华南山坡地植物生物量的收获和植物资源的持续利用

本文主要从减少因生物量收获造成的生态系统养分损失。讨论华南山坡地植物资源的利用问题。结果表明，不同的生物量收获方式、收获时期和刈割频率，以及利用不同的植被类型作为薪炭燃料所造成的养分损失有很大的差别，了解这些差别将有助于华南山坡地可更新资源的管理和持续利用。     

降水变化对高寒草甸两种植物不同器官生物量和养分分配的影响

植物生物量和养分分配反映了其对外界资源利用最大化的生长对策,探究降水变化对高寒草甸植物不同器官生物量和养分分配的影响,有助于预测植物对未来气候变化的响应策略.以高寒草甸多年生菊科植物乳白香青（Anaphalis lactea）和钝苞雪莲（Saussurea nigrescens）为研究对象,设置5个降水梯度（0.1P：降水减少90%;0.5P：降水减少50%;0.7P：降水减少30%;CK：自然降水;1.5P：降水增加50%）,比较两种植物花苞、茎及叶片的生物量和养分分配特征的差异,探索模拟降水下植物生物量和养分分配格局变化的影响因素.结果表明：（1）0.1P和0.7P提高了两种植物各器官生物量,乳白香青茎、叶和花生物量均在1.5P最低,而钝苞雪莲茎、叶和花生物量在0.5P最低.（2）乳白香青各器官生物量分配比例为茎（42.95%±7.66%）>花（35.05%±7.42%）>叶（22.01%±6.57%）,而钝苞雪莲为叶（37.44%±9.29%）>茎（31.75%±6.83%）>花（30.75%±7.58%）.(3)0.5P和0.7P处理下乳白香青繁殖器官生...     

汶川地震对森林土壤养分动态的影响

地震导致地表植被严重破坏,土壤物理性质和养分循环发生明显变化,这对震后植被恢复有重要影响.选取两处受汶川地震影响的森林植被区,分别设置4个处理,即地震迹地、地震迹地枯木旁、邻近未受损森林、邻近未受损林窗,对比研究表层土壤(0-20 cm)物理因子、有机质、速效养分以及微生物等.结果显示两处研究地点有大致一样的趋势:地震迹地与地震迹地枯木旁温差与p H值浮动变化显著大于未受损森林与林窗,土壤含水量明显低于未受损森林和林窗;震后造成土壤有机质含量显著降低,损失高达50%,速效养分损失高达80%;速效养分(铵态氮和硝态氮)与微生物生物量碳氮含量由高到低顺序为邻近未受损森林、邻近未受损林窗、地震迹地枯木旁、地震迹地;震后枯木在地震迹地形成养分热点,其速效养分及微生物生物量碳、氮高于地震迹地,在生长季节较为显著,其速效养分硝态氮含量最高是地震迹地的5.88倍.本研究表明汶川地震导致受损森林系统表层土壤有机质等的极大流失,同时震后迹地土壤有效养分、微生物生物量显著降低,地震迹地枯木旁形成土壤"肥力岛",震后生态系统恢复将经历养分富集和植被演替过程.     

桂西北肯福环境移民示范区土地利用对土壤肥力变化的影响

为了解肯福环境移民示范区农业土地利用对土壤肥力变化的影响,特对移民迁入前和移民迁入后第3年示范区的土壤养分变化进行了研究,分析了耕层土样的8个土壤养分指标。结果表明,示范区土壤肥力整体上呈下降趋势,但不同的养分元素含量变化又有差别,并且不同利用方式的土壤养分元素含量变化也存在差别,宜林类用地土壤肥力降低幅度最大。     

长期有机无机肥配合施用土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物短期变化

为了阐明改变肥料养分投入后土壤微生物特性的短期变化,采集长期定位有机无机肥配施的红壤水稻土,通过室内培育试验,观测添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生物量碳及BIOLOG群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明,长期有机无机肥配施土壤中添加无机肥料养分短期内( 185 d)降低了15％～22％的微生物生物量碳含量和55.6％的微生物群落平均光密度；添加有机肥料养分短期内提高了8％～42％的微生物生物量碳含量和992％的微生物群落平均光密度；而不添加肥料养分短期内提高了501％的微生物群落平均光密度,降低了微生物群落均一性,但对微生物生物量碳含量影响不大.此外,添加不同肥料养分均改变了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢模式.长期配施有机无机肥土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生态特征发生明显变化,其差异体现在微生物生物量碳与微生物碳源利用特性的变化上.     

