石化装置长周期安全运行风险分析和对策

随着国际竞争的激烈,石化生产装置的长周期运行成为我国石化企业的降本增效的主要手段。如何保证本质安全成为长周期运行的难题。本文以延迟焦化装置为例,主要从工艺原理、工艺原则流程和物料性质等方面进行了系统的风险分析,对设备利用英国TISCHUK公司的T-OCA软件进行RBI(Risk-based Inspection,即RBI)评估,确定了装置长周期运行存在的薄弱环节,并提出了控制措施。实践证明,该套方法对我国石化生产装置的长周期安全运行提供了科学的技术支持。     

RBI技术在我国企业的应用研究与改进思考

基于风险的检测技术(RBI)是目前化工行业逐渐采用并得到认可的一种新的设备检测技术。在对RBI体系研究的基础上,阐述了RBI的系统思想、实施步骤与应用价值;在工艺危害性分析的基础上,采用挪威船级社的ORBIT Onshore软件对常减压装置进行了定量RBI分析,识别出装置设备和管道的主要腐蚀损伤模式,确定设备和管道的风险大小分布以及风险检测策略;并根据RBI在化工等行业企业的应用实践对RBI技术在我国应用过程中存在的不足提出了相关改进建议。     

基于可靠度理论的RBI修正模型研究

基于风险的检测技术包括定性RBI判断和定量RBI计算,定性判断得到风险相对的高低,风险相对较低者则不必进行定量RBI计算,风险高者再进行下一步定量RBI计算。在API581中,国外风险分析统计表明,石化企业的风险分布范围有一个所谓的"二八"现象,即"80%的风险是由20%的设备引起",中高风险以上的设备范围一般在20%左右。但我国十套装置风险分析结果发现,这个结论在我国并不适用,我国中高风险设备往往在40%左右。论文分析了API581在中国应用的局限性,引入可靠度理论计算设备失效概率,预估未来的失效概率或可靠度,可以完整地以RBI方法在得知失效后果和失效概率下,评估出此设备在整个系统中所处的地位,从而适当地分配检测、维修资源,在RBI完成后再进行风险评价进而完成风险评估过程。     

基于风险的检验技术在苯加氢装置管道的应用

简述基于风险的压力管道检验技术基本理念,讨论压力管道的危害风险和失效模式,介绍了风险评估方法及其适用场合、风险评估程序。对某苯加氢装置的管道系统进行风险检验评价,对该管道的各种危险因素进行分析,并对其基础数据和检验检测结果进行了研究和探讨,近而采用5×5风险矩阵法和定性分析,对苯加氢装置管道系统进行风险评估,根据该评估结论,提出了科学制定检修计划的建议和控制风险措施。研究结果表明:基于风险的检验技术,既能节约大量的停机和检验维修费用,又能有效地提高重点设备的安全性和管理水平。     

石油化工装置安全距离确定方法研究

为确定石油化工装置与暴露目标间的合理安全距离,对国内外安全距离确定方法进行研究,以个体风险标准值和不同危害的伤害阈值为基础,提出确定石油化工装置与暴露目标间安全距离的基本原则。在此基础上,将确定性分析方法和基于风险的方法进行结合,形成石油化工装置与暴露目标安全距离的评估方法。该方法利用暴露目标的个体风险标准选择危害事件,并定义安全距离种类,根据"伤害标准"或"无伤害标准",采取确定性分析方法的方式,确定危害事件与不同暴露目标间的安全距离。应用示例展示该方法在石油化工装置安全距离确定中的应用。     

承压设备风险分析中失效后果加权模型研究

在分析失效可能性和失效后果具有不同权重的特点的基础上,提出一种失效后果加权的风险计算模型,该模型的等风险曲线很好地描述风险矩阵中的风险等级分布,并很好地解释风险矩阵分布的非对称性。所建立的模型能连续地将风险等级区域划分开来,以数学模型的形式描述不同风险等级的边界线,解决了传统风险等风险线跨越不同风险级别区域的问题。根据失效后果加权模型的风险计算结果,分析失效后果的权重大于失效可能性的权重的特点。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。     

建筑安全管理的系统定义与评价

在系统论与控制论的背景下，定义建筑安全管理作为社会时效系统的控制模型、应用评价方程式，既可以定量地评价各种条件下建筑安全管理的绩效，又可以指导社会与企业建筑安全管理工作，实现建筑安全管理工作科学化与规范化。     

Potentially preventable prehospital deaths from motor vehicle collisions

Background: In 2011, about 30,000 people died in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in the United States. We sought to evaluate the causes of prehospital deaths related to MVCs and to assess whether these deaths were potentially preventable.

Methods: Miami–Dade Medical Examiner records for 2011 were reviewed for all prehospital deaths of occupants of 4-wheeled motor vehicle collisions. Injuries were categorized by affected organ and anatomic location of the body. Cases were reviewed by a panel of 2 trauma surgeons to determine cause of death and whether the death was potentially preventable. Time to death and hospital arrival times were determined using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 2002 to 2012, which allowed comparison of our local data to national prevalence estimates.

Results: Local data revealed that 39% of the 98 deaths reviewed were potentially preventable (PPD). Significantly more patients with PPD had neurotrauma as a cause of death compared to those with a nonpreventable death (NPD) (44.7% vs. 25.0%, P =.049). NPDs were significantly more likely to have combined neurotrauma and hemorrhage as cause of death compared to PPDs (45.0% vs. 10.5%, P <.001). NPDs were significantly more likely to have injuries to the chest, pelvis, or spine. NPDs also had significantly more injuries to the following organ systems: lung, cardiac, and vascular chest (all P <.05). In the nationally representative FARS data from 2002 to 2012, 30% of deaths occurred on scene and another 32% occurred within 1 h of injury. When comparing the 2011 FARS data for Miami–Dade to the remainder of the United States in that year, percentage of deaths when reported on scene (25 vs. 23%, respectively) and within 1 h of injury (35 vs. 32%, respectively) were similar.

Conclusions: Nationally, FARS data demonstrated that two thirds of all MVC deaths occurred within 1 h of injury. Over a third of prehospital MVC deaths were potentially preventable in our local sample. By examining injury patterns in PPDs, targeted intervention may be initiated.     

空气气氛下木材表观热解动力学

研究了空气气氛下马尾松和楠木的树叶、树皮和树干试样的热解过程,发现每种试样的热解均包含两步主要的失重过程,在600℃时总失重均达90%以上.利用积分方法建立了适用于所有试样的两阶段一级动力学模型,实验失重曲线较好地符合模型计算出的失重曲线.     

胶粘剂对芳纶无纬布防弹性能的影响

通过物理共混的方法,将固化剂及消泡剂加入到丙烯酸酯胶粘剂中,从而改善丙烯酸酯胶粘剂织造的无纬布表面粘手及不平整的问题,并利用电子拉力实验机对无纬布进行力学性能测试。研究表明：固化剂的添加可明显提高布样的粘结强度,并且布样的表面不粘手;消泡剂的添加能够明显改善布样的表观质量,布样表面平整、无气泡;添加固化剂可提高布样的力学性能,同时还可提高了材料的防弹性能,子弹穿透层数减少,布样的平均凹陷明显降低,减少了对人体的二次钝伤。