双孢菇培养基废料对绿豆生长及AM真菌侵染的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究添加不同比例双孢菇(Agaricus bisporus)培养基废料(菇渣)对绿豆(Vigna radiate)生长及其根系受AM真菌侵染的影响.结果发现,在接种AM菌剂条件下,添加菇渣在基质中所占质量分数为5%~50%时,不同程度地提高了AM真菌对绿豆根系的侵染率,促进了植株生长与绿豆经济产量的提高,AM真菌侵染率在35 d左右达到高峰.添加20%菇渣的处理效果最佳,60 d收获时比对照植株高58%,生物量增加128%,豆荚干重增加598%,绿豆干重增加577%,经济产量(绿豆干重)与35 d时AM真菌对绿豆根系的侵染率呈显著线性回归关系(P<0.05).这说明添加20%左右的菇渣最有利于促进AM真菌对绿豆根系的侵染以及绿豆植株的营养生长和生殖生长.在最适菇渣比例(20%)条件下接种AM菌剂,基质灭菌(包括土壤与菇渣)处理的AM真菌侵染率与非灭菌对照没有显著差异,表明双孢菇培养基废料可以应用于AM菌剂的扩繁.     

丛枝菌根真菌与复硝酚钠在番茄育苗中的应用

研究了温室盆栽条件下接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌以及添加复硝酚钠稀释液对番茄育苗的影响.结果发现,在灭菌条件下接种AM真菌处理番茄根系AM真菌侵染率自2周起即保持在45%左右,且其地上部生物量在3周后一直显著高于不接菌对照(P<0.05),在接菌基础上添加1.8%复硝酚钠不同倍数(1×106、5×106和10×106)稀释液对番茄生长具有一定促进作用,其中以稀释5×106倍效果最佳;育苗6周后将对照、接种AM真菌处理以及在接菌基础上添加1.8%复硝酚钠5×106倍稀释液的幼苗各2株分别移栽到未灭菌土壤中,继续培养16周后发现,对照苗被土著AM真菌侵染,但结实率为0;菌根化苗AM真菌侵染率与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05),番茄结实率达到50%;添加复硝酚钠稀释液的菌根化苗AM真菌侵染率显著高于普通菌根化苗(P<0.05),且与对照苗相比,土壤pH显著降低、电导率显著升高(P<0.05),番茄结实率达到75%.结果表明,接种AM真菌对番茄育苗具有较好的促进作用,在接菌基础上添加1.8%复硝酚钠5×106倍稀释液对番茄幼苗生长和移栽后结实均具有更好的促进效果,具有推广应用价值.     

污泥堆肥利用中AM对稗草生长及Cu、Pb吸收的影响

在滨海盐渍土中分别混加质量分数为0%、20%、40%和60%的污泥堆肥,作为盆栽基质,研究摩西球囊霉（Glomusmosseae）和根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices）2种AM真菌对稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）生长及其吸收Cu、Pb的影响,分别以不接种AM真菌的处理为各自的对照。结果显示：添加污泥堆肥处理中稗草接种苗菌根侵染率均显著高于纯盐泽土处理。同时,随着盐渍土中污泥堆肥含量增加稗草生物量上升,其中在含有40%和60%污泥堆肥处理中接种AM真菌稗草的地上及地下部生物量显著高于未接种苗。接种AM真菌显著提高了稗草Cu、Pb富集总量;接种AM真菌显著提高了稗草地下部Cu富集量,却降低了地下部Pb累积量,提高了Pb向地上部的转运,增加了地上部Pb累积量。这些结果表明污泥堆肥中接种AM真菌可以促进稗草的生长和提高对重金属Cu、Pb的富集能力。     

丛枝菌根真菌与蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染农田土壤的影响

通过持续3 a的田间小区试验,研究了单独或联合接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染土壤效率的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著提高玉米根系的AM真菌侵染率(P<0.05),且双接种处理显著高于单接种处理(P<0.05);接种蚯蚓或蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种能显著提高玉米地上部、地下部生物量(P<0.05),并促进土壤中晶态的水合Fe、Al氧化物态砷含量升高;AM真菌与蚯蚓双接种处理土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05);与对照相比,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著降低土壤砷含量(P<0.05),且蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种处理土壤砷含量显著低于单独接种AM真菌或蚯蚓处理(P<0.05).可见,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓可以明显提高玉米对砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