入侵种喜旱莲子草对土壤养分的表型可塑性反应

对外来入侵种喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart．）Griseb．）在不同土壤氮养分处理中的表型可塑性反应进行了研究。结果表明：土壤中氮养分水平对喜旱莲子草克隆生长有显著影响，如分枝强度、苇节长度随氮含量升高均有不同程度的增加；氮养分最高的处理中根系生物量投资最小，而茎、叶生物量投资最大，对照处理中则表现山根冠比最大。研究结果表明，在不同土壤养分条件下，喜旱莲子草不同表型结构有可能同时对环境选择作出反应，在种群生存与维持、生长、繁殖等功能方面实现种群个体各器官生物量投资的优化配置来适应多样化的环境，以增强其入侵能力，     

植物叶片在食叶昆虫胁迫下的正向效应及其机制

植物对外界因素刺激的反应逐渐被人们认识．在食叶昆虫胁迫下，某些植物的叶片对一定程度损害的反应在缓解危害、弥补所造成的损失方面表现出了多方面的正向效应．幼叶在高食叶昆虫胁迫下幼叶延缓变绿和减少光合作用．在损失部分叶片后，光合速率的变化与剩余叶量之间的关联作用在维系整体营养、生长方面具有明显的峰谷效应；被食植物代谢方式的调整与代谢产物的变化对抵御食叶昆虫进一步危害、抑制虫体发育和影响下一代叶食昆虫质量与数量有明显作用．植物部分组织的损失在客观上缓解了余下植物体的水分胁迫，特别是干旱时期的水分胁迫，使得余下的组织功能得到更有效的发挥．另外，叶片部分养分在植物生长重要时期的转移与昆虫取食高峰的时差可称作是一种物候防御．参32     

堆肥污泥辅助金矿尾矿适生植物筛选的初步研究

适生植物筛选是尾矿植物修复过程中的关键环节。采用豆科、禾本科与观赏类(景天科和鸭跖草科)共11种植物作为某金矿尾矿适生植物的筛选对象,研究在表层施加堆肥污泥辅助植物定植的情况下,不同植物在金矿尾矿中的生长情况及尾矿中速效养分的变化情况。结果表明,沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)、黑麦草(Lollum multiflorum)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)及八宝景天(Sedum spectabile)具有较高的出苗率和存活率,长势良好,生物量大,可作为供试金矿尾矿的优势修复植物。研究还发现施加堆肥污泥可促进植物生长,增加植物的生物量及尾矿中速效养分,但对植物出苗率有不同程度的抑制作用。综合分析表明,施加w=10%的堆肥污泥可起到有效辅助植物定植的作用,但重金属的潜在淋溶及生态风险还值得深入研究。     

上海市沿海防护林下土壤养分、微生物及酶的典型相关关系

以上海市沿海防护林为研究对象,选择6种不同树种的防护林带,采集0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60cm四层土样为研究材料,运用典型相关分析法,对防护林地土壤养分因子、微生物因子和酶活性因子中每两组变量间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：三组变量土壤养分、微生物、酶活性中,每两者之间均有显著的典型相关变量存在,而且基本能够代表变量总体相关信息;土壤养分和土壤微生物间的相关主要由全氮、速效磷含量与微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量磷引起;土壤养分与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要由全氮、有效磷、水解氮含量与脲酶、蛋白酶活性的相关性引起;土壤微生物与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要是由微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量磷与脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的相关性引起;不同林地不同土壤层次的养分、微生物及酶活性在各对典型变量上的聚集趋势可为防护林建设过程中的树种选择与土壤健康诊提供一定的依据。     

