浙江省洪涝灾害的统计分析

根据浙江省1949－1998年（缺1966－1975年及1978年）共39年的洪涝成灾面积资料及39年（1961－1999年）的36个站点的分季降水资料，对该省洪涝灾害进行了统计分析。分析表明，浙江洪涝灾害面积大，且有随时间而增加的趋势，此外，不同地区表现为不同的受灾特征，浙江省应该对不同地区采取不同的减灾防灾措施，因地制宜，减少水患的经济损失。     

云娜台风灾害特点与浙江省台风灾害初步研究

从云娜台风造成的灾害入手，系统地分析了浙江台风灾害发生的基本特点和规律，主要结论为台风灾害主要表现为罕见的强降水、创纪录的风力、部分地区的洪涝和多发的次生灾害。影响浙江的台风（或热带低压）的时间在5—11月，主要在7—9月，其影响可分为直接影响和间接影响两类。直接影响主要表现为台风暴雨引起洪涝灾害、地质灾害，强风造成房屋倒塌，有时遇到“三碰头”导致严重风暴潮灾害；间接影响主要是在浙江地区产生强降水，进而引发洪涝灾害，诱发地质灾害，沿海地区常会因为东风波或东风系统中的云团“登陆”而产生强降水，并引发洪涝和地质灾害。     

浙江省台风灾情时空分布特征及影响因素研究

台风灾害给浙江省造成了严重的生命和财产损失。本文以浙江省的县域为研究单元,通过对2009-2020年台风灾害灾情数据的分析,结合降水数据、风场数据、地形数据、河网数据和统计年鉴等资料,研究了台风灾情时空分布特征。在此基础上,运用地理探测器方法分析了台风灾情的影响因素。结果表明,2009-2020年共有27个台风登陆或影响浙江省,其中12个超强台风造成的损失最严重,而灾害损失严重地区主要分布在浙江省东南部沿海地区。台风灾害致灾因子、孕灾环境因子和人类活动因子中,台风最大风速、三日内最大降水量和距台风中心距离对受灾人口、死亡人口、受灾农作物和直接经济损失的贡献最大。本研究可为台风灾害风险的影响因素定量化分析提供方法参考。     

浙江省台风灾害及其对农业影响的风险评估

台风灾害是浙汀省主要的自然灾害之一,平均每年有3.3个台风对浙江省造成影响.以历史灾情资料和气象要索(致灾冈子)作为灾害指标,利用基于信息扩散原理的风险评估模型,对浙江省台风灾害及其对农业造成的影响进行了模糊风险评估,并在GIS技术支持下,直观地给出了浙江省台风大风和台风暴雨的空间分布特征.研究结果表明:浙江省台风灾害存在明显的空间差异,台风大风发生的概率由沿海岛屿和沿海地区向内陆减小,台风大风高风险区位于沿海岛屿,台风暴雨的高风险区在浙东南沿海一带.台风灾害对浙江省农业影响风险值较高的地区主要位于沿海岛屿和东部沿海地区,当风险水平为30%时,舟山、台州、温州和宁波等地受灾概率大约为2-4年一遇,为全省高风险敏感区.     

长三角地区台风灾害链特征分析

利用1951-2008年58年的历史台风资料分析了台风致灾因子,提取了影响长三角地区的187场台风并根据台风路径频率,将影响长三角地区的台风划分为西行、穿越和北上3类优势路径和一类特殊路径。然后,结合自然环境特征和DEM高程数据,将长三角地区台风孕灾环境划分为海岸带、北部平原和南部丘陵3个区域,并分析了每个区域发生的主要台风灾害链类型。针对"云娜"、"芸妮"和"爱娜斯"3个台风案例,分析了台风路径与不同孕灾环境组合形成的不同台风灾害链。结果表明:海岸带易引发台风-大风-巨浪或风暴潮灾害链;丘陵区域易引发台风-暴雨-山洪、泥石流和滑坡灾害链;平原地区易引发台风-暴雨-平原洪水和内涝灾害链。西行类台风影响海岸带和南部丘陵地区,易形成海岸带和南部丘陵区的台风灾害链;穿越类台风影响整个长三角地区,3种类型的台风灾害链都易发生;北上类台风一般只影响海岸带,易形成海岸带的台风灾害链。     

