Effect of barley chromosome addition on the susceptibility of wheat to feeding by a gall-inducing leafhopper

The maize orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World and feeds on various Poaceae. The leafhopper is recognized as an important pest of maize in several countries. Adults as well as nymphs of C. bipunctata induce growth stunting and galls characterized by the severe swelling of leaf veins on many cereal crops including wheat, rice, and maize, but do not on barley. To clarify the mechanism of growth stunting and gall induction by C. bipunctata, we used six barley chromosome disomic addition lines of wheat (2H–7H) and investigated the effect of barley (cv. Betzes) chromosome addition on the susceptibility of wheat (cv. Chinese Spring) to feeding by the leafhopper. Feeding by C. bipunctata significantly stunted the growth in 2H, 3H, 4H, and 5H, but did not in 6H and 7H. The degree of gall induction was significantly weaker and severer in 3H and 5H than in Chinese Spring, respectively. These results suggest that barley genes resistant to growth stunting and gall induction exist in 6H and 7H, and 3H, respectively. 5H is considered to be useful for future assays investigating the mechanism of gall induction by this leafhopper because of the high susceptibility to the feeding by C. bipunctata. Significant correlation between the degrees of growth stunting and gall induction was not detected in the six chromosome addition lines and Chinese spring. This implies that these two symptoms are independent phenomena although both are initiated by the feeding of C. bipunctata.     

转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米C0030.3.5对土壤固氮细菌丰度和群落结构的影响

为评估转基因玉米种植对土壤氮周转功能微生物的潜在风险,以转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米C0030.3.5(TM)及其亲本玉米DBN318(PM)为研究对象,于2015年拔节期、抽雄期、乳熟期、完熟期采集根际土和非根际土进行试验,并采用荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,q PCR)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,TRFLP)技术分析土壤固氮微生物nif H基因丰度和多样性.结果表明,TM和PM根际土和非根际土固氮细菌nif H基因丰度随生长时期整体呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,无论是根际土还是非根际土,同一生长时期2种玉米nif H基因丰度间差异均不显著.相关分析显示,土壤固氮细菌nif H基因丰度与有机质含量呈极显著正相关.T-RFLP结果表明,所获得的14种TRFs中,43 bp和155 bp片段所代表的固氮细菌为共有优势种群,无论是根际土还是非根际土,同一生长时期各T-RFs的相对丰度在TM和PM间差异同样不显著.土壤固氮细菌的Shannon指数和Evenness指数随生长期整体呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,无论是根际土还是非根际土,同一生长时期TM和PM的Shannon指数间及Evenness指数间均无显著差异.主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)表明TM和PM土壤固氮细菌群落结构组成无显著差异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)显示土壤铵态氮和p H对固氮细菌群落结构组成影响显著.     

N and P dynamics in the litter layer and soil of Mexican semi-arid forests, state of Morelos

In central Mexico, it is common for farmers to retain useful trees in abandoned lands after maize cultivation, creating a park-like landscape of scattered trees for extensive livestock grazing, among other land uses (mature forests, secondary forests, and livestock grazing in secondary forests). Among these trees Acacia cochliancantha and Ipomoea arborescens are the most common species associated with this land use in the region. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of both tree species on soil N and P recycling. To this end, we measured N and P concentrations in leaves of both species; and the seasonal N and P (total and dissolved) content in the litter, and total N and P, inorganic N, and bicarbonate-extractable-P concentrations, and the N transformations in the soil, in samples collected under crown of Acacia and Ipomoea and in open areas. Trees of different species varied in their capacity to cycle N. The leaves of Acacia were richer in N than those of Ipomoea (29.7 and 25.0 mg N g⁻¹, respectively), and nutrient resorption was higher in leguminous trees than in Ipomoea (by 20% in the case of N, and 35% in the case of P). Acacia trees had higher effects on soils than Ipomoea trees, like consistent increases of N concentrations (by 30% in the case of total N, and by 50% in the case of inorganic N) and transformations (N mineralization and nitrification in rainy season increases by a factor of 20 and 36, respectively). On the other hand, Ipomoea produced senescent leaves and accumulated forest litter with less P concentration (0.8 and 0.7 mg P g⁻¹, respectively) in relation to Acacia (senescent leaves: 1.3 mg P g⁻¹; litter: 1.1 mg P g⁻¹), reflecting the lower availability of the nutrient in the soil. The total litter N and P pools decreased in the rainy season under crown of both species, as the dissolved P pool did. The total soil N and P concentrations did not change with sampling season. However, potential N transformations and bicarbonate P under both species were higher in dry season than in rainy season samples. Comparison with other land uses in the region suggests that the Acacia–Ipomoea system cycles low quantity of nutrients, but there are no notable differences in the availability of P in the soils. These results demonstrate that scattered trees improve the N and P cycling following the discontinuation of agricultural practices, and the effects will vary depending on the tree species.     