经营模式对大渡河干暖河谷黄果柑坡地果园土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

坡地果园是大渡河干暖河谷主要的土地利用方式之一,而土壤生物学特性是土壤肥力的关键组成部分.为了解不同经营管理措施下坡地果园的土壤生物学特性,比较研究黄果柑坡地果园不同经营模式(散户和集体经营)和不同坡位(下坡、中坡和上坡)的土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化,并探讨它们与细根生物量、土壤养分等的关系.结果显示;经营模式和坡位...     

Life-cycle model of terrestrial carbon exchange

We present here a terrestrial carbon cycle model based on a scheme of the phytomass change, which is continuous in time. The experimental information about net primary production, living and dead phytomass, and soil organic matter for various ecosystems is used for calibration of the model. The suggested model enables to characterize terrestrial ecosystems as carbon sources or carbon sinks and to evaluate intensity of these sources and sinks. The model is applied for the European territory of Russia as a case study. Intensity of the total exchange carbon flux for this territory is evaluated. The obtained results allow to conclude that the given territory is the sink of carbon.     

Integrating eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness into the design of sustainable industrial systems in China

As an important tool for environment management, eco-efficiency has been widely applied, but eco-effectiveness has only made progress on eco-design and life cycle management in recent years. Few have attempted to integrate eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness into sustainable industrial systems. In a new framework integrating eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness, both concepts can find unique roles and complement each other in industrial ecosystems to dissolve conflicts between industry and the environment. This article provides a case study of China in which eco-efficiency indicators (energy, water and waste utilisation intensity) have demonstrated great progress in China, but eco-efficiency cannot stop the increasing release of pollutants and their accumulating impact on ecological life-support systems. China must integrate eco-effectiveness and eco-efficiency into concrete sustainable development strategies, questioning whether limited resources are being used correctly. Both eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness are identified as important indicators in the development of sustainable industrial systems. In the framework of sustainable industrial systems, eco-effectiveness must begin to play a more important role.     

Ecoregions and ecosystem management in China

Ecological regionalization is a base for rational management and sustainable utilization of ecosystems and natural resources. It can provide a scientific basis for constructing healthy ecological environments and making policies of environmental management. In this paper, based on synthetic analysis of the characteristics of the ecology and environments of China, the principles of ecological regionalization are discussed, and indices and nomenclature of ecological regionalization are proposed. The ecoregions on a national scale are divided. The results show that there are 3 domains, 13 ecoregions and 57 ecodistricts. The present scheme can be used as a framework for ecosystem assessment and management. Based on the ecoregions, measurements of management for forest, grassland, agriculture and wetland ecosystems are recommended. The experience and information can be used within and beyond the national scale for land-use planning, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration.     

Linking the concept of ecological footprint and valuation of ecosystem services: A case study of economic growth and natural carrying capacity

Human activities have become so extensive that all ecosystems on the planet have been altered to some extent. The fate of humankind will be determined by how sustainable ecosystems and the renewable resources in them are managed. The implication of this is obvious: humanity must live within nature's carrying capacity. In recent years, humans have recognised that growth of the economy depends on natural capital, and it is important that we now recognise that we are part of an international ecological economics community, so as to better integrate the economy and ecology. However, there are few successful examples of this. The aim of this paper is to show a method for integrated analysis between economic growth and natural carrying capacity by linking the concepts of ecological footprint and valuation of ecosystem services. When applied to China for the period 1987–2003, the empirical evidence suggests that the size of the Chinese economy surpassed the carrying capacity in 1992. Perhaps, we should abandon our high-growth predilection and initiate a transition to a steady-state economy.     