不同AM真菌对三叶草耐油性的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了4个油浓度（0、5000、10000和50000w/mgkg^-1）下接种辽河油田污染土壤中分离出的3种AM真菌（Glomus mosseae，G.geospora，G.constrictum）对三叶草耐油性的影响。试验结果表明：1）随着油浓度的增加，侵染率亦增加，10000mgkg^-1时G.geospora和G.constrictum的侵染率分别为67.65％和82.86％；2）从侵染率、地上部生物量和菌根依赖性来看，随着油浓度的增加，最适的AM真菌亦不一样，油浓度为0、5000和10000mgkg^-1时，最适AM真菌分别是G.geospora、G.mosseae和G.constrictum；3）油污染土壤上接种AM真菌能促进植株的地下部和地上部的生长，接菌处理的茎干重比相应的对照增加62.2％-267.1％；4）随着油浓度的增加和植物的生育进程，AM真菌的接种效应在增强。图3表3参14     

丛枝菌根真菌对采煤塌陷复垦土壤磷形态和玉米吸磷量的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌用于退化农林生态系统的生物修复研究是当今生态及环境科学领域的热点问题.许多研究表明AM真菌促进植物对土壤磷的吸收利用,为了解不同的AM真菌对土壤磷形态及其转化规律的影响,通过盆栽试验以不接种处理为对照,分别接种幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum,Ce)、摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,Mo)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri)3种AM真菌,通过连续种植两茬玉米(2015-2016年)后测定AM真菌侵染率、玉米磷素吸收和土壤磷素形态的变化.结果表明:(1)接种3种AM真菌均成功侵染玉米根系,两茬玉米根系AM真菌侵染率顺序均为Ce≥Mo≥Ri,第二茬侵染率(38.3%-68.8%)较第一茬(14.5%-32.5%)有所提高;(2)随着AM真菌的侵染,接种处理显著提高了玉米磷素吸收,提高幅度达25.5%-82.0%;(3)接种3种AM真菌均显著提高了土壤活性态无机磷(H_2O-Pi、NaHCO_3-Pi)和中等活性无机磷(NaOH-Pi)含量;而土壤中度稳定态磷(HCl-P)和稳定态磷(Residue-P)含量不受影响;接种Mo和Ce对土壤NaHCO_3-Pi含量提高最显著,分别提高了141.02%和88.47%,其次为Ri(43.12%);(4)接种Mo和Ri显著提高了土壤中等活性态无机磷(NaOH-Pi)的含量,分别比CK提高了36.15%和18.82%.总之,接种不同AM真菌均能提高根系侵染率、磷素吸收以及促进土壤磷素活性态、中等活性态无机磷(H_2O-Pi、NaHCO_3-Pi、NaOH-Pi)的转化,提高了土壤磷素的生物有效性,其中接种Ce和Mo能够更好地促进土壤中的磷素向植物可供利用的形态转化,提高植株吸磷量,是适合该矿区土壤的经济高效菌种.(表2参33)     

丛枝菌根化大青杨苗木根际微域环境的研究

对接种AM菌根真菌的大青杨苗木根际微区进行系统研究，发现AM菌根真菌对宿主根际微域环境产生了重要影响：试验中选用的Glomus mosseae、G.intraradices、G.sinuosa、G.versifopme等4种AM菌根真菌都与盆栽大青杨苗木形成了菌根复合体。其中G.mosseae、G.intraradices侵染效果最好，侵染率分别是64．4％、67．4％。受两种菌侵染的苗木的生物量分别是对照处理的2．59、2．13倍。AM菌根对根际土壤微生物种群数量没有产生影响，但使根面、根系上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加。AM菌根增加了根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性，各种酶活性增加量与苗木菌根侵染率呈显著相关。AM菌根使根际pH值降低，与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关。接种苗木的根际土壤中，可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象，与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关。     