Arthropods associated with fungal galls: do large galls support more abundant and diverse inhabitants?

Fungus-induced galls can attract spore-feeding arthropods as well as gall-feeding ones, resulting in diverse communities. Do large fungal galls support more abundant and diverse arthropod communities than small fungal galls? To address this question, we investigated the structure of the arthropod community associated with bud galls induced by the fungus Melanopsichium onumae on the tree species Cinnamomum yabunikkei (Lauraceae) in central Japan. Thirteen species of arthropods were associated with M. onumae galls. Dominant arthropod species were represented by the larvae of a salpingid beetle (a spore feeder), a nitidulid beetle (a spore feeder), a cosmopterigid moth (a spore feeder), an unidentified moth (a gall tissue feeder), and a drosophilid species (a gall tissue feeder). Arthropod abundance and species richness were positively correlated with gall diameter. The majority of the most abundant species were more frequently found in large galls than in small ones, indicating that large fungal galls, which have more food and/or space for arthropods, could support a more abundant and diverse arthropod community.     

纳米TiO2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响

为了探讨纳米材料对植物的生理效应,以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)作为受试生物,研究了纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响.本研究将拟南芥分别暴露于浓度为0、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·L-1的纳米TiO_2中,通过ICP-MS测定纳米TiO_2在根和叶中的生物积累量,并采用TEM技术观察纳米TiO_2转运至叶片后对叶绿体结构的影响.在处理0、7和14 d后,测定拟南芥生物量、根系活力、叶片相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、活性氧自由基(ROS)等生长生理指标的变化.结果显示:拟南芥能吸收纳米TiO_2并向地上部转运,但转运系数较低;TEM切片观察到纳米TiO_2能进入拟南芥体内并造成叶绿体内囊体中质体小球数目增多、体积变大.与对照组相比,幼苗地上部生物量、叶片相对电导率、叶肉原生质体活力呈下降的趋势,地下部生物量及根系活力呈上升趋势;纳米TiO_2还可引起叶片及根部活性氧(ROS)含量的变化,进而导致MDA、SOD、GSH等抗氧化体系酶活性的应激变化,同时与根部相比,叶片引起的毒性效应更强.说明纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中富集并转运至地上部后,对拟南芥叶片的生长具有显著的抑制作用,诱导其产生氧化应激.同时,一定浓度的纳米TiO_2胁迫下,拟南芥根部与叶片对纳米TiO_2的响应不同,敏感度存在差异,叶生长受到抑制的同时却对根有促进作用.     

