云贵川交界区晚二叠世煤系地层出露风化土的酸性特征

云贵川交界区农村流行地氟病且曾以"土"拌煤作为生活燃料的现象普遍,煤系地层广泛出露且前人观察指出当地拌煤"土"常取自煤系地层风化土.本文以采自该区7个县域的71件煤系地层出露风化土为样本进行研究,结果表明,52%的风化土呈酸性,pH均值为4.62(2.39—5.54,n=37);硫酸根含量显著偏高,均值达到1778μg·g~(-1)(295—13086μg·g~(-1),n=71);氟含量总体偏高,均值达到751μg·g~(-1)(237—1764μg·g~(-1),n=71).酸性风化土的pH与其硫酸根含量的负对数-lg C[SO2-4]成正相关(r=0.75),表明风化土中酸的存在形式可能为酸性硫酸盐如KHSO4或Na HSO4,而后者可能源自煤系地层中黄铁矿的风化.在一定条件下(燃烧),风化土内部的酸与氟在燃烧条件下的相互作用可能导致氟化氢释放,且风化土中氟与高硫煤在燃烧条件下相互作用可能加剧氟化氢释放.     

广东大宝山矿区堆积土水土流失对重金属迁移量的影响

矿区水土流失和重金属污染是造成区域生态环境损害的重要途径。采用野外径流小区模拟径流原位冲刷试验方法,以广东省大宝山矿区堆积时间为3 a的老弃土和堆积时间为0. 5 a的新弃土为研究对象,以自然土为对照,分析水土流失及重金属的迁移特征,以期为科学认知矿区生态破坏和重金属污染协同治理提供案例支撑。结果表明:(1) 2种类型堆积土径流量均随时间呈上升变化趋势,其20 min平均径流量分别为6. 52和5. 75 L·min~(-1),远大于自然土(0. 69 L·min~(-1))。(2)新弃土径流含沙量和产沙率均最高,分别为156. 79 g·L~(-1)和0. 99kg·min~(-1),老弃土(51. 68 g·L~(-1),0. 27 kg·min~(-1))次之,自然土最低。(3)新、老2种堆积土侵蚀泥沙Cd平均含量分别为自然土的11. 43倍和11. 20倍,平均流失率分别为自然土的361. 67和135. 33倍,且在产流初期Cd流失率最高,有明显的"初期冲刷"效应。Pb、Zn和Cu表现出与Cd一致的迁移特征。(4)径流泥沙中重金属含量与径流量呈极显著正相关关系(P0. 01),重金属流失率与径流含沙量、产沙率呈极显著正相关关系(P0. 01),径流及泥沙流失对重金属的迁移有明显影响。矿区土壤经扰动堆积后,水土流失量及重金属迁移量明显增加,且堆积时间越短,增幅越大。若要控制重金属对矿区外部环境的危害,必须治理矿区水土流失。     

锰铁氧体吸附及催化柠檬酸还原六价铬的过程及机理

本文探究了磁性纳米铁锰氧体(MnFe_2O_4)及其黏土矿物负载材料对六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))的吸附作用,同时研究了锰铁氧体-柠檬酸溶液体系中,铁锰氧体催化柠檬酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机理.结果表明,MnFe_2O_4材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随着吸附时间的增加而增加,在0—5 min内快速吸附并达到平衡,符合准二级动力学模型.伴随MnFe_2O_4负载量的增加,凹凸棒土负载铁锰氧体(ATP-Fe Mn)的吸附量大幅增加,ATP-FeMn14吸附量最大达到了29.2 mg·g~(-1),且吸附等温线均可用Langmuir方程或Freundlich方程拟合,属于单分子层吸附.MnFe_2O_4和负载ATP材料吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳pH值为3—4,ATP-FeMn14对六价铬的去除率最高,最佳投加量为5 g·L~(-1).在铁锰氧体-柠檬酸体系中,溶液pH值是影响Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率的重要因素,当溶液pH值在4和5时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率(76.5%、66.2%)显著高于其他处理;4 mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸的处理去除率(89.8%)显著高于其他浓度柠檬酸的处理去除率;而在相同体系中,MnFe_2O_4的处理去除率(89.8%)显著高于其他研究材料.本研究表明铁锰氧体不仅对Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附性能,在与有机酸共存时,还可以催化有机酸还原Cr(Ⅵ),降低Cr(Ⅵ)的环境风险.     