造纸干粉和糠醛渣对滨海盐碱地玉米生长和土壤微生物性状的影响

通过在江苏省东台市黄海原种场的田间试验,研究了施用造纸干粉和糠醛渣对滨海盐碱地土壤微生物活性与玉米(Zea mays)生长及籽粒全氮含量的影响。与对照相比,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣后土壤pH值均显著降低(P0.05),土壤微生物代谢活性则显著升高(P0.05);此外,施糠醛渣处理土壤微生物物种均一度(McIntosh)指数显著升高(P0.05),而土壤脲酶活性亦由对照的过高水平(0.50 mg·g-1·d-1)降至0.33 mg·g-1·d-1(P0.05)。施加造纸干粉后,植株地上部和地下部生物量比对照分别提高29%和13%,籽粒产量由1 119 kg·hm-2提高到1 515 kg·hm-2;施加糠醛渣后,植株地上部和地下部生物量比对照分别提高60%和65%(P0.05),籽粒产量则提高到2 371 kg·hm-2,且籽粒全氮含量由对照的过高水平(22.43 mg·g-1)降至18.26 mg·g-1(P0.05)。综上所述,施用造纸干粉和糠醛渣均可缓解盐碱胁迫对玉米生长的影响,同时能提高土壤微生物代谢活性,并且施用糠醛渣对土壤生物性状和玉米籽粒品质的调理效果优于造纸干粉。     

两种间作体系对丛枝菌根真菌侵染及多氯联苯去除的影响

多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是一类典型的环境有机污染物,植物与微生物的联合修复能够显著提高PCBs的降解率.以丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)M47V为供试菌种,温室盆栽条件下设置玉米/黑麦草间作、玉米/紫花苜蓿间作以及玉米单作等3个处理(均接种AM真菌),研究间作对玉米根系AM真菌侵染及土壤中PCBs去除的影响.种植90 d后测定玉米根系AM真菌侵染率、生物量、土壤PCBs含量及同系物组成、16S rDNA基因丰度,并采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术分析细菌群落结构.结果显示,间作对玉米根系AM真菌侵染率、玉米生物量和土壤碱解氮含量均有显著促进作用,对土壤细菌丰度和群落结构产生显著影响,其中玉米/紫花苜蓿间作显著提高了土壤细菌数量(P0.05);间作显著提高五氯联苯及总PCBs的降解率,此外玉米/黑麦草间作还显著提高三氯联苯的降解率;土壤PCBs同系物组分与细菌T-RFs片段中128 bp、148 bp片段均具有显著相关性.本研究表明,间作与AM真菌对提高玉米生物量具有协同作用,并通过影响细菌群落结构与丰度促进土壤中多氯联苯的转化与降解,同时改变其同系物结构组成,提高PCBs修复效率.     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草修复多环芳烃污染土壤的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究接种土著与外源丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的影响.结果表明,接种外源AM真菌--苏格兰球囊霉(Glomus caledonium)36号能够显著提高紫花苜蓿和黑麦草的AM真菌侵染率并促进植物生长,而接种土著菌剂或土著菌剂与36号菌剂双接种对AM真菌侵染和植物生长无促进作用,甚至降低了黑麦草苗期的AM真菌侵染率.种植紫花苜蓿和黑麦草促进了土壤中PAHs的降解,这2种植物接种36号菌剂的处理60天时土壤PAHs降解率分别达42.3%和41.1%,说明36号菌剂可以显著提高植物修复效率,而接种土著菌剂对修复作用无显著影响,土著菌剂与36号菌剂双接种对紫花苜蓿的修复效果也无显著影响,但60天时显著提高黑麦草的修复效率.土壤中PAHs降解率与植物根系的AM真菌侵染率呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),表明AM真菌侵染可以提高紫花苜蓿与黑麦草对PAHs污染土壤的修复效率.     

喀斯特生境下AMF侵染对任豆生长的影响

喀斯特地区土壤退化,植被定植更新困难,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)具有增强植物养分吸收能力和抵抗逆境胁迫能力。研究喀斯特生境下植物与AMF共生效果,选择优势菌种促进喀斯特植被恢复,对于提高植物定植成活率具有重要作用。以豆科植物任豆(Zenia insignis)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下,选取喀斯特优势菌种-摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices),2种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,培养180 d,研究贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境和养分较高的滇柏林下土壤生境下AMF对任豆生长影响。结果表明:摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉和混合接种均能侵染任豆根系,幼嫩根系更易侵染,木质化根系侵染率下降。接种摩西球囊霉,贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高68.92%、56.18%、83.90%、42.20%和67.34%;养分较高的滇柏林下喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高48.05%、6.77%、7.92%和8.89%;根内球囊霉处理接种效应低于摩西球囊霉和混合接种处理,对生物量增长为负效应,混合接种处理接种效应介于单接种之间,摩西球囊霉接种效果优于根内球囊霉和混合接种。摩西球囊霉在贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下发挥的促生效应优于养分较高的喀斯特土壤,可作为喀斯特侵蚀区植被恢复菌根真菌干扰途径的优势菌种,混合接种作为接种剂具有单接种兼容效应。     

Effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from white clovers (Trifolium repens L) on soil bacteria and fungi

White clover potted experiments were performed to investigate the effects of seven indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities isolated from different test plots subjected to long-term fertilisation on soil enzyme activities, number of soil bacteria and fungi. The results showed that the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities increased the mycorrhizal infection rate of the plants and promoted the growth of plants. The Mnp treatment was most effective. The shoot biomass, root biomass, potassium and nitrogen uptake of the white clover in Mnp treatment group were increased by 61.54%, 84.00%, 62.50% and 46.71% respectively, compared with those in non-inoculation treatment. The inoculation of AMF communities had little effect on the number of bacteria in the soil, but significantly increased the number of soil fungi. Mnk treatment group had the highest number of fungi in the soil, which was 9.91 times that of the non-inoculation treatment group. The catalase and dehydrogenase activities were both significantly improved in Mnp treatment by 28.12% and 205.38% respectively, compared with those of the control treatment (-M). The urease, invertase and cellulase activities reached the highest levels in the Mck treatment; they were increased by 142.79%, 41.17% and 77.62% respectively, compared with those of the control treatment. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the soil enzyme activity was not correlated with the mycorrhizal infection rate, but correlated with the spore number of the AMF community. The impact of AMF community on soil quality is important for us to understand the function of the ecosystems. Relevant study provides important guidance for maintaining the balance of the soil-plant system and the development of sustainable agriculture.     

Specificity between Neotropical tree seedlings and their fungal mutualists leads to plant-soil feedback

A growing body of evidence obtained largely from temperate grassland studies suggests that feedbacks occurring between plants and their associated soil biota are important to plant community assemblage. However, few studies have examined the importance of soil organisms in driving plant-soil feedbacks in forested systems. In a tropical forest in central Panama, we examined whether interactions between tree seedlings and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) lead to plant-soil feedback. Specifically, do tropical seedlings modify their own AMF communities in a manner that either favors or inhibits the next cohort of conspecific seedlings (i.e., positive or negative feedback, respectively)? Seedlings of two shade-tolerant tree species (Eugenia nesiotica, Virola surinamensis) and two pioneer tree species (Luehea seemannii, Apeiba aspera) were grown in pots containing identical AMF communities composed of equal amounts of inoculum of six co-occurring AMF species. The different AMF-host combinations were all exposed to two light levels. Under low light (2% PAR), only two of the six AMF species sporulated, and we found that host identity did not influence composition of AMF spore communities. However, relative abundances of three of the four AMF species that produced spores were influenced by host identity when grown under high light (20% PAR). Furthermore, spores of one of the AMF species, Glomus geosporum, were common in soils of Luehea and Eugenia but absent in soils of Apeiba and Virola. We then conducted a reciprocal experiment to test whether AMF communities previously modified by Luehea and Apeiba differentially affected the growth of conspecific and heterospecific seedlings. Luehea seedling growth did not differ between soils containing AMF communities modified by Luehea and Apeiba. However, Apeiba seedlings were significantly larger when grown with Apeiba-modified AMF communities, as compared to Apeiba seedlings grown with Luehea-modifed AMF communities. Our experiments suggest that interactions between tropical trees and their associated AMF are species-specific and that these interactions may shape both tree and AMF communities through plant-soil feedback.     

Biotic contexts alter metal sequestration and AMF effects on plant growth in soils polluted with heavy metals

Investigating how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-plant interactions vary with edaphic conditions provides an opportunity to test the context-dependency of interspecific interactions. The relationship between AMF and their host plants in the context of other soil microbes was studied along a gradient of heavy metal contamination originating at the site of zinc smelters that operated for a century. The site is currently under restoration. Native C3 grasses have reestablished, and C4 grasses native to the region but not the site were introduced. Interactions involving the native mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal soil microbes, soil, one C3 grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), and one C4 grass (Sorghastrum nutans) were investigated using soils from the two extremes of the contamination gradient in a full factorial greenhouse experiment. After 12 weeks, plant biomass and root colonization by AMF and non-mycorrhizal microbes were measured. Plants from both species grew much larger in soil from low-contaminated (LC) origin than high-contaminated (HC) origin. For S. nutans, the addition of a non-AMF soil microbial wash of either origin increased the efficacy of AMF from LC soils but decreased the efficacy of AMF from HC soils in promoting plant growth. Furthermore, there was high mortality of S. nutans in HC soil, where plants with AMF from HC died sooner. For D. flexuosa, plant biomass did not vary with AMF source or the microbial wash treatment or their interaction. While AMF origin did not affect root colonization of D. flexuosa by AMF, the presence and origin of AMF did affect the number of non-mycorrhizal (NMF) morphotypes and NMF root colonization. Adding non-AMF soil biota reduced Zn concentrations in shoots of D. flexuosa. Thus the non-AMF biotic context affected heavy metal sequestration and associated NMF in D. flexuosa, and it interacted with AMF to affect plant biomass in S. nutans. Our results should be useful for improving our basic ecological understanding of the context-dependency of plant-soil interactions and are potentially important in restoration of heavy-metal-contaminated sites.     