影响黄渤海域热带气旋的灾害分析

分析了1971—2000年北上影响辽东半岛及黄渤海域热带气旋的气候特征、路径分类及灾害特点，结果表明，台风是造成黄渤海域风浪灾害的主要天气系统之一；辽东半岛地区，最大暴雨是由台风引起的；不同路径的热带气旋造成的灾害不同；热带气旋活动具有群集性，在产生风暴潮、暴雨的同时，常引发洪涝灾害、泥石流、滑坡等次生灾害，加重了灾害程度。     

不同路径进入广西内陆台风气候特征分析

广西是我国受台风影响最多的地区之一,以不同路径进入广西的台风,造成的影响也有所不同。该文应用1970-2013年翔实的台风资料,对进入广西的三类路径(沿海型、桂东南型和桂东北型)台风进行统计分析。结果表明:从桂东南进入广西内陆的台风最多,造成的强降雨影响最严重;从沿海进入广西内陆的台风,所带来的灾害性大风范围最广,其造成特大型灾害和大型灾害的频率最高;而从桂东北进入广西内陆的台风,对广西造成的风雨影响是三类路径台风中最弱的,其所造成的灾害主要是中型灾害。这一分析结果对促进广西台风的预报和服务以及防台减灾工作将产生有益的影响。     

中国沿海地区台风灾害损失评估研究

沿海地区作为人口积聚、国民经济和社会发展的重要区域和战略中心,在台风灾害中遭受的损失往往是惨重和致命的,所以亟待开展沿海地区台风灾害损失评估研究。根据1990-2007年的台风灾情资料,选取代表性指标尝试构建了台风灾情评估模型,并对沿海省市的台风灾害损失及其与致灾因子的关系进行分析评价。结果显示:除个别区域外,沿海地区台风灾害损失都呈下降趋势,但各区域下降的幅度不等,其中浙江省、江苏省和海南省下降幅度较低,均不足10%;浙江省、福建省和广东省18年间平均台风灾害损失较大;上海市以南各区域台风大风和暴雨的频次多、强度大,灾害损失大。     

浙江省台风灾害及应急机制建设

针对浙江省特殊的地理位置和气候条件，研究分析了台风灾害的特点以及应急机制建设的情况。在此基础上，提出了提高预防台风灾害能力的建议。     

台风灾害的模糊风险评估模型

台风灾害的致灾因子具有多重性，这使得台风灾害的风险评估相对于其它灾害来说更加复杂。本文以广东省14个市辖区为例，分别从台风暴雨和台风大风的角度分析了台风致灾因子的时、空、强规律；结合进行研究区承灾体的易损性分析，即选择研究区人口密度、人均GDP和农业占GDP的比重等3个指标综合反映研究区台风灾害的潜在损失风险。在此基础上，本文进一步评估了研究区台风灾害所造成的风险水平的地区差异。结果表明，阳江、深圳、汕尾、珠海、湛江是广东省14个市辖区中受台风灾害影响风险最高的5个区域。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

Does money work? Cash transfers to ex-combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes

This paper analyses the relevance and potential of cash transfers as part of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages provided to ex-combatants in transitions from war to peace. To this end, a theoretical framework is established that permits the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in DDR. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out to compare selected theoretical assumptions on the use of cash with the reality of lessons learned from recent experience in Sierra Leone and other African countries. The study shows that some theoretical drawbacks commonly associated with the use of cash in DDR processes may indeed bear out in practice. At the same time, though, the paper argues that the utility of cash transfers in DDR is affected by a variety of factors that go far beyond the simple choice of employing cash, most notably decisions on payment location, eligibility criteria and targeting.