淀粉显色分光光度法测定土壤中的碘

本文介绍了测定土壤中碘的淀粉显色分光光度法。该法操作简便、快速、准确、容易掌握。平均回收率为100.5％,标准偏差为0.3mg kg~(-1),变异系数为4.8％(n=5)。     

微分脉冲阴极溶出伏安法测定环境水样中的痕量硒

采用微分脉冲阴极溶出法测定环境水样中的痕量硒,以银电极为工作电极,在酸性介质0.06mol.l^-1HCl-0.07mol.l^-1HNO3溶液中于－0.35V(vs SCE)处富集20min,使Se(IV)电沉积为硒化银,然后,以40mV.s^-1的扫速,在碱性介质2．0mol.l^-1NaOH溶液中阴极溶出至－1.2V(vsSCE),硒化银被还原为银的溶出峰电位约为－0.85V(vs SCE),硒的分析校正曲直到40ng.ml^-1仍然成线性,检测下限为11.5pg.ml^-1,相关系为0.9982,灵敏度为10.93uA/ng.ml^-1,20ng.ml^-1的RSD（n=5)为1．26％,检出限（3σ为3.46pg.ml^-1,环境水样中常见离子的存在不干扰痕量硒的测定。     

石墨探针直接收集、石墨探针炉原子吸收法测定APM中痕量银

本文采用一定气孔性的石墨探针直接收集大气颗粒物（APM）,然后用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的APM中痕量银。实验表明:峰面积吸光度与银的浓度在0—120ng·ml~(-1)范围内呈线性关系,银的特征量为6.75pg,检测限（3σ）为11.74pg,RSD（n=11）为3.92％,分析标准物质NBS1648（城市颗粒物）,其回收率和RSD（n=5）分别为90.2—105.0％和6.0％,证明此法准确、灵敏、快速、简便。     

极限精密差示紫外光度法测定工业含酚废水中高含量油的初步研究

本文用两个参比溶液的极限精密差示紫外光度法,测定工业含酚废水中的高含量油。选择二氯甲烷为溶剂,λmax=272nm,参比油浓度C_1和C_2分别为45(mg·1~(-1))和350(mg·1~(-1))左右,工作曲线测量范围为45—300(mg·1~(-1))。废水样含油量测定的相对标准偏差小于4％(n=8),回收率高于95％,与普通紫外光度法对比,准确度可提高10倍。     

气相色谱法测定水产品中氯丹残留量

以鱼、虾、贝的可食部分作为试验基质,建立了水产品中顺式氯丹、反式氯丹和氧氯丹的气相色谱测定方法.取均质试样1 g,加乙腈超声提取,正己烷反萃,弗罗里硅土-硅胶层析柱净化,使用配有电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定氯丹含量.氯丹质量浓度线性范围为0.200～100μg·L-1(r=0.998 3～0.999 9,n=7,P＜0.001),3种氯丹的定量检测下限均为2.00μg·kg-1(试验基质质量以湿质量计).当加标水平为1～15倍定量限时,6次重复测定的加标回收率为72.2%～104.0%,批次内变异系数为2.81%～8.56%(n=6),批次间变异系数为8.50%(n=3).     

纳米Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原及其影响因素

采用纳米Fe0还原水溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ),考察纳米Fe0投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、溶液pH值和有机酸等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果明显,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率分别是铁粉和铁屑的7和13倍.Cr(Ⅵ)溶液初始质量浓度为20 mg·L-1、Fe0投加量为5g·L-1条件下,反应24 h时纳米Fe0对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达82.7％.溶液低pH值可以促进Fe0的腐蚀速度,提高反应速率,当pH值为3.0时还原效果最好.草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸对纳米Fe0还原Cr(Ⅵ)均有明显的促进作用,3种有机酸对Cr(Ⅵ)还原率的提高幅度由高到低依次为草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸.     

微塑料在日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)体内的摄入、排出及对其摄食行为的影响

微塑料的生态毒理学效应,是近年来国际环境领域的研究热点和前沿问题。然而,由于生物体内的微塑料定量分析存在难度,导致其毒动力学过程和生物影响等方面的研究受限。本研究以10μm荧光标记的聚苯乙烯(PS)为测试对象,考察了日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)对PS微粒的摄入及排出动力学,以及PS微粒对其摄食行为的影响。结果表明,日本虎斑猛水蚤暴露于表观浓度为1×10~3个·mL~(-1)的PS微粒溶液,其体内检出的PS微粒的量随着暴露时间增加呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,暴露24 h后达到最大值,为(7.00±2.44)个·只~(-1)(n=3),48 h后降至(3.20±1.93)个·只~(-1)(n=3)。将暴露于表观浓度为1×10~3个·mL~(-1)的PS微粒溶液中48 h后的日本虎斑猛水蚤转移至清洁海水中后,体内检出的PS微粒的量呈现下降趋势,24 h后可排出体内96.33%±1.18%(n=3)的PS微粒,48 h后生物体内无PS微粒检出。日本虎斑猛水蚤暴露于表观浓度为1×10~3个·mL~(-1)的PS微粒溶液中24 h和48 h后,其对微藻的摄食率与对照组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究结果为科学评估微塑料的生态风险提供依据。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.