包装垃圾添加脱氯半焦制备SRF的燃烧特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对添加了不同比例混合含氯塑料经微波低温脱氯后的脱氯半焦制备而成的固体衍生燃料(SRF)的燃烧特性及热反应动力学进行了实验研究,考察了脱氯半焦不同添加比例制备的SRF的着火点、燃尽温度、最大燃烧速率、燃尽特征指数和综合燃烧指数等燃烧特征参数。并用Coats-Redfern积分法对其进行了燃烧动力学分析,确定了燃烧动力学方程,求出了反应活化能和指前因子。结果表明:随着脱氯半焦的添加比例从5%增加至20%,TG曲线向低温区移动,着火点降低,燃尽温度降低,燃尽性能提升,综合燃烧特性指数S均高于不添加脱氯半焦的燃料,综合燃烧性能更好;当脱氯半焦添加比例为10%,综合燃烧特征参数最佳;在第三燃烧阶段,添加了脱氯半焦的燃料的活化能显著低于未添加脱氯半焦的燃料,指前因子降低了4~5个数量级。混合含氯废塑料,经过微波低温脱氯处理形成半焦作为添加剂制备SRF,不仅降低了SRF燃烧过程中氯化氢的产生量,同时提高了燃料的燃烧性能,是含氯塑料废弃物利用的一种新的方向和途径。     

生活垃圾与煤混合燃烧特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对生活垃圾与煤混合试样的燃烧特性及热反应动力学进行了实验研究,考察了不同配比混合试样的着火温度、燃尽温度、最大燃烧速率及最大燃烧速率温度等燃烧特征参数,并用Coats-Redfern积分法对其进行了燃烧动力学分析,确定了燃烧动力学方程,求出了反应活化能Ea及指前因子A。实验结果表明:生活垃圾与煤混合燃烧时均保持各自的燃烧特性;混合燃料中随着生活垃圾掺量的增加,热重曲线向低温区转移,燃尽点逐渐降低,综合燃烧特性指数明显增大,生活垃圾能改善煤的燃烧性能;生活垃圾及其与煤混合燃烧出现两个燃烧阶段,分别遵循二级和一级反应机理,煤燃烧只出现一个燃烧阶段,遵循一级反应机理;混合燃料燃烧反应活化能Ea与指前因子A存在动力学补偿效应。     

不同升温速率下城市污水污泥热解特性及动力学研究

利用差热-热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对杭州某污水处理厂污泥在不同升温速率下的热解特性及反应动力学特征进行研究。实验结果表明,热解温度从室温升至900℃时,污泥热解过程可分为4个失重阶段;升温速率对污泥热解转化率、挥发分析出温度以及最大失重率等热解特性参数都有显著影响。升温速率越高污泥最大失重率越大;而较低的升温速率延迟了污泥热解反应时间,导致污泥失重量相对较大。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算结果,污泥在氮气氛围下的热解反应为二级反应模式。提高升温速率可显著增加污泥热解的表观活化能和频率因子。     

工业废水污泥的热解及升温速率对热解的影响

利用热重分析法对印染、中药和废水处理厂3种典型工业废水污泥进行了热解动力学实验研究。结果表明,工业污泥是一种高挥发分、低固定碳和低热值的劣质燃料。经过消化处理的污泥灰分含量较高,挥发分含量变小。热解过程中有3个失重速率较高的阶段,以挥发分的析出为主。升温速率对热解的最终失重率有重要影响。升温速率增加,热解更剧烈,但最终失重率的变化趋势与污泥种类有关;为使热解效果更好,不同种类的污泥应选择不同的升温速率。不同种类的污泥具有不同的热解特性,印染污泥挥发分析出阶段有2次热解。中药污泥活化能最小,印染污泥挥发分第2次热解的活化能比第1次大幅增加。     