芦竹和木本植物间种修复重金属污染土壤

通过温室盆栽实验,研究草本植物芦竹与木本植物构树、桑树间种修复重金属污染土壤的潜力.结果表明,重金属污染土壤上芦竹与构树、桑树间种有利于植物的生长,提高植物对污染土壤中重金属的富集能力,并有效改善土壤酶活性.重金属污染土壤上单种芦竹、构树和桑树的叶片光合色素含量随着修复时间的延长呈下降趋势,而芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,构树叶片叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,桑树叶片叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均与修复初期(90 d)相比无显著差异;桑树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素含量较单种桑树分别显著(P 0. 05)提高99. 1%、177. 1%和119. 9%,且整株生物量显著(P 0. 05)提高26. 1%.芦竹-构树间种下植物地上部分Pb和Zn总量较单种芦竹分别显著(P 0. 05)提高171%和124%;芦竹-桑树间种下植物地上部分As和Pb总量较单种桑树和芦竹修复分别显著(P 0. 05)提高150%和76. 5%.芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,污染土壤中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的赋存形态无明显变化,而且土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶活性明显优于部分单一植物修复.上述结果表明,芦竹与构树、桑树间种可有效用于重金属污染土壤修复,还可改善污染土壤的环境质量.     

板栗产区有机堆肥产物磷形态特征及其对叶片磷含量的影响

采用Dou的磷形态分级方法和大田试验,研究了板栗产区栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-秸秆-鸡粪混合堆肥(BYZ)、菌渣鸡粪堆肥(ZF)、栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ1和BZ2)这4种有机物料中的磷形态特征及其对结果枝叶片磷含量的影响.结果表明:1 4种有机堆肥产物全磷含量表现为:BZ1(10.61 g·kg-1)ZF(9.03 g·kg-1)BYZ(8.56 g·kg-1)BZ2(7.68 g·kg-1),并均以无机磷为主,无机磷占全磷的比例在62.88%~73.62%之间;2 4种有机堆肥产物各形态总磷中除ZF以较稳定的HClP含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高以外,其他3种均以活性的H_2O-P含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高,Na OH-P含量均较低;3各形态中的无机磷以活性的H_2O-Pi或Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷的比例最高(89.17%~96.00%),且在回收全磷中BZ2中的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi和HCl-Pi,其他3种的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi、HCl-Pi和Na HCO3-Pi,各形态有机磷主要分布于残留态磷,BZ2中比例最高;4等磷量大田试验结果表明,板栗结果枝叶片单位面积叶片磷含量整体表现为BZ2BZ1BYZZFCK,高峰期(7月)、平均每月叶片磷含量增值与堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及其占回收全磷的比例呈显著或极显著正相关,推测集中深施情况下有机堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及占全磷的比例是当年板栗叶片磷吸收的重要影响因素.整体研究表明,栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ2)具有高比例的水溶态无机磷和残留态有机磷库,使板栗叶片磷含量最高,且其原料中板栗产业废弃物配比高达80%(栗蓬栗叶60%+菌渣20%),是产区好氧堆肥原料体系的较佳选择.     

Comamonas sp. IDO2合成靛蓝的特性研究

利用吲哚降解菌丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas)IDO2转化吲哚合成靛蓝,优化靛蓝合成条件,并对合成产物进行分析.结果表明,菌株IDO2能够在苯酚、萘、苯和菲的诱导下转化吲哚合成靛蓝,在苯酚诱导时靛蓝的产量最高.采用表面响应法优化菌株合成靛蓝的条件:吲哚197.76mg·L~(-1),苯酚203.39 mg·L~(-1),酵母浸粉0.18%,在此条件下靛蓝的合成量为9.0 mg·L~(-1),与初始条件下的产量相比提高了104%.此外,考察了不同金属离子对菌株IDO2合成靛蓝的影响,结果表明Ba~(2+)和Ca~(2+)对靛蓝的合成具有促进作用.采用液相色谱/飞行时间/质谱联用对菌株IDO2转化吲哚的产物进行定量和定性分析,发现合成产物主要为靛蓝和靛红,并依此提出了可能的反应途径.     