丛枝菌根对盐胁迫的响应及其与宿主植物的互作

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi,AMF)作为陆地生态系统的组成部分之一,在促进宿主植物对土壤养分和水分的吸收、提高植物生物量生产、调节种群和群落的结构、维持生态系统的稳定性等方面发挥了重要作用。其中,盐渍化是自然生态系统中广泛存在的一种胁迫生境条件,全球盐渍化土地约占耕地总面积的10%,因而探讨AM菌根在此胁迫生境下对宿主植物生长的影响具有重要意义。从以下几个方面,围绕盐胁迫条件、AM菌根和宿主植物三者之间的关系对当前国际上相关领域的研究进展进行了综述:1)AM真菌对盐胁迫的响应,包括菌根共生体形成、菌根侵染率、AM真菌的分布、菌丝体生长发育、孢子的形成和分布等;2)盐胁迫条件下AM菌根对宿主植物的效应,包括AM菌根促进宿主植物对P、N等元素的吸收、降低植物体内Na 的含量、提高光合作用能力,进而提高植物的生物量和对植物的群落结构产生影响等;3)AM菌根提高宿主植物耐盐性的机理,分别从植物根系形态的改变、水分吸收能力的加强、细胞内营养物质的平衡,以及细胞生理代谢的调节等方面对AM菌根促进植物抗盐性的机理进行了剖析。     

模拟酸雨致酸土壤对小麦幼苗生长发育的影响

用模拟酸雨淋洗土壤,造成土壤酸化和盐基流失,然后播种小麦(Triticumaestivum)。幼苗长至5片叶子时的测定表明:幼苗的生物量、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率均降低,次生根减少,根系活动下降。酸化土壤对根系生物量和某些生理活动的影响大于对地上部的影响。     

Studies on phytotoxic effect of aluminium on growth and some morphological parameters of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek

Aluminium toxicity is a major deterrent for plant growth in acid soils below pH 5.0. This study deals with effect of aluminium toxicity on growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) seedlings. Seed germination (in %) declined with increased content of Al2(SO4)3, while promotive effect was observed at very low dosage. Different concentrations of aluminum sulphate salt were applied to mungbean seeds. Measurement of aluminium content in mungbean leaves was done through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Root length (root and hypocotyl length) and shoot length (shoot and epicotyl length) was measured at seven days old seedling stage. Different concentrations of Al2(SO4)3 were found to have significant effect both on shoot and root length. Leaf area, fresh and dry weight was significantly reduced. Increased stomatal frequency and trichome density with an increase in concentrations of Al2(S04)3 was observed through scanning electron microscope.     

Mycorrhizal fungal identity and diversity relaxes plant-plant competition

There is a great interest in ecology in understanding the role of soil microbial diversity for plant productivity and coexistence. Recent research has shown increases in species richness of mutualistic soil fungi, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to be related to increases in aboveground productivity of plant communities. However, the impact of AMF richness on plant-plant interactions has not been determined. Moreover, it is unknown whether species-rich AMF communities can act as insurance to maintain productivity in a fluctuating environment (e.g., upon changing soil conditions). We tested the impact of four different AMF taxa and of AMF diversity (no AMF, single AMF taxa, and all four together) on competitive interactions between the legume Trifolium pratense and the grass Lolium multiflorum grown under two different soil conditions of low and high sand content. We hypothesized that more diverse mutualistic interactions (e.g., when four AMF taxa are present) can ease competitive effects between plants, increase plant growth, and maintain plant productivity across different soil environments. We used quantitative PCR to verify that AMF taxa inoculated at the beginning of the experiment were still present at the end. The presence of AMF reduced the competitive inequality between the two plant species by reducing the growth suppression of the legume by the grass. High AMF richness enhanced the combined biomass production of the two plant species and the yield of the legume, particularly in the more productive soil with low sand content. In the less productive (high sand content) soil, the single most effective AMF had an equally beneficial effect on plant productivity as the mixture of four AMF. Since contributions of single AMF to plant productivity varied between both soils, higher AMF richness would be required to maintain plant productivity in heterogeneous environments. Overall this work shows that AMF diversity promotes plant productivity and that AMF diversity can act as insurance to sustain plant productivity under changing environmental conditions.     

