北京市场大米和小麦面粉中砷的含量及其形态分析

以湖南省某污染区大米为对照,分析了北京市场大米、小麦面粉中总砷的含量水平和部分米中砷的形态.北京市场大米总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.218μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.097μg·g-1.湖南省某污染区大米总砷的含量范围为0.157-2.885μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.415μg·g-1,4例湖南省某污染区大米以无机砷为主,平均含量为0.341μg·g-1.北京市场面粉总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.057μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.006μg·g-1.有17例面粉样品未检出砷,占总样品的45%.与《食品中砷限量指标》(GB2762-2005)的限量值(大米无机砷0.15μg·g-1,面粉无机砷0.1μg·g-1)相比,北京市场的大米和面粉均未超标.湖南省某污染区4例大米无机砷含量全部超过限量标准,为标准的1.2-4.8倍.以WHO最大日允许无机砷摄入量2.1μg·kg-1 bw·d-1为参照标准,普通成人每日通过北京市场大米和面粉摄入的无机砷相当于WHO最大日允许摄入无机砷量(MTDI)的13%和0.5%,通过湖南省某污染区大米摄入的无机砷则相当于MTDI的57%.     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法联用(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定乳制品的无机砷及其它砷形态

采用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定了乳制品中的无机砷及其它砷形态,各种砷形态的方法检出限(以砷计)分别为:三价砷As(Ⅲ)2.0ng·g-1,五价砷As(Ⅴ)3.0ng·g-1,一甲基胂MMA2.0 ng·g-1,二甲基胂DMA 1.0 ng·g-1,甜菜碱As B 1.0 ng·g-1,根据加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,无机砷的加标回收率为89.9%-98.1%,相对标准偏差为1.09%-3.21%(n=6),根据所建立的方法,分析了市售的部分鲜奶、酸奶和奶粉样品,其中无机砷的含量均未超出国家标准限量.     

饮水型砷中毒病区人群砷暴露量及尿砷的季节变化

地下水高砷暴露的健康危害是环境与健康领域面临的巨大挑战。水砷含量及暴露人群饮水量参数的季节性变化可能影响饮水砷暴露评估的准确性。本研究选择内蒙古饮水砷中毒病区为研究区,测定丰水期(2013年5月)和枯水期(2013年12月)居民饮用水和尿液各形态砷(三价无机砷iAs~(3+)、五价无机砷iAs~(5+)、一甲基砷MMA~(5+)和二甲基砷DMA~(5+)+)含量,研究砷暴露量和尿砷的季节变化。结果表明,丰水期水砷含量(134.4±25.8)μg·L~(-1)显著低于枯水期的(163.2±38.1)μg·L~(-1),且丰水期水中iAs~(3+)的含量(58.9±51.2)μg·L~(-1)也显著低于枯水期的(100.1±49.0)μg·L~(-1)。研究人群丰水期通过饮水的摄砷量为313.1μg·d~(-1),低于枯水期的378.6μg·d~(-1)。此外,丰水期居民尿液总砷含量(218.6μg·L~(-1))显著低于枯水期(283.1μg·L~(-1))。丰水期女性居民尿液iAs、MMA~(5+)和总砷含量随当季饮水iAs~(5+)含量的升高而显著降低,枯水期女性尿液MMA5+含量随当季饮水iAs~(3+)及iAs含量的升高而显著升高。可见,病区居民饮水砷暴露量与尿砷含量具有明显的季节差异性,饮水砷与尿砷的关系受饮水砷形态、季节变化及性别等因素影响。     

饮水砷中毒病区水砷形态变化特征

水源水经水管传输后,其砷形态的含量及其百分比变化特征研究较少.因此,本文选择内蒙古某饮水型砷中毒病区为研究区,分析饮用的水源水日际和日内总无机砷含量(iAs)、以及水源水传输到用户端的末梢水和储存水的无机砷形态含量(iAs~Ⅲ、iAs~Ⅴ).结果发现,水源水iAs~Ⅲ、iAs~Ⅴ和iAs的平均含量分别为32.19、64.58、96.77μg·L~(-1),末梢水iAs~Ⅲ、iAs~Ⅴ和iAs的平均含量分别为100.11、63.09、163.21μg·L~(-1),而储存水iAs~Ⅲ、iAs~Ⅴ和iAs的平均含量分别为14.72、126.41、141.12μg·L_(-1).水源水的iAs~Ⅴ和iAs含量日内具有明显的变化,iAs含量在日际间无明显的差异,而iAs~Ⅲ和iAs~Ⅴ含量在日际间存在较为明显的变化.此外,水源水、末梢水和储存水的iAs~Ⅲ占总无机砷的比例分别为33.26%、61.33%和10.43%,而iAs~Ⅴ占总无机砷的比例分别为66.74%、38.67%和89.57%.该结果表明,饮水砷形态的转化可能受到水与空气接触时间、气温、气压和水温等因素的影响,且水源水在水管传输过程中可能导致末梢水和储存水的iAs含量增加.因此,饮水砷的暴露评估应关注不同形态的砷暴露以及饮水类型的砷暴露.     