The response of Trissolcus basalis to footprint contact kairomones from Nezara viridula females is mediated by leaf epicuticular waxes

Chemical footprints left behind by true bugs are perceived as contact kairomones by scelionid egg parasitoids. Female wasps encountering a contaminated artificial substrate display a characteristic arrestment posture, holding the body motionless and antennating the surface. In the system Nezara viridula (L.) and its egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), previous studies have shown that the kairomone mediating such behavior is part of N. viridula’s cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) and furthermore that the wasp’s ability to discriminate host male and female footprints is mainly based on the presence/absence of nonadecane (nC₁₉). In this study, the effect of epicuticular waxes of leaves of broad bean, Vicia faba, on wasp responses to footprints of N. viridula females were investigated. Approximately 20% of T. basalis females displayed an arrestment posture when released on the adaxial leaf surfaces of broad bean plants with intact wax layer and without host chemical contamination; whereas ∼70% of wasps displayed the arrestment posture when intact leaves were contaminated by host female footprints. Adaxial leaf surfaces of broad bean plants dewaxed with an aqueous solution of gum arabic and afterwards contaminated by N. viridula females induced arrestment responses in about 10% of female wasps; the same percentage of arrestment (10%) was observed when the wasps were released on leaves contaminated by host females and subsequently dewaxed. The side of the polymer film that was appressed to the leaf surface, peeled from the contaminated leaves, induced an arrestment posture in about 95% of observed wasps. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the epicuticular waxes occurred as a film densely crystallized as irregularly shaped platelets with spherical granules randomly distributed. These findings demonstrated that epicuticular waxes of broad bean leaves can mediate the foraging behavior of T. basalis females by absorbing contact kairomones of the host.     

两种桑科植物叶片光合及光呼吸对模拟干旱的响应

采用150 g/L的聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG)模拟干旱胁迫,研究两种桑科植物(构树和桑树)的叶片光合及光呼吸特征对干旱胁迫的响应。对植物培养液的相关化学参数以及叶片的光合参数进行测定,结果表明:干旱对构树根系吸水能力的影响小于桑树的;构树以中光合-低蒸腾-高水分利用率的模式适应干旱环境,桑树以低光合-低蒸腾-高水分利用率的模式来应对干旱环境;在模拟干旱环境下,构树以稳定的羧化效率-高光呼吸速率-高光呼吸利用份额来适应外界胁迫,而桑树以低羧化效率-低光呼吸速率-低光呼吸利用份额来应对外界胁迫。构树表现出对外界干旱胁迫更好的适应性,这种适应机制可能与其较强的光呼吸作用及其碳酸氢根离子利用能力有关。这种"以碳换水"的机制可能是喀斯特适生植物适应岩溶干旱的又一个重要机制。     

Plant surface wax affects parasitoid’s response to host footprints

The plant surface is the substrate upon which herbivorous insects and natural enemies meet and thus represents the stage for interactions between the three trophic levels. Plant surfaces are covered by an epicuticular wax layer which is highly variable depending on species, cultivar or plant part. Differences in wax chemistry may modulate ecological interactions. We explored whether caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda, when walking over a plant surface, leave a chemical trail (kairomones) that can be detected by the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Chemistry and micromorphology of cuticular waxes of two barley eceriferum wax mutants (cer-za.126, cer-yp.949) and wild-type cv. Bonus (wt) were assessed. The plants were then used to investigate potential surface effects on the detectability of caterpillar kairomones. Here we provide evidence that C. marginiventris responds to chemical footprints of its host. Parasitoids were able to detect the kairomone on wild-type plants and on both cer mutants but the response to cer-yp.949 (reduced wax, high aldehyde fraction) was less pronounced. Experiments with caterpillar-treated wt and mutant leaves offered simultaneously, confirmed this observation: no difference in wasp response was found when wt was tested against cer-za.126 (reduced wax, wt-like chemical composition) but wt was significantly more attractive than cer-yp.949. This demonstrates for the first time that the wax layer can modulate the detectability of host kairomones.     