基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展研究——以常州市为例

以常州市为例,探讨了基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展的内涵,提出“生态保育区-生态提升区-生态新建区”的生态建设分区模式和市域生态防护网架是构建区域生态安全格局的基本框架和促进区域生态可持续发展的调控途径。     

Achieving sustainable rural development in Southern China: the contribution of bamboo forestry

Bamboo forests, due to their special characteristics and ecological functions, play an important role in sustainable forest management and rural development in China. Over the past two decades, China has successfully established millions of hectares of bamboo forest, which has restored fragile ecosystems, provided benefits to local communities, alleviated rural poverty and eased timber shortages. However, there is potential for further improvements to the bamboo forest estate. This paper analyses the current state of bamboo forest resources and management, and the roles of the bamboo forest industry in social development, economic growth and ecosystem protection in China. We examine the main issues related to governance systems, local economic development and traditional management practices. Finally, we suggest some directions for future development.     

The importance of groundwater discharge for plant species number in riparian zones

Riparian zones are hotspots of plant species richness in temperate and boreal biomes. The phenomenon is believed to be caused primarily by river-related processes, and upland influences on riparian zones have received relatively little attention. We investigated the importance of discharge of groundwater derived from uplands on riparian patterns in vascular plant species composition. We found that groundwater discharge areas in riparian zones were 36-209% more species rich than non-discharge areas, depending on spatial scale (1-50 m wide transects from annual high-water levels to summer low-water levels) and river (one free-flowing and one regulated). Higher nitrogen availability and less drought stress during low river stages are suggested as the major causes for the higher species diversity in discharge areas. Riparian zones lacking groundwater discharge lost more species following water-level regulation than did discharge areas. This indicates that groundwater discharge areas are more resistant to regulation because both individual plants and plant populations may grow larger in discharge areas. These results demonstrate that riparian zones are controlled by water and nutrient input from upland parts of catchments in ways that have been overlooked despite more than three decades of research into linkages between stream ecosystems and their valleys.     

Sustainable urban development: Policy framework for sustainable consumption and production

The environmental impact of consumption and production is diverse and wide-reaching: air, water and ground pollutants are emitted during different phases of a life cycle, natural resources are overexploited and ecosystems are degraded. Changing consumption patterns in Asia forecast major impacts from increased demand for electric and electronic goods, cars and processed and protein-rich food, as well as buildings. While some countries have adopted policy at a strategic level to promote sustainable consumption and production, most countries, in particular developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, do not have a comprehensive policy on sustainable consumption and production but would have much to gain from building on this new approach. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on current theory and practice in the area of sustainable production and consumption focusing on sustainable urban development. The paper will: 1) analyse current policy thinking in the field of regional sustainable consumption and production; 2) identify issues for regional policy development in the same fields; and 3) propose regional public policy related to sustainable consumption and production patterns, such as improved energy efficiency and use of alternative energy.     

我国农田土壤碳氮耦合特征的区域差异

利用中国第2次土壤普查数据,分析了稻作和旱作方式下农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮特征及其区域差异。结果表明,水田土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别为旱地的147.8%和145.5%,但水田碳氮含量的区域变异低于旱地。全国水田和旱地土壤有机碳氮比值分别为10.8和9.9,各区域水田土壤碳氮比值普遍高于旱地,其中东北水田最高,而华东旱地和西北旱地最低。旱地碳氮比值的区域变异显著,水田则不显著。农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著正相关,除华北地区外,各区域无论水田还是旱地其碳氮含量之间相关系数都超过0.8,达极显著水平。由此可见,我国农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量之间存在显著耦合关系,而且不同利用方式和区域之间差异显著;相同氮水平下,水田土壤可能储存更多的有机碳。     

Ecological engineering for water in sustainable settlements construction

The components of a water system in a settlement should benefit the residents, environment and nature. Ecological engineering for water use in settlements is crucial for designing and constructing a sustainable community. This article discusses ecological engineering measures and technology case studies in China for systematic regulation of the multiple functions of water in a sustainable community. These methods include reusing all sources of water (rainwater, wastewater and surface water), separating water that has been used for different purposes, promoting nutrient cycling, and improving the self-purification of water by controlling pollutant loads.