菌根真菌侵染对植物生物量累积的影响

为了从生态系统尺度探讨菌根资源与植物生物量累积的关系,调查了鼎湖山不同成熟度的三个森林群落主要优势树种的菌根侵染情况.综合分析各森林群落优势树种的个体数、生物量和菌根侵染率发现：1）菌根侵染率与径向生长速率相关,植物生长迅速的阶段菌根侵染率更高.中径级（胸径15-30 cm）的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）和锥（Castanopsis chinensis）的侵染率比小径级（胸径1-15 cm）个体的侵染率高,而大径级个体（胸径30 cm 以上）的侵染率略低于中径级个体的侵染率.木荷（Schima superba）则表现出侵染率随着胸径增大而增高的趋势.2）树种在群落内的侵染率越高,其对群落生物量的贡献率越大.如马尾松在马尾松林和混交林的侵染率分别为（77.30±18.02）%和（40.50±14.42）%,其对马尾松林群落生物量的贡献率达到87.43%,是对混交林生物量贡献率（17.51%）的5 倍.混交林和阔叶林的共有优势树种锥的侵染率和生物量贡献率也有存在相同规律.3）根系碳储量占群落总碳储量比例较高的群落其优势树种平均侵染率相对较高.马尾松林、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林中,根系碳储量占群落总碳储量的比例分别为55%、54%、42%,群落优势树种平均侵染率分别为（66.73±10.55）%、（46.97±27.28）%、（54.22±25.45）%,马尾松林的根系碳储量和平均侵染率均高于混交林和季风常绿阔叶林.以上结果表明,菌根真菌侵染对于植物个体生长速率以及群落水平的生物量累积具有-定的促进作用.     

Shifts in grassland invasibility: effects of soil resources, disturbance, composition, and invader size

There is an emerging recognition that invasibility is not an intrinsic community trait, but is a condition that fluctuates from interactions between environmental forces and residential characters. Elucidating the spatiotemporal complexities of invasion requires inclusion of multiple, ecologically variable factors within communities of differing structure. Water and nutrient amendments, disturbance, and local composition affect grassland invasibility but no study has simultaneously integrated these, despite evidence that they frequently interact. Using a split-plot factorial design, we tested the effects of these factors on the invasibility of C3 pasture communities by smooth pigweed Amaranthus hybridus L., a problematic C4 forb. We sowed seeds and transplanted 3-week old seedlings of A. hybridus into plots containing monocultures and mixtures of varying composition, subjected plots to water, soil disturbance, and synthetic bovine urine (SBU) treatments, and measured A. hybridus emergence, recruitment, and growth rate. Following SBU addition, transplanted seedling growth increased in all plots but differed among legume and nonlegume monocultures and mixtures of these plant types. However, SBU decreased the number and recruitment rate of emerged seedlings because high residential growth reduced light availability. Nutrient pulses can therefore have strong but opposing effects on invasibility, depending on when they coincide with particular life history stages of an invader. Indeed, in SBU-treated plots, small differences in height of transplanted seedlings early on produced large differences in their final biomass. All facilitative effects of small-scale disturbance on invasion success diminished when productivity-promoting factors were present, suggesting that disturbance patch size is important. Precipitation-induced invasion resistance of C3 pastures by a C4 invader was partly supported. In grazed grasslands, these biotic and environmental factors vary across scales and interact in complex ways to affect invasibility, thus a dynamic patch mosaic of differential invasion resistance likely occurs in single fields. We propose that disturbance patch size, grazing intensity, soil resource availability, and resident composition are inextricably linked to grassland invasions and comment on the utility of community attributes as reliable predictors of invasibility. Lastly, we suggest temporal as well as spatial coincidences of multiple invasion facilitators dictate the window of opportunity for invasion.