生活污泥与煤混烧及热解特性

采用热重分析法,对生活污泥与煤以1∶1质量比混合的试样进行燃烧及热解实验研究,重点分析了升温速率对其热解及燃烧特性的影响,为煤泥混烧及热解技术的工业化应用提供理论支持。结果表明:煤泥混合样燃烧失重分为4个阶段,混燃过程中污泥与煤共同影响着混合试样的燃烧特性,随着升温速率从15℃·min~(-1)增加到50℃·min~(-1),其可燃性指数C增幅达60%和综合燃烧特性指数S提高了4倍多,燃烧性能得到明显提高;煤泥混合样的热解失重分为2个阶段,各阶段热解的挥发份最大析出速率(dw/dt)_(max)及挥发分析出特性指数D均随升温速率的升高而大幅增大,且试样总的挥发综合释放指数D从0.081 7×10~(-8)K~(-3)·min~(-2)增大到5.868×10~(-8)K~(-3)·min~(-2),可见升温速率越高,煤泥混合物的热解性能越好。     

不干胶废弃物热解焦燃烧特性

采用非等温热重分析和固定床热解实验研究了不干胶废弃物热解焦生成特性及热解焦燃烧特性,并计算了不同升温速率下热解焦的燃烧动力学参数。结果表明,不干胶废弃物热解焦产率随温度升高而逐渐降低,当热解终温在400~700℃时,热解焦产率在34.64%~22.03%之间;空气气氛下热解焦燃烧过程包括3个阶段:挥发分燃烧阶段(390~600℃)、混合燃烧阶段(390~600℃)和残炭燃烧与矿物分解阶段(650℃);升温速率对热解焦燃烧效果作用明显,升温速率越大,燃烧特性指数越高,燃烧稳定性越好;热解焦燃烧过程可以通过3个一级反应描述,当升温速率为40℃/min时热解焦燃烧各阶段表观活化能明显降低,表明升温速率提高有助于热解焦的燃烧反应活性,更有利于燃烧反应的进行。     

广西城镇污泥掺烧利用组分特性的分析

对广西城镇污水处理厂污泥进行元素分析、组分分析、工业分析和热重分析,探讨污泥掺烧应用特性,为广西的污泥资源化利用提供数据。结果表明,污泥的元素组成与煤差别较大,如污泥中的氮元素含量为4.627%,高于煤的1.628%;污泥焚烧灰含有高达15%的Si O2;污泥的挥发分为34.6377%比煤的25.089%略高;污泥的焚烧可分为3个阶段,分别为水分析出阶段(室温~160℃)、挥发分析出燃烧阶段(160~500℃)、固定碳及剩余可燃物燃烧阶段(510~950℃),升温速率升高,挥发分析出阶段提前了约50℃,粒径对析出温度影响不大,但粒径小更利于干污泥燃烧。因此,广西污泥是一种低热值,燃烧剧烈的燃料,可以用于掺烧,焚烧灰分具有较高的建材价值。     

O_2/CO_2气氛下市政污泥混煤燃烧及动力学特性

采用差示扫描量热法对市政污泥、神华烟煤和淮北烟煤单独及不同比例混合物在O2/CO2气氛下进行燃烧特性的实验研究,结果表明,市政污泥综合燃烧特性最好,神华烟煤次之,淮北烟煤最差;随着污泥掺混比例的增加,混合试样着火温度和燃尽温度提前,综合燃烧特性得到改善,但燃烧放热量减少。利用Freeman-Carroll法对淮北烟煤、市政污泥及两者混合物的燃烧动力学参数进行计算,得到市政污泥、淮北烟煤和神华烟煤的平均反应活化能E分别为48.34、68.32和51.47 k J/mol。     

不同污泥颗粒的干燥特性分析

选取典型的生活污水污泥和造纸污泥进行干燥特性分析,对比了干燥过程中的水分析出特性、污泥球体中心温度变化和物理性质变化。结果表明,无论是生活污水污泥还是造纸污泥,在干燥过程中等速干燥阶段都不明显,而造纸污泥更快达到最大干燥速率,更快进入降速干燥阶段;造纸污泥球的中心温度在高温(250℃)干燥条件下还存在超温的现象,即污泥球中心温度在某段时间内高于干燥温度,形成了蓄热内核;干燥过程中,造纸污泥水分的析出是依靠层层传递,污泥球结构稳定收缩,缩容率相对较小,最终收缩成一硬核;生活污水污泥在干燥中缩容率相对较大,水分析出伴随着外壳的破裂,内层与外界可直接进行热传递交换,干燥后结团性能差,疏散度高,不易定型。     