利用umu/SOS实验评价污灌土壤的遗传毒性

利用umu/SOS显色实验评价北京市郊污水灌溉土壤中遗传毒性物质的积累,得到表征样品遗传毒性大小的β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性(IU值).以达到阳性时诱导比率R=2(试验管IU值/对照管IU值)需要的土壤重量来反映土壤样品的相对遗传毒性.R值起初随着96孔板每孔土壤样品量的增大而增大,但在达到某一定值后呈现稳定,此时各土壤样品投加量均为每孔约含10mg土壤.用剂量效应曲线中线性段的斜率作为标准,判断出遗传毒性物质为性质相同的一类污染物,根据相关资料推测主要是由于多环芳烃类污染物积累.     

光倒刺鲃、白鲢协同投放抑制丝状藻(水绵)藻华围隔研究

为探究高效与安全抑制丝状藻藻华的方法,利用光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)、白鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的食性特点,研究了不同密度(低密度(L)40 g·m-3、高密度(H)80 g·m-3)与不同投放比例(光倒刺鲃∶白鲢=3∶1、1∶1、1∶3)协同作用下,对围隔内水体丝状藻水绵(Spirogyra sp.)的抑制效果,以及对水生植物和水质的影响.结果表明,光倒刺鲃可以显著摄食丝状藻水绵,且在低密度、高比例(3∶1)时,即对丝状藻的生长具有明显抑制作用.高密度(80 g·m-3)投放光倒刺鲃、白鲢,无论比例如何,都会引起水体水质下降,引起轻微富营养化,并导致浮游藻类生物量上升,不适用于本试验水体.在本试验条件下,高密度(80 g·m-3)投放条件下,白鲢可以抑制浮游生物总量,H(1∶3)、H(1∶1)组中,呈现藻类小型化的趋势;而在低密度(40 g·m-3)投放条件下,未发现浮游藻类有小型化趋势.本试验L(3∶1)组,即光倒刺鲃30 g·m-3、白鲢10 g·m-3,可以有效控制试验水体丝状藻水绵滋生,且能够兼顾改善水质.     

Pharmacological analysis of feeding in a caterpillar: different transduction pathways for umami and saccharin?

Neonate larvae of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), modify their behavior in the presence of saccharin, monosodium glutamate (MSG), or L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) by commencing their feeding earlier. Previously published pharmacological analysis demonstrated that phagostimulatory effects of MSG and L-AP4 (which elicit umami taste sensation in humans) are reversed by adenylate cyclase activator and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. In this study, by measuring the time needed to start ingestion of foliage treated with mixtures of phagostimulants and signal transduction modulators, we show that phagostimulatory effects of l-aspartate (the third hallmark umami substance) are also abolished by both adenylate cyclase activator and phosphodiesterase inhibitor, but not by phospholipase C inhibitor. However, stimulatory effects of hemicalcium saccharin were affected only by phospholipase C inhibitor. The results suggest that codling moth neonates use different transduction pathways for perception of hemicalcium saccharin and umami.     

Interactive effects of ozone and powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