广州市居民食品砷摄入的健康风险评价

从暴露途径来看,食物是人体砷暴露的主要途径之一。从饮食结构来看,广州市居民膳食主要来源于谷类食品,同时鱼虾类总体平均摄入量约为全国总体平均摄入量的2倍。因此,在分析广州市市场大米和海鲜这2种典型食品中砷含量的基础上对广州市居民食品砷摄入的健康风险进行了评价。分析了广州市场上的26种不同品牌的大米中的总砷含量,其含量范围为0.082～0.171μg·g~(-1),平均浓度为(0.127±0.027)μg·g~(-1),满足绿色食品大米标准(≤0.40μg·g~(-1))。在14种鱼虾蟹贝类海鲜中的砷含量分析基础上,计算得出广州市场上鱼类中总砷的平均含量为0.488μg·g~(-1),虾蟹贝类中总砷的平均含量为3.44μg·g~(-1),相比较国内外,广州市场鱼虾蟹中砷的含量整体处于中间水平。最后综合文献调研中其他主要食品中砷的含量,计算得出广州市成人通过食品每日摄入总砷的量为5.08μg·kg~(-1)BW·d~(-1)。建议日常饮食需要特别控制每日海鲜的摄入量,尤其是砷含量较高的濑尿虾、红虾及红蟹、花蟹。     

ICP-MS法测定电子电器材料中的有害元素铅、镉、砷、铬

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱测定不同基体的电子电器材料中铅、镉、铬、砷四种有害元素的方法.对仪器的参数、测试稳定性等作了系统研究,优化了对不同基体样品中铅、镉、铬、砷元素分析的前处理条件,探讨了各种材料中基体元素与其它共存元素对待测元素的影响.方法检出限为0.0024-0.46μg·g-1,对标准物质的测定值与参考值相符,相对准偏差为0.6%-5.8%.     

陕西省潼关采金地区汞污染的初步研究

对采金地区水样、沉积物、土壤及部分水藻和苔藓的分析表明 :潼关采金地区已经受到严重的汞污染 .水体总汞浓度最高达 2 5 8 62 μg·l- 1 ,且水样中的汞以颗粒态为主 ,大都占 5 0 %以上 ,而活性汞和溶解态汞的平均浓度分别为 0 1 82± 0 2 4 2 μg·l- 1 和 0 72± 0 79μg·l- 1 ;沉积物中平均汞浓度为 34 98± 2 5 39μg·g- 1 ,最高达 1 1 96μg·g- 1 ;而土壤中汞的浓度最高也只有 1 9 5 0 μg·g- 1 .     

福建闽南沿海养殖僧帽牡蛎中汞和砷的时空分布特征及风险评价

通过2009—2014年对福建闽南沿海的湄洲湾、大港湾、泉州湾、围头湾、厦门湾、佛昙湾、旧镇湾、东山湾、和诏安湾养殖的僧帽牡蛎中总汞和总砷含量的调查监测,对养殖僧帽牡蛎体中总汞和总砷含量的分布和食用风险进行探讨.结果表明,近6年9个湾海区养殖僧帽牡蛎体中总汞平均质量浓度(0.007—0.018 mg·kg~(-1)):湄洲湾泉州湾厦门湾诏安湾围头湾=旧镇湾=大港湾=东山湾佛昙湾;总砷平均质量浓度(1.40—2.02 mg·kg~(-1)):泉州湾厦门湾大港湾湄洲湾诏安湾东山湾围头湾旧镇湾佛昙湾.湄洲湾、泉州湾、厦门湾大部分海水养殖僧帽牡蛎体中总汞和总砷含量明显高于其他海区养殖僧帽牡蛎.福建闽南沿海养殖僧帽牡蛎体未受到汞的污染,98.1%的样品受砷的污染.根据FAO/WHO/JECFA(联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员会)提出的PTWI(暂定每周耐受摄入量)汞为5μg·kg~(-1)bw、无机砷为15μg·kg~(-1)bw.食用闽南沿海僧帽牡蛎中汞的EWI(每周评估摄入量)值均远小于PTWI,仅占PTWI的1.1%—1.4%;无机砷的EWI值均小于PTMI,占PTWI的7.0%—11.3%,总体处于安全水平.     

超声萃取气相色谱法测定植物样中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了二氯甲烷超声萃取、氧化铝柱层析分离、带电子捕获毛细管气相色谱测定植物样品中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.方法具有较好的精密度(RSD≤10%)、较低的检测限(MDLDBP=0.4ng·g-1,MDLDEHP=0.5ng·g-1)和较高的回收率(RDBP=87.3%,RDEHP=92.1%).用该法测定了太湖沉水植物中的PAEs含量,其中DBP在0.009-0.013μg·g-1,DEHP在0.026-0.106μg·g-1.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜中8种磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定蔬菜中8种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)的分析方法.以10 mL乙腈(添加2 g无水硫酸钠、0.1 g乙酸钠、0.1 g Na2EDTA)进行提取,HLB柱净化富集.采用RESTEKPinnacleⅡC18色谱柱,以水(含0.1%甲酸)和乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)为初始流动相进行梯度洗脱.在电喷雾-多反应检测离子模式下,进行定性定量分析.SMZ的方法定量限为0.2μg·kg-1,其它7种化合物的定量限均为0.1μg·kg-1.不同加标浓度(5—100μg·kg-1)下8种SAs的回收率大部分约在70%以上,相对标准偏差(RSD)多数小于10%,表明该方法能够满足实际样品的分析要求.利用该方法对某无公害蔬菜基地进行分析,蔬菜中检出3种以上磺胺类抗生素,含量在0.20—17.43μg·kg-1(干重)之间,总含量在2.42—27.60μg·kg-1之间.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.