城镇生态承载力评价方法构建与应用

提出了评价对象、评价目标和评价方法三位一体的城镇生态承载力综合评价方法,构建了递阶多层生态承载力评价指标体系和面向应用对象的、融合多指标评语信息的生态承载力综合评价模型.以浙江省义乌市为例,对2000-2007年义乌市的生态承载力状况进行了评价与分析.结果表明,义乌市2000 2007年的生态承载力得分在60～70分,且呈逐年增加的趋势,说明其承载力状况良好;各支持力要素中,环境支持力得分一般,虽然随时间呈现一定波动但基本保持不变.资源支持力得分最差,人类支持力得分最高,且随时间逐年增加.结合研究区域实际情况对其生态承载力影响因素进行了剖析,并提出了生态承载力提高措施,为其可持续发展提供理论指导.     

地理信息系统在累积影响评价中的应用

累积影响评价是在可持续发展目标要求下环境影响评价的一种新类型,但目前进行累积影响评价的方法和工具仍较缺乏。文章分析了利用地理信息系统进行累积影响评价的能力,结果表明：地理信息系统能改善对发展行为和环境状况的监测和跟踪,能较好地分析环境影响的时、空累积特征,是进行累积影响评价的有效工具;但是,其对环境影响累积过程的本质考虑有限,需要与能反映累积过程的子模式相结合。     

对建立我国可持续发展指标的一点思考

传统的发展指标体系（如ＧＮＰ）存在着忽视环境的问题，导致经济与环境不能协调发展，因此建立一个能评价与测度可持续发展的指标体系显得尤为重要。本文探讨了建立可持续发展指标体系的几种方法，并分析了各个方法的优点与缺点。针对我国实际，我们认为建立可持续发展指标体系是一个多层次动态规划过程，应基于在关键自然实物量核算的基础上，从物理性指标向货币性指标过渡，将无量纲方法与有量纲方法结合运用。     

渤海湾海洋资源、生态和环境承载力评价

在海洋经济快速增长的同时,由于海域污染造成的海洋生态环境破坏等问题,严重制约了海洋资源、生态和环境的可持续发展.结合国内外海洋资源、生态和环境承载力研究方法,将人口、社会经济、海洋资源、生态和环境系统服务功能纳入一个综合系统,将海洋生态系统服务功能引入到承载力评价指标体系和研究方法中,构建了以系统动力学(SD)模型、状态空间评价模型、多目标规划( MOP)模型为主,以海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估、灰色预测模型GM(1,1)和曲线回归模型等为辅助手段的海洋资源-生态-环境承载力复合系统(以下简称复合系统),并选取渤海湾进行实证研究.通过复合系统在渤海湾的应用,定量评价和预测渤海湾的承载状况,为海洋开发与管理以及区域协调发展提供评价和决策支持的技术方法,促进中国海洋资源、生态和环境的可持续利用及海洋经济的可持续发展.     

山东半岛地质环境承载力评价指标体系构建及应用研究

资源环境承载力研究是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,已经上升到国家战略地位。地质环境承载力评价是资源环境承载力研究的重要内容之一,也是可持续发展研究的重要方向。结合山东半岛地质环境现状和特点,将山东半岛地质环境承载力指标体系划分为水文地质环境、工程地质环境和环境地质问题3类一级指标,每类一级指标各选择其典型二级指标(共12项)构建地质环境承载力评价体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各个评价指标的权重,采用综合加权指数方法,借助地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析及数据属性库管理相结合的方法对现阶段山东半岛地质环境承载力进行了评价。评价结果将山东半岛地质环境承载力划分为4个等级,并对每个等级区域做了分析说明,以期为推进生态文明建设及可持续发展提供科学依据。     

浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系的建立

生态环境的可持续发展评价是生态安全与生态建设中的重要内容。本研究应用主成分分析法，收集浙江省1990～2000年的数据，对评价指标进行初步筛选．同时采用德尔斐法进行专家咨询，得到评价指标的分层排序。最后从初选的54个评价指标中，根据主成分分析法、专家咨询法的指标筛选结果，结合有关国家及地方生态环境建设规划，建立了由40个指标组成的浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系。     

基于Agent的城市污水处理可持续发展工艺选型定量建模研究

从可持续发展的角度分析和研究中国目前的城市污水处理工艺,选出符合中国国情的工艺流程日益成为迫切需要解决的问题.在广泛调研和资料分析的基础上,基于可持续发展的原则,通过对中国城市污水处理的现状进行分析,建立了可供筛选的处理技术数据库,并通过基于生命周期的Agent模型,对每项组合工艺流程进行功能模拟和性能评价,按照所建立的评价模型和指标体系,综合考察各项处理工艺的污染物处理水平、投资成本和附属产物的环境影响等因素.按照可持续发展的技术准则进行判定,从而选择满足可持续发展要求的城市污水处理组合工艺.     

造纸工业循环经济模式评价指标体系研究

在研究现有国内外可持续发展和循环经济评价指标体系的基础上,结合中国造纸工业的特点和资源环境状况,建立了造纸工业循环经济模式评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法,确定了各评价指标的权重,对评价指标体系进行评估.解决了定量评价造纸工业循环经济模式优劣的难题.该体系分为经济发展指标、循环经济特征指标、生态环境效益指标和系统管理指标4个子系统,共22项具体评价指标.     

中国交通规划战略环境评价的若干问题探讨

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施5年多以来,交通规划战略环境评价的开展有效推进了中国交通建设的可持续发展。目前,该领域在理论研究和实践应用方面都取得了一定的成绩,但也存在一些不足。在回顾国内外交通规划战略环境评价发展历程和特点的基础上,就中国交通规划战略环境评价在层次性、定性与定量评价的把握以及如何有效融入决策过程等方面的问题进行了初步探讨,并建议尽早开展利益相关方分析、推广"综合情景+定量模型"的技术方法、引入制度分析方法并开展广泛的公众参与等,为完善中国的交通规划战略环境评价提供参考。     

基于机械物理法的废旧电路板回收经济性分析

废旧电路板的有效回收对保护环境、实现资源的优化配置和社会可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。通过分析废旧电路板的回收方法,给出了机械物理法中3种典型回收方案的工艺流程,建立了其回收经济性评价模型,量化评估回收成本与收益。结合一个具体的回收实例,运用经济性评价模型对其回收成本与收益进行具体分析,验证了评价模型的可靠性,实现了回收方案的优选。最后,对提高废旧电路板回收经济性提出一些建议。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.