Interacting effects of ozone at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ppm and powdery mildew infection were studied with respect to the growth, flowering and fruit-setting of bottle gourd, and ozone injury, fungal colonization, conidia size and germination. Intermittent exposure in closed-top chambers to ozone at 0.1 or 0.2 ppm, and infection by Sphaerotheca fulginea, each caused significant suppressions of plant growth, flowering and fruit-setting. Fungal colonization was increased by exposures to 0.05 ppm ozone, but decreased by 0.2 ppm ozone. Less browning and necrosis (symptoms of ozone phytotoxicity) appeared on the leaves of mildew-inoculated plants exposed to ozone at 0.1 and 0.2 ppm. Conidia collected from plants exposed to 0.1 and 0.2 ppm were smaller, contained fewer fibrosin bodies and showed poor germination in-vitro. Fumigations with ozone at 0.05 ppm increased the germination of conidia collected from the exposed plants or of the conidia directly exposed to ozone on glass slides in microgas exposure cabinets. Distortion and wall rupturing of the conidia were induced by exposure to ozone at 0.2 ppm for 12 h. Ozone at 0.05 ppm and S. fuliginea jointly suppressed the root and shoot growth of bottle gourd significantly more than the sum of individual effects (synergistic interaction). The fungus infection partially protected the plants from injury by ozone at 0.2 ppm, and exposure to ozone at 0.2 ppm inhibited fungal development. Antagonistic reductions of damage to bottle gourd growth by simultaneous mildew infection and ozone at 0.2 ppm were observed. The study revealed that powdery mildew infection may become severe on bottle gourd grown in areas polluted with mild level of ozone (0.05 ppm) whereas, at 0.1 ppm O₃ or more, the disease will be suppressed.     

1株草螺属植物内生菌R-13的分离鉴定及对龙葵吸收土壤镉的影响

植物内生菌联合超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤可显著提高植物修复效率.从镉污染稻田水稻根系中分离获得1株编号为R-13的植物内生菌.分别利用显微观察、碳源利用及分子生物学手段将该菌株鉴定为1株红苍白草螺菌（Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans）;该菌株具有较强的耐Cd²⁺能力,在镉含量为300 mg·kg^-1的固体培养基上仍能生长.经显色反应发现R-13菌株具有产生铁载体和分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）能力,此外,经Pikovskaya''s固体培养基和Ashby固体培养基试验表明R-13菌株溶磷作用微弱,但是具有较强的固氮能力.在盆栽试验中,利用高通量测序技术追踪R-13菌株在龙葵根部定殖情况,发现接种1次3 d后草螺菌属在龙葵根系内相对丰度相比空白对照（CK）增加201.88%,两次接种可使草螺菌属在龙葵根部的相对丰度相比CK增加1182.44%,接种5 d后草螺菌属在龙葵根系内相对丰度开始出现显著降低趋势.当接种20 mL·pot^-1菌液时对龙葵的根、茎、叶及果实中镉含量无显著影响,当接种菌液达到40 mL·pot^-1时可显著提高龙葵营养器官中的镉含量,当接种量达到200 mL·pot^-1时龙葵营养器官中镉含量最高.此时,根系中镉含量与对照组相比提高84.42%,茎秆中提高43.67%,叶片中提高64.06%,果实中提高20.29%.综上可见,根系接种植物内生草螺菌R-13可显著提高龙葵根系中草螺菌属的相对含量,同时可起到强化龙葵吸收镉的作用,该菌株在植物修复镉污染土壤技术中具有较好应用前景.     

Atrazine accumulation and toxic responses in maize Zea mays

Atrazine accumulation, oxidative stress, and defense response in maize seedlings exposed to extraneous atrazine were studied. Accumulation of atrazine in maize increased with increasing exposure concentration. The abscisic acid (ABA) content was positively correlated with the atrazine concentrations in maize roots and shoots (p < 0.05). Hydroxyl radical (·OH) in maize was determined in vivo with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its intensity was positively correlated with atrazine concentration in roots and shoots (p < 0.05), and higher level of ·OH generated in roots than in shoots corresponded to the major accumulation of atrazine in roots. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in roots were up-regulated by atrazine exposure at 1 mg/L compared to the control and malondialdehyde content in roots was enhanced when atrazine exposure concentration reached 10 mg/L. These results suggested the exposure and accumulation of atrazine caused oxidative toxicity and antioxidant response in maize.     