城市污泥掺混水煤浆燃烧特性的热重分析

通过热重实验,分析了污泥、水煤浆的单一燃烧特性以及水煤浆中掺混不同质量比的城市污泥后混合浆的燃烧特性.结果表明,混合浆着火温度因污泥的掺入比水煤浆高约50 ℃,但随掺混比例的升高,最大燃烧速率、可燃性指数及综合燃烧特性指数均增加,且提高了污泥的燃尽率.混合浆热分析曲线出现两个挥发分析出燃烧峰(分别对应250～380、380～570 ℃)与1个固定碳燃烧峰(570～680 ℃),燃烧特性总体表现为污泥与水煤浆的共同作用,在某些方面优于污泥或水煤浆的单一燃烧.总之,利用湿污泥直接掺混水煤浆从燃烧性能来说是可行的.     

垃圾中典型组分热重分析研究

采用热重分析法研究了不同升温速率下垃圾中典型组分的热失重行为.根据热重分析曲线和实验数据,对不同加热速率条件下垃圾中典型组分的热失重行为进行了比较分析,结果表明,随着升温速率的加大,典型组分TG曲线对应的温度升高.DTG结果与组成成分的性质相关,橡胶塑料类的最大失重速率随着升温速率的加大而升高.纸类不同升温速率下对应的最大失重速度变化不大.     

Optimising the preparation of activated carbon from digested sewage sludge and coconut husk.

Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge is a promising way to dispose of sewage sludge as well as to produce a low-cost adsorbent for pollutant removal. This research work aimed to optimise the condition for activated carbon preparation from anaerobically digested sewage sludge with the additive coconut husk. The sewage sludge sample was mixed with the additive coconut husk. The preparation condition variables investigated involved the concentration of the ZnCl2 solutions, heating temperature, dwell time and heating rate in pyrolysis and the mixing ratio of coconut husk to sewage sludge. Surface area, pore size distribution, aqueous phenol adsorption capacity and the production yield of the final products were determined and compared. Experimental results revealed that low concentrations of ZnCl2 solution tended to improve the microporosity of the final product. Heating temperature had a considerable impact on the surface area, pore size distribution and phenol adsorption capacity of the final products, whereas dwell time and heating rate performed comparatively insignificantly. The effect of increasing the mixing ratio of coconut husk to sewage sludge was principally to increase the microporosity of the final products. The activated carbon with the highest BET surface area was produced with the activation of 5 M ZnCl2 solution and, thereafter, pyrolysis at a heating temperature of 500 degrees C for 2 h with a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min. The mixing ratio of 1:4 in terms of coconut husk to sewage sludge based on their dried weights was found to be most cost effective.     

电渗透脱水对污泥热干燥特性的影响

以污水厂机械脱水后的污泥作为研究对象,提出了采用电渗透-热干燥结合进行深度脱水的方法。通过对原泥以及电渗透脱水至不同含水率(67%、71%和76%)的污泥在热干燥过程中含水率和干燥速率的测定,分析电渗透脱水对污泥热干燥特性的改善规律。结果表明,经电渗透脱水至含水率为67%和71%的污泥在热干燥过程中的传热传质速率及干燥速率有明显提高,且干燥温度越高,电渗透后污泥的干燥速率与原泥的干燥速率差距越大。相同电压梯度及相同温度下电渗透至67%后进行热干燥耗能最少。实际应用中应结合能耗分析选择合适的电渗透程度及干燥温度,以达到最优效果。     

A comparative study of anaerobically digested and undigested sewage sludges in preparation of activated carbons.

Disposal of sewage sludge is an increasingly expensive and environmentally sensitive problem throughout the world. Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge offers an attractive re-use alternative to the traditional disposal routes. The objective of this research work was to compare anaerobically digested sewage sludge (DS) and undigested sewage sludge (US) as source materials in the preparation of activated carbons. Prior to the preparation the properties of the two types of sewage sludges were determined and compared. Subsequently the sludge samples were activated with 5 M ZnCl2 solution and thereafter pyrolysed at heating temperature of 650 degrees C for 2 h with the heating rate of 15 degrees C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. The produced activated carbons were characterised by surface area and porosity analysis, CHN elemental composition and ash contents determination, and aqueous phase phenol adsorption tests. The results indicate that in comparison with the DS, the US had a higher carbon content and lower ash content, and accordingly yielded a better activated carbon with a higher BET surface area, pore volume, carbon content and phenol adsorption capacity.     

PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals, PCDD/F and PAHs in sewage sludge was investigated from six different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Beijing City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Zn in Wujiacun (WJC) sewage sludge, and Cd and Hg in sewage sludge generated from all of the six different places are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used for agriculture (GB18918-2002). The levels of 16 PAHs that have been categorized as priority pollutants by US EPA in the sewage sludge samples varied from 2467 to 25923 microg/kg (dry weight), the highest values of 25923 microg/kg being found in WJC WWTP. The concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene were as high as 6.1mg/kg dry weight in WJC sewage sludge, exceeding the maximum permitted content by GB18918-2002. Individual PAH content varies considerably with sewage samples. The ratios of anthracene to anthracene plus phenanthrene (An/178), benz[a]anthracene to benz[a]anthracene plus chrysene (BaA/228), indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene to indene[1,2,3-cd]pyrene plus benzo[g,h,i]perylene (In/In+BP), and fluoranthene to fluoranthene plus pyrene (Fl/Fl+Py) suggest that petroleum and combustion of fossil fuel were the dominant contributions for the PAHs in sewage sludge. The concentrations of total PCDD/F in the sewage sludge ranged from 330 to 4245 pg/g d.w. The toxicity equivalent concentrations is between 3.47-88.24 pg I-TEQ according to NATO/CCMS, which is below Chinese legislation limit value proposed for land application. The PCDD/F congener/homologue profiles found in the Beijing samples indicated that the high chlorinated PCDD/F contamination might originate mainly from PCP-related source and depositional sources while the low chlorinated PCDD/F homologues could be originating from incineration or coal combustion. The major source of PCDD/Fs in Beijing sludge is still unclear.     

Effects of sewage sludge blending on the coal combustion: a thermogravimetric assessment

Combustion of urban sewage sludge together with coal in existing infrastructures may be a sustainable management option energetically interesting for these materials, usually considered wastes. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the combustion of a semianthracite coal and the modifications undergone when adding a small percentage (2%, 5%, 10%) of sewage sludge. Both Differential Scanning Calorimetric analysis and Differential Thermogravimetry burning profiles showed differences between coal and sewage sludge combustion. However, the effects of adding a percentage of sewage sludge equal or smaller than 10% was hardly noticeable in terms of heat release and weight loss during the coal combustion. This was further proved by non-isothermal kinetic analysis, which was used to evaluate the Arrhenius activation energy corresponding to the co-combustion of the blends. This work shows that thermogravimetric analysis may be used as an easy rapid tool to asses the co-combustion of sewage sludge together with coal.     

Effects of sewage sludge blending on the coal combustion: A thermogravimetric assessment

Combustion of urban sewage sludge together with coal in existing infrastructures may be a sustainable management option energetically interesting for these materials, usually considered wastes. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the combustion of a semianthracite coal and the modifications undergone when adding a small percentage (2%, 5%, 10%) of sewage sludge. Both Differential Scanning Calorimetric analysis and Differential Thermogravimetry burning profiles showed differences between coal and sewage sludge combustion. However, the effects of adding a percentage of sewage sludge equal or smaller than 10% was hardly noticeable in terms of heat release and weight loss during the coal combustion. This was further proved by non-isothermal kinetic analysis, which was used to evaluate the Arrhenius activation energy corresponding to the co-combustion of the blends. This work shows that thermogravimetric analysis may be used as an easy rapid tool to asses the co-combustion of sewage sludge together with coal.     

响应面分析法优化造纸污泥吸附剂除磷工艺

以造纸厂废水污泥为原料,采用微波加热法制备造纸污泥吸附剂。利用制备的造纸污泥吸附剂对模拟含磷废水进行了吸附研究,探讨了吸附时间、投加量、pH值、转速和温度等因素对除磷效果的影响,并采用响应面设计法优化吸附工艺条件。结果表明,获得了最佳除磷工艺条件为吸附时间97 min,投加量6.9 g/L,pH=6,转速200 r/min,温度30℃,在此条件下磷的去除率可达99%以上。因此,造纸污泥吸附剂对磷的吸附效果良好,具有重要的实际应用价值。