore, to improve the safety of its production process, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium hydroxide were selected to prepare a new composite superfine dry powder, which was denoted as the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite. Furthermore, to figure out dry powders' extinction effect on Class A fire, the wood-crib fire suppression effect of the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite was test, and then compared with that of ultrafine dry powder (UDP) and commercial ABC dry powder (C-ABC) in a 1 m³ chamber. Three parameters of the fire extinguishing process, namely flame extinction time, powder consumption and temperature drop were adopted to measure the fire suppression performance. The results demonstrated that UDP and C-ABC both had a larger flame extinction time and powder consumption than the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite. Besides, a fire (wood cribs) can be extinguished by the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite with the fastest temperature drop and a much-improved toxic gas suppression ability. In short, the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite can better guarantee the safety of the wood processing production process. Moreover, the reasons for performance advantages of the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite were discussed.     

Characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and their extinguishment by water mist

Large cooking oil pool fires, occurring in industrial oil cookers, present a severe hazard to food processing plants due to their size and the large amount of hot oil involved. This paper reports a series of full-scale fire experiments conducted in a large industrial oil cooker mock-up. The characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and the effect of oil depth and hood position in the oil cooker on fire growth were studied. The use of water mist for extinguishing large oil pool fires and their extinguishing performance under different discharge pressure and with different types of water mist systems were investigated. Experimental results showed that the cooking oil underwent a substantial expansion in volume during heating. The fires developed quickly once the oil auto-ignited. The fire growth rate was affected by the oil depth in the pan and the hood position in the oil cooker. The water mist fire suppression systems effectively extinguished large cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-igniting. Their extinguishing performance was determined by the type of water mist system, discharge pressure and hood position in the oil cooker.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of dry-water containing phosphoric acid for new fire suppressant

To overcome the shortcomings of phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs, not widely used) in fire suppression, the dry water powder containing phosphoric acid was analyzed for a new fire suppressant (SiO₂-P). First, the fine conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring time and stirring speed) were determined to prepare the new powder. The particle size distributions and XPS of SiO₂-P powder were analyzed. The TG tests were conducted to study the decomposition of powder, and there was a major decomposition peak. Second, the extinguishing time of SiO₂-P powder was tested, which showed that the SiO₂-P powder containing phosphorus species could significantly improve the fire suppression ability. In addition, the kinetic parameters of powder decomposition reaction were determined by genetic algorithm based on TG results. Last, based on the decomposition products and kinetic parameters, the burning velocity and mass fraction of free radicals of CH₄/air flame with SiO₂-P powder addition were studied theoretically. The results indicated that SiO₂-P powder had great ability of reducing the burning velocity and scavenging free radicals. Furthermore, the suppression effects were analyzed, which indicated that the cooperation of H₂O and P suppression effect dominated the suppression mechanism and resulted in the good suppression efficiency.     

我国商用厨房火灾危险分析及对策研究

烹饪操作特点及食用油燃烧特性决定了商用厨房火灾呈现的特定危害规律,因此必须采用专门规范和技术加以防治。针对我国商用厨房消防安全现状,分析其火灾危险特点,探讨商用厨房消防监管的不足,在研究商用厨房灭火技术发展的基础上,提出加强商用厨房消防安全和健全商用厨房法规体系的对策及建议,建议从主动灭火和被动防火两方面,完善现有的灭火系统和厨具设备消防安全规范,加强商用厨房本质型消防安全,为通风系统和排油烟系统等火灾高发区域的消防安全提供了新手段。     

载铁改性沸石粉体抑制甲烷/空气扩散火焰试验研究

为发展洁净高效新型粉体灭火介质,以沸石粉体为基体,采用盐酸活化和氯化铁溶液浸泡方法制备载铁改性沸石粉体灭火剂。采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)等仪器对该粉体灭火剂的结构和形貌进行表征。通过小尺度的杯式燃烧器试验研究载铁沸石粉体对甲烷/空气扩散火焰的灭火效果,并和未改性沸石粉体进行对比。试验结果表明,载铁改性沸石粉体灭火剂的灭火效能明显高于未改性沸石粉体。改性沸石灭火效能提高,主要是由于所负载的铁离子在火焰中转化为活性铁原子,参与清除火焰自由基的催化反应。