碳质纳米材料与枝孢菌KR14的相互影响研究

碳质纳米材料(Carbon Nanomaterials, CNMs)因具有独特的电学及光学等性质而引起了人们的广泛关注,从而被大量使用并释放到环境中,进而影响生态系统环境及生物化学过程,但目前有关CNMs与环境微生物相互作用的研究鲜见报道.因此,本文研究了枝孢菌KR14(Cladosporium sp.)与3种CNMs(单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、石墨烯(Graphene)和氧化石墨烯(GO))的相互作用.结果表明,CNMs的加入促进了3种非特异性酶(漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶)活性增加,其中,对锰过氧化物酶(MnP)活性的促进作用最为显著,18 d最高增加26.1%.在3种类型的CNMs中,SWCNTs对MnP活性刺激最佳,GO最弱.木质素降解实验和电化学分析表明,CNMs可作为电子导体提高真菌胞外电子传递效率,进而提高KR14对木质素的降解.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,除GO外,SWCNTs和石墨烯的氧碳比(O/C)均上升,二者表面发生变化.拉曼光谱(Raman)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,SWCNTs的I_D/I_G显著提高,无序性增加;石墨烯出现2D峰,即与KR14相互作用后有一定程度堆叠;KR14可引起CNMs结构转变.本研究结果有助于深入理解和评价环境中CNMs与真菌之间的相互作用关系及CNMs对真菌降解木质素和环境碳循环的影响.     

维管束植物樟树和马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量指示贵阳地区大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化

同时测定了从贵阳市区到农村3个方向采集的樟树叶、马尾松叶、根际土以及苔藓共计296个样品的氮、硫含量,结合苔藓氮、硫含量估算了相应区域大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度.结果表明樟树叶氮含量(1.01%~2.37%)和马尾松叶氮含量(0.99%~2.42%)在市区最高,往外明显降低,而在较远农村区域(24 km)又出现回升,反映了农村地区大气输入的氮有所增加;叶硫含量变化范围分别为0.16%~0.43%和0.18%~0.32%,均呈现在市区最高,向外逐渐降低的趋势,在距市区最远处(30~36 km)达到最低值,表明市区的生产生活向大气输入了较高的硫.各区域土壤氮、硫含量均无显著差异,将樟树、松树叶氮、硫含量分别与大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度(由苔藓氮、硫值计算)进行线性回归分析,发现樟树、松树叶氮含量与大气氮沉降量以及樟树、松树叶硫含量与大气SO_2浓度均呈显著正相关(P0.05).研究表明维管束植物樟树与马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量的变化特征能同时很好地指示贵阳区域大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化.     

环境浓度下邻苯二甲酸二乙酯对秀丽隐杆线虫的生态毒理效应

DEP (diethyl phthalate,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯)是一种在环境中普遍存在的具有潜在神经和生殖毒性的增塑剂,其会干扰环境生物的发育水平、运动行为及生化水平.以秀丽隐杆线虫的体长、体宽、头部摆动频率及生化指标作为测试终点,评估环境中DEP对秀丽隐杆线虫的生态毒理效应.在不同环境浓度(0、0.000 2、0.002、0.02、0.2、2 mg/L)的DEP溶液中,对秀丽隐杆线虫进行不同时间(24 h、72 h和10 d)的暴露试验.结果表明:①在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露24 h后,秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平均未受到显著影响(P>0.05).②在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露72 h后,秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平受到干扰.与对照组相比,在DEP浓度最高(2 mg/L)时,秀丽隐杆线虫体长下降了3.21%(P < 0.05);在DEP浓度为0.000 2 mg/L时,秀丽隐杆线虫的体宽呈上升趋势,且头部摆动频率明显加快了5.52%(P < 0.01),秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平受到显著抑制.③在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露10 d后,与对照组相比,秀丽隐杆线虫的体长、体宽和头摆频率均出现下降;在DEP浓度为2 mg/L时,秀丽隐杆线虫体内活性氧自由基、脂褐素和细胞凋亡水平累积均增长显著,出现氧化应激损伤.研究显示,不同环境浓度的DEP溶液会对秀丽隐杆线虫产生一定的毒性影响,且不同暴露时间和暴露浓度产生的毒性影响也存在